贵州山岚桥洞内动物重金属富集的初步研究

2009年6月对贵州安顺市山岚桥洞内软体动物和节肢动物进行了采集。共获标本637号,初步鉴定隶属于2门4纲7目12科25种,合并为螺类、马陆、盲蛛、斑灶马、山蛩虫5个类群。利用原子吸收光谱仪和原子荧光仪测定洞内水、土壤及洞穴中5个类群动物体内的Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni8种重金属含量,计算水、土壤中重金属在动物体内的富集系数。结果表明,水、土壤及动物体内的Zn含量最高,水样为112.90μg/L,土样为224.60mg/kg,5个动物类群体内,螺类146.80mg/kg,马陆252.20mg/kg,盲蛛556.80mg/kg,斑灶马233.30mg/kg,山蛩虫722.50mg/kg;5个类群动物对洞穴土壤中Cd、Cu和Zn有明显的富集作用,富集系数均大于1;对洞穴水中As、Cu、Zn、Ni等有明显富集作用,富集系数大于1000。同种动物类群对不同重金属的富集系数不同,不同类群对同种重金属元素的富集系数也有差别。洞穴动物对重金属的富集作用,除了与元素之间相互关联外,还与环境有密切关系。     

广西大岩洞洞穴动物体与环境中重金属含量关系

2007年7月,通过对广西大岩洞洞内软体动物、节肢动物和脊索动物的调查,共获标本3324号,隶属26科30属50种。其中,斑灶马、螺类、蜘蛛、两栖类4类动物类群3052号,隶属42种;同时测定了所采集的水样、土样及4类受测动物体内重金属Fe、Mn、Cu、Cd、Pb、Hg、As的含量,计算了水、土样中重金属在动物体内的富集系数。结果表明:水、土壤中Mn含量最高,水样6.75mg·L-1,土样2112mg·kg-1,4个类群中斑灶马、螺类与两栖类Mn含量最高,分别为45.3、858和254mg·kg-1,蜘蛛体内Cu含量最高达79mg·kg-1;几种受试动物(或类群)除斑灶马对水中Fe含量富集系数1000外,其余均对水中所测重金属富集系数1000;几种受试动物(或类群)都对土壤中Pb、Cd、Hg有富集作用,富集系数1;同种动物类群对不同重金属的富集系数不同,不同类群动物对同一重金属的富集也有差异。相关性分析表明,动物体内重金属的积累量与环境中重金属的含量呈正相关,洞穴动物对重金属的残留与富集,除了元素之间产生的协同、拮抗等复杂作用对重金属的影响外,还与洞穴土壤和洞穴水中重金属的含量密切相关。     

DNA生物传感器研究进展

本根据作用机理不同将ＤＮＡ生物传感器分为ＤＮＡ光化学传感器,ＤＮＡ电化学传感器和压电晶体传感器,并就几种方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

一组生物学实验

1.测试不同条件下植物吸水速度的实验按下图装置,用以测量在有光的条件下和黑暗条件下,植物吸收水分速度的不同。 (1)在水中剪下一段植物的枝条,同时也在水中用乳胶管将枝条套在充满水的玻璃管中。在水中操作主要是防止木质部进入空气,妨碍水的运输。注射器中也充满水。这时让毛细玻瑞管也充满水,在A的部位留出一小气泡,将毛细玻瑞管和玻璃管用乳胶管相连接,另一     

四种饮用水对地鼠生长发育的影响及评估

目的评估不同饮用水对地鼠生长发育的影响。方法将104只25日龄地鼠随机以每组雌雄各半分为4组,分别饲喂酸化水和高压水、过滤水和普通水,在饲养过程中分别量取体重、水消耗量,水pH值,胎间隔、成活率、脏器系数和骨髓细胞微核数,并对组间数据结果进行统计学处理。结果 4种饮用水量与体重呈线性正相关;酸化水在抑制细菌方面优于其他饮用水;骨髓细胞微核试验、地鼠脏器系数在各组无显著变化。结论酸化水在抑制细菌生长优于其他饮用水;过滤水适宜地鼠生长繁殖。     

湖泊水动力对水生植物分布的直接影响研究与展望

水动力作为湖泊水生植物恢复的关键限制性因子,其对水生植物的影响机制是当前迫切需要关注的科学问题。从水动力作用下水生植物的分布、水生植物受力以及水生植物自身机械抗性3个方面系统梳理了当前的研究方法与结论。结果表明,水生植物在河流湖泊中的丰度、空间分布与水动力密切相关,各物种对水流胁迫表现出不同的响应;植物在水动力作用下的受力观测和研究主要依赖模拟试验,通过计算定量表征不同物理外型物种在水动力作用下的受力,明确了生物量和植物系数等影响受力的关键参数,为不同塑形物种受力的对比分析提供了研究方法;植物机械抗性主要基于测力装置观测,通过断裂应力、弯曲力等生物力学参数表征。在当前研究背景下,水生植物尤其是沉水植物在湖泊中的实际受力情况依然是研究难点,需要借助新的观测手段和研究方法来阐明植物在复杂的湖泊水动力环境下的实际受力特征。此外,还需要进一步开展水生植物在湖泊中的实际受力与植物自身机械抗性的耦合研究,这是开展水生植物响应湖泊水动力机理研究的关键。     

湖泊水动力对水生植物分布的影响

水动力作为湖泊水生植物恢复的关键限制性因子,其对水生植物的影响机制是当前迫切需要关注的科学问题。从水动力作用下水生植物的分布、水生植物受力以及水生植物自身机械抗性3个方面系统梳理了当前的研究方法与结论。结果表明,水生植物在河流湖泊中的丰度、空间分布与水动力密切相关,各物种对水流胁迫表现出不同的响应;植物在水动力作用下的受力观测和研究主要依赖模拟试验,通过计算定量表征不同物理外型物种在水动力作用下的受力,明确了生物量和植物系数等影响受力的关键参数,为不同塑形物种受力的对比分析提供了研究方法;植物机械抗性主要基于测力装置观测,通过断裂应力、弯曲力等生物力学参数表征。在当前研究背景下,水生植物尤其是沉水植物在湖泊中的实际受力情况依然是研究难点,需要借助新的观测手段和研究方法来阐明植物在复杂的湖泊水动力环境下的实际受力特征。此外,还需要进一步开展水生植物在湖泊中的实际受力与植物自身机械抗性的耦合研究,这是开展水生植物响应湖泊水动力机理研究的关键。     

湖泊水动力对水生植物分布的直接影响研究与展望

水动力作为湖泊水生植物恢复的关键限制性因子,其对水生植物的影响机制是当前迫切需要关注的科学问题。从水动力作用下水生植物的分布、水生植物受力以及水生植物自身机械抗性3个方面系统梳理了当前的研究方法与结论。结果表明,水生植物在河流湖泊中的丰度、空间分布与水动力密切相关,各物种对水流胁迫表现出不同的响应;植物在水动力作用下的受力观测和研究主要依赖模拟试验,通过计算定量表征不同物理外型物种在水动力作用下的受力,明确了生物量和植物系数等影响受力的关键参数,为不同塑形物种受力的对比分析提供了研究方法;植物机械抗性主要基于测力装置观测,通过断裂应力、弯曲力等生物力学参数表征。在当前研究背景下,水生植物尤其是沉水植物在湖泊中的实际受力情况依然是研究难点,需要借助新的观测手段和研究方法来阐明植物在复杂的湖泊水动力环境下的实际受力特征。此外,还需要进一步开展水生植物在湖泊中的实际受力与植物自身机械抗性的耦合研究,这是开展水生植物响应湖泊水动力机理研究的关键。     

水/乙醇溶剂中阿奇霉素的热力学及多晶型研究

在278.2~308.2 K温度范围内,测定阿奇霉素在水/乙醇混合溶剂中的溶解度,根据固液平衡理论建立了该体系的溶解度修正模型。采用X线粉末衍射法和差示扫描量热法,对阿奇霉素在不同温度、不同体积比的水/乙醇混合溶剂中得到的晶体进行鉴别。同时利用溶解度数据估算了阿奇霉素在水/乙醇体系中的溶解热(-25.26~-16.11 k J/mol)、混合热(-9.94~-3.25 k J/mol)。通过溶液化学理论推导了阿奇霉素溶剂化平衡常数K与活度系数γ2的方程:γ2=1/(1+K),建立了溶剂化焓与温度、水/乙醇两者体积比(φ)之间的关系式,为ΔH=RTln(17.86exp(3.4φ)-1)。采用溶析结晶方法得到的6种阿奇霉素晶体,均属单斜晶系,但具有不同的晶胞参数且其密度和熔点也不同。同时发现温度越高,水/乙醇体积比越大,得到的晶体稳定性越差(晶体的熔点和密度降低)。在水/乙醇混合溶剂的溶析结晶体系中,产生阿齐霉素多晶型的现象与溶剂化作用的强弱有关。     

中国省际灰水足迹测度及荷载系数的空间关联分析

借鉴Hoekstra等提出的灰水足迹计算公式,从农业、工业及生活三方面计算了1998—2012年中国31个省市(自治区)的灰水足迹及其灰水足迹荷载系数。结果表明:1研究期间全国灰水足迹呈现波动趋势,1998年至2006年的灰水足迹呈现波动上升趋势;2007年开始,全国灰水足迹呈现下降趋势;农业在总灰水足迹的贡献率最高、工业最低;231个省市(自治区)15a灰水足迹荷载系数整体呈现小幅波动趋势。在全国内部也存在着明显的地区差异,大体分为5类,分别为高荷载地区、较高荷载区、中度荷载区、较低荷载区、低荷载区。3借助全局与局部空间自相关对全国31个省市(自治区)灰水足迹荷载系数进行空间关联格局分析可知,中国省级灰水足迹存在空间集聚现象且集聚现象逐渐减弱,其中H-H集聚区主要集中在华北地区,L-L集聚区主要集中在南方与青藏地区。通过全国灰水足迹测度与灰水足迹荷载系数空间关联格局分析为灰水足迹分析提供新的研究思路同时为区域可持续发展提供理论支持。     

Genetic Diversity of Yunnan Local Pig Breeds Inferred from Blood Protein Electrophoresis

Protein electrophoresis was used to examine theblood protein polymorphism in Yunnan local pig breeds,i.e., the Saba pig, Dahe pig, and Diannan small-ear pigbreeds. Of 38 genetic loci surveyed, 9 were found to be polymorphic. The percentage ofpolymorphic loci (P) varies from 0.1875 to 0.2121, andthe mean individual heterozygosity (H) varies from0.0712 to 0.1027 in three pig breeds. The resultsindicate that blood protein polymorphism in Yunnan pigbreeds is high. Yunnan local pig breeds have a wealth ofgenetic diversity at the level of blood proteins.     

Species dependence of the zero-stress state of aorta: pig versus rat.

The zero-stress state of an aorta can be characterized by the angle with which each segment of the vessel opens up when it is cut radially. The opening angle varies with the region of the aorta: significantly with respect to the axial location, less significantly with respect to polar angle of the radial cut. Both pig and rat aortas have large opening angles in the neighborhood of 130 deg in the aortic arch region. In the thoracic region, the species difference is evident. The opening angle of the pig aorta in the middle thoracic region is rather constant in the neighborhood of 60 deg. The opening angle of the rat aorta in the thoracic region varies considerably, decreasing to 10 deg at the lower end of the thoracic region. In the abdominal region the opening angle of the pig increases from 60 to about 80 deg, that of the rat increases from about 10 to 90 deg. The potassium ion has effect on vascular smooth muscle, but has little effect on the opening angle. This suggests that the opening angle is not sensitive to smooth muscle contraction, similar to a previously known result that the opening angle is not affected by papaverine. The vessel wall thickness and vessel diameter were measured. It is shown that the ratio of the wall thickness to diameter of the pig is considerably larger than that of the rat throughout the aorta.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effect of Corynebacterium parvum on the immune response in guinea pigs. I. Mode of enhancement of the anamnestic response and development of delayted hypersensitivity after treatment with Corynebacterium parvum]

The effect of Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvuum) on the immune response of the guinea pig to ovalbumin varies with the protocol of immunization. The marked effect of C. parvum on the anamnestic response in the rabbit has been confirmed in the guinea pig when immunization is carried out intradermally with a mixture of C. parvum and ovalbumin. When C. parvum is given intravenously or subcutaneously or intradermally but separately from the antigen, this effect is not observed. Whatever the route of injection guinea pigs treated with C. parvum show skin reactions of delayed type hypersensitivity at the site of an intradermal booster when the latter is given at least 27 days after primary immunization.     

Effects of heterologous sera on fertilized rabbit ova

Undiluted blood serum of various species was used to culture two-celled rabbit ova for 24 hours. It was found that there is an ovocidal factor present in the serum of man, sheep, cattle, goat, and fowl. The factor is lethal rather than inhibitory; exposure to it for 10 minutes will cause the death of the ova. This factor is unstable, thermolabile (destroyed at 55 degrees C. in 30 minutes), and of large molecular size. The strength or concentration of this factor varies according to the origin of the serum, increasing in the order man, sheep, cattle, goat, fowl. The blood serum of rabbit, horse, dog, guinea pig, rat, and pig contains no ovocidal factor against rabbit ova. The ovocidal factor differs from the spermicidal factor, which is present in all the sera of the different species studied with rabbit spermatozoa. Immunization of the guinea pig against rabbit ova is possible. Normal development of young rabbits was obtained by transplantation of ova cultured in the heated or normal serum of other species after 24 hours.     

Effect of oxygen and temperature on the dynamic of the dominant bacterial populations of pig manure and on the persistence of pig-associated genetic markers, assessed in river water microcosms

Aims: The aim is to evaluate the dynamic of Bacteroides–Prevotella and Bacillus–Streptococcus–Lactobacillus populations originating from pig manure and the persistence of pig‐associated markers belonging to these groups according to temperature and oxygen. Methods and Results:  River water was inoculated with pig manure and incubated under microaerophilic and aerobic conditions, at 4 and 20°C over 43 days. The diversity of bacterial populations was analysed by capillary electrophoresis‐single‐strand conformation polymorphism. The persistence of the pig‐associated markers was measured by real‐time PCR and compared with the survival of Escherichia coli and enterococci. Decay was characterized by the estimation of the time needed to produce a 1‐log reduction (T90). The greatest changes were observed at 20°C under aerobic conditions, leading to a reduction in the diversity of the bacterial populations and in the concentrations of the Pig‐1‐Bac, Pig‐2‐Bac and Lactobacillus amylovorus markers with a T90 of 10·5, 8·1 and 17·2 days, respectively. Conclusions: Oxygen and temperature were found to have a combined effect on the persistence of the pig‐associated markers in river waters. Significance and Impact of the Study: The persistence profiles of the Pig‐1‐Bac, Pig‐2‐Bac and Lact. amylovorus markers in addition to their high specificity and sensitivity support their use as relevant markers to identify pig faecal contamination in river waters.     

新型酮康唑喷膜对豚鼠体癣模型疗效的观察

目的 观察新型酮康唑喷膜对豚鼠体癣模型的疗效。方法 选择健康豚鼠20只,用穿刺法制备豚鼠体癣模型。将体癣模型随机分A组（新型酮康唑喷膜治疗组）,B组（喷膜基质治疗组）,C组（复方酮康唑霜治疗组）和D组（对照组）。根据豚鼠皮疹和真菌学检查进行疗效评估。结果 A组和C组的豚鼠治疗后局部红斑和水肿明显减轻,与治疗前比较有显著意义（P〈0．05）;停药2周时,A组和C组真菌镜检、培养阴性率均为100％,明显高于B和D组（P〈0．05）。结论 新型酮康唑喷膜对豚鼠体癣模型有良好的抗真菌活性。     

Relationships between bathymetry, water quality and diatoms in some Hebridean lochs

SUMMARY 1. Computer methods for mapping and calculating morphometric characteristics are described and applied to seventeen previously unsurveyed South Uist lochs.
2. Deposited sea salt is shown to have a major effect on water quality and the effect varies according to distance from the west coast. Calcium concentrations appear to be determined by dissolution of locally abundant shell debris. Sulphate and particularly nitrate concentrations are influenced significantly by catchment sources.
3. Surface sediment diatom assemblages from all seventeen sites are analysed using multi-variate methods (Hill, 1979). Assemblages are shown to be clearly distributed along DECORANA axis 1 and are clustered into five groups by TWINSPAN.
4. Correlation analysis of water quality, morphometric characteristics, and DECORANA axes scores indicates that conductivity has the strongest influence on surface sediment diatom assemblage composition whereas morphometric characteristics have no demonstrable effect.     

Influence of soil moisture on egg cold hardiness in the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acridiidae)

Abstract.  The present study investigates the influence of environmental moisture on cold hardiness of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria . The water content of locust eggs kept in soil at 30 °C varies according to the moisture content of the substrate. In turn, it can significantly affect the supercooling point of locust eggs (range from −26 to −14.8 °C) and the mortality when exposed to subzero temperatures. Environmental moisture influences the supercooling capacity of eggs and their survival at low temperature. When locust eggs of the same water content are exposed to subzero temperatures under different soil moistures, their mortality varies between short-time exposure and long-time exposure at subzero temperatures. Given a short-time exposure, mortality in wet soil is lower than in dry soil due to the buffering effect of soil water against temperature change. The pattern of egg mortality is reversed after long-time exposure at low temperature, suggesting that inoculative freezing may be an important mortality factor. It is suggested that interactions between soil moisture and low temperature can influence the cold hardiness of locust eggs, and partial dehydration is beneficial to over-wintering eggs of the migratory locust.     

Pseudo-isoenzyme forms of liver prenyl transferase

Prenyl transferase of pig liver exists in two forms, A and B, the latter being more acidic than form A. The ratio of these two forms in initial extracts of the organ varies according to the presence or absence of a thiol reducing agent in the extraction medium. In the presence of 10 mM β-mercaptoethanol the two forms exist as an equilibrium mixture of ca. 70% form A and 30% form B. The latter, when separated and rechromatographed with β-mercaptoethanol reverts to approximate the same 7:3 ratio of forms A and B. In the absence of a thiol reducing agent form B does not change, but form A may be converted almost completely to form B after treatment with oxidized glutathione.     

Quantitative studies on acetylcholinesterase in seven species of digenetic trematodes

Quantitative estimation of absolute levels and in vitro release of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in seven species of digenetic trematodes: Isoparorchis hypselobagri from the swim bladder of catfish, Wallago attu; Srivastavaia indica and Gastrothylax crumenifer from the rumen, and Gigantocotyle explanatum from the liver of the water buffalo, Bubalus bubalis; Fasciolopsis buski, Echinostoma malayanum from the small intestine and Gastrodiscoides hominis from the caecum of the pig, Sus scrofa revealed that the enzyme is present in remarkably high quantities in species which inhibit gastrointestinal tract compared with those that parasitize liver and swim bladder. The rate of in vitro release of AChE also varies with the species which supports the view that such differential secretion probably takes place in situ as well to counteract peristalsis and it is a biochemical adaptation on the part of these trematodes.