链孢囊放线菌及其相关菌的数值分类研究

对链孢囊菌属的28株放线菌和4株气丝可形成孢囊的放线菌进行了形态、生理生化特性、生长条件、抗生素敏感性、抗菌谱等107项试验测定。根据Ssm相似性系数及平均链锁聚类方式,借助于电子计算机对这些菌株进行了比较。结果表明,11株国际公认的链孢囊菌属的标准菌和一株已知的链孢囊菌与供试未知菌,在59％的水平上归为一群。通过数值分类把所比较的菌株在77％水平上区分为不同的表观群,为进一步的分子分类学研究和种的鉴定提供了依据。     

无定形孢囊菌属中的一个新种

从我国云南省的土壤中分离出一株放线菌(B133号菌株),该菌株无气丝,基丝侧枝顶端或孢囊梗上形成裂叶状、掌状或棒状的孢囊,细胞壁组扮Ⅱ型。根据这些特征,此菌株应属于游动放线菌科中的无定形孢囊菌属。它与该属的已知种比较均有显著差别,因此认为是一新种,定名为栗色无定形孢囊菌(Amorphosporangium castaneum n. sp.)。     

链孢囊菌属3种分子分类方法的对比

链孢囊菌属（Streptosporangium）是链孢囊菌科（Streptosporangiaceae）的模式属,包含13个种．种的鉴别通常是多相分类方法,其中尤以DNA同源性分析为国际公认的定种标准;全基因组杂交同源性在70%以下的为不同种．但在进行大量菌株的比对时操作比较复杂．本实验以链孢囊菌属15株标准菌株为实验菌株,选择适宜引物,对其基因组DNA的16S-23S rDNA 间隔区序列（ITS）和REP序列进行了扩增,分别获得了两种基因指纹图谱,并通过UPGMA聚类法构建了相应的进化距离树图．结果表明,对于链孢囊菌属中不同种的区分,两种基因图谱技术的分辨力相当,且两种方法呈现的菌株间同源性与DNA-DNA杂交的结果吻合,有望为链孢囊菌属分类学的研究提供简单、准确、快速的标准程序．     

20株生孢囊放线菌形态及化学分类的研究

经形态、细胞壁化学组分、甲基萘醌组分及磷酸类脂等项分类指征的分析,对从云南地区分离到的20株在气生菌丝上可形成孢囊的放线菌进行了分类鉴定。结果表明,在形态及细胞壁、甲基萘醌组分三个方面均与链孢囊菌属(Streptosporangium)相一致,但在磷酸类脂组分上有4株菌与此属存在一定的差异。     

拟孢囊菌属放线菌的研究进展

拟孢囊菌属(Kibdelosporangium)是一个经典的丝状放线菌类群。自Shearer等于1986年建立该属以来,不断有新的菌株从不同生境中被纯培养分离得到,目前已有效发表8个种、2个亚种。拟孢囊菌属作为稀有放线菌属,是获得新型抗生素类次生代谢产物的重要资源。本文结合我们分离到的一株该属菌株的功能研究、基因组分析和相关文献资料,系统综述了拟孢囊菌属放线菌的建立、分类学特征、属内种的分布、活性次级代谢产物的发现以及其他功能应用和开发前景,以期为该属其他新分离菌株的分类鉴定、新颖次级代谢产物的发现、功能基因资源的挖掘与开发提供借鉴。     

肉色链孢囊菌和桔橙指孢囊菌发酵液中化学成分的研究

采用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱等分离手段,利用波谱分析方法,分别对放线菌肉色链孢囊菌(Streptospor-angium carneum)与桔橙指孢囊菌(Dactylosporangium aurantiacum)发酵液中的化合物进行分离鉴定。从肉色链孢囊菌发酵液中分离得到3个化合物,分别鉴定为腺嘌呤核苷(1),2′-脱氧腺苷(2),5,7,4′-三羟基异黄酮(3)。从桔橙指孢囊菌发酵液中也分离得到3个化合物,分别鉴定为腺嘌呤核苷(1),5,7,4′-三羟基异黄酮(3),2′-脱氧尿嘧啶核苷(4)。     

一株具有IMPDH抑制活性的稀有放线菌的筛选和鉴定

从重庆南川药用植物乌头根际土中分离到一株具有次黄嘌呤核苷磷酸脱氢酶(IMPDH)抑制活性的根际稀有放线菌株.通过菌株形态特征、培养特征观察、生理生化特征测定、细胞化学组分分析及16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析等多相分类特征研究,确定I06-03147属于动孢囊菌属(Kineosporia)的菌株.     

链霉菌属的两个新种

从陕西省武功县的土壤中分离到二株链霉菌,编号为78一113和78一118。其气生菌丝体分别为淡蓝及浅灰蓝,基内菌丝体为蓝色和棕色。螺旋形孢子丝随着培养过程逐渐盘卷成球形或亚球形的团状体,未观察到硬的孢囊壁,类似假孢囊,盘卷的分生孢子链清晰可见。经鉴定,认为是链霉菌属的两个新种,命名为蓝色假孢囊链霉菌(Streptomyces cyaneo-pseudosporangiusn.sp.)和微蓝灰假孢囊链霉菌(Streptomyres plumbeo-pseudosporangius n．Sp．)。     

26株具有细胞毒活性的海洋放线菌的系统发育研究

从海南红树林的海泥和海藻样品中分离得到26株具有细胞毒活性的放线菌(Actinomycetes),根据其形态学特征、生理生化特性及16SrDNA序列分析结果,确定菌株0617230属于小单孢菌属(Micromonospora),与Micromonosporaechinospora的相似性为97%。其余25株菌株属于链霉菌属(Streptomyces),其中菌株050643与其亲缘关系最近的Streptomycesviolaceolatus的相似性仅为96%;菌株061342与其亲缘关系最近的Streptomyceskasug-aensis、Streptomyceskasugaensis、Streptomycesmorookaensis的相似性仅为95%;菌株061303等11株菌株与其亲缘关系最近的Streptomyceskasugaensis、Streptomyceskasugaensis、Streptomycesmorookaensis的相似性仅为95%;因此它们可能是新种。     

哀牢山土壤放线菌组成的研究V．指孢囊菌属的鉴定

从云南省哀牢山土样中分离到两株指孢囊放线菌。它们都形成单个或成丛的指状孢囊。每个孢囊含2—3个孢子,单行排列,细胞壁含内消旋二氨基庚二酸、甘氨酸、门冬氨酸及3-OH-二氨基庚二酸。根据形态、培养特征和生理生化特性的研究,把它们定为一个新种和一个新变种：褐橙指孢囊菌(Dactylosporangtum fusco-aurantiacum sp. Nov. Jiang et Xu)和褐橙指孢囊菌哀牢山变种(Dactylosporangium fusco-aurantiacum var. ailaoshanicum var. nov. Jiang et Xu)。     

Reassociation of Deoxyribonucleic Acids from Actinoplanes and Other Actinomycetes

The ability of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) isolated from a number of actinomycetes to reassociate with reference DNA from Actinoplanes philippinensis or Streptomyces venezuelae has been measured. All of the DNA preparations except for those from Nocardia erythropolis and Thermomonospora viridis contained 70 to 73 moles per cent guanine and cytosine. DNA from two species of Actinoplanes, two species of Dactylosporangium, and Ampullariella digitata formed extensive thermally stable duplexes with the Actinoplanes philippinensis reference. DNA from streptomycetes formed duplexes with the A. philippinensis reference, but these duplexes possessed low thermal stability. DNA from N. erythropolis and T. viridis did not bind significant amounts of this reference DNA. Only DNA from Streptomyces albus, Streptoverticillium baldaccii, and Microellobosporia flavea appreciably bound the Streptomyces venezuelae reference. Our results separate the actinomycetes forming sporangia into two groups: the first group contained Actinoplanes, Dactylosporangium, and Ampullariella; the second group contained Planomonospora, Spirillospora, and Streptosporangium.     

Diversity of antifungal actinomycetes in various vegetative soils of Korea

Diversity of actinomycetes and their antifungal activities against some plant pathogenic fungi were examined in various vegetative soils from 14 different sites in the western part of Korea. Actinomycete counts ranged from 1.17 x 10(6) to 4.20 x 10(6) cfu x g(-1) dried soil. A total of 1510 actinomycetes were isolated from the soil samples. Streptomyces was predominant in soils with a pH range of 5.1-6.5, 9.1-13.0% moisture, and 9.1-11.0% organic matter. Most Micromonospora, Dactylosporangium, and Streptosporangium were distributed in soils with pH 4.0-5.0, 2.0-9.0% moisture, and 4.0-7.0% organic matter. Actinomadura and nocardioform actinomycetes were abundant in soils with pH 4.0-5.0 and 13.1-20.0% moisture and with 9.1-11.0 and 4.0-7.0% organic matter, respectively. Populations of Streptomyces were predominant in all the soils, but were highest in grassland and lowest in mountain-forest soils. Micromonospora was most abundant in pepper-field soil and nocardioform actinomycetes were highest in rice paddy field soil. Dactylosporangium was predominant in lake-mud sediments and pepper-field soil, Streptosporangium in lake-mud sediments, and Actinomadura in mountain-forest soil. Antifungal actinomycetes were abundant in orchard soil and lake mud. More than 50% of antifungal isolates from most soils were classified as genus Streptomyces. Actinomycete isolates that showed strong antifungal activity against Alternaria mali, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum, and Rhizoctonia solani were predominant in pepper-field soils, whereas those against Magnaporthe grisea and Phytophthora capsici were abundant in radish-field soils.     

武陵山放线菌多样性

[目的]为了探究武陵山放线菌多样性,以便从新放线菌菌株中发现新的潜在药物先导化合物.[方法]从武陵山采集280份土样,采用纯培养的方法,用4种培养基分离到1134株放线菌.选择其中30株代表菌进行了初步分类鉴定;以3株细菌和7株农作物致病真菌作为指示菌,检测其抑菌活性;利用特异性引物扩增的方法,检测是否具有聚酮合酶(PKS Ⅰ、PKSⅡ)基因、非核糖体多肽合成酶(NRPS)基因和多烯类化合物合成酶(CYP)基因.[结果]分离到的武陵山放线菌中,链霉菌占70%以上,还有小单孢菌等8个科13个属,其中有5个菌株是潜在的新种.选取的30株实验菌对细菌、真菌有不同程度的抗菌活性;其中含有4类化合物合成基因的菌株占23%～60%.[结论]武陵山原始森林土壤中,放线菌多样性很丰富,且存在很多未开发的稀有类群.有抑菌活性的菌株,可用于进一步的药物开发利用.     

The occurrence and distribution of actinomycetes in lakes of the English Lake District

Investigation of the occurrence of mesophilic actinomycetes in the lakes of the English Lake District revealed their widespread distribution in the lacustrine environment. Although only low numbers of actinomycetes occurred in the water, high numbers were recovered from all the lake muds. Total numbers of actinomycetes in the muds correlated quite well with the lakes’ productivity status. High numbers of Micro-monospora, Streptomyces and nocardioform actinomycetes were isolated from all the lakes sampled. Low numbers of Streptosporangium were isolated from all the muds but strains of Actinomadura, Actinoplanes, Dactylosporangium, Microbispora and Thermomonospora were only encountered occasionally. Micromonospora was the numerically dominant genus isolated from all the lakes sampled. This dominance was even more striking in deeper layers of mud and this was thought to reflect a more resistant spore stage in Micromonospora than in either of the other two main genera.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Streptomyces roseoalbus</Emphasis> sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from soil in Yunnan,China

A strain YIM 33098T (= CCTCC AA001027T = DSM 41831T) was isolated from a forest soil sample collected from Nanning in Guangxi Province, China, in the course of screening for producers of new drug lead compounds. This strain was identified by using a polyphasic approach. The results showed that it should be assigned to the genus Streptomyces. An almost complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of the strain was determined and compared with those of representative Streptomyces species. Strain YIM 33098T was clustered in the same subclade with Streptomyces tendae ATCC19812T and Streptomyces eurythermus ATCC14975T. Similarities of strain YIM 33098T with the two strains were 97.35% and 97.42%, respectively. Based on the phenotypic and genotypic evidence, it is therefore proposed that strain YIM 33098T should be classified in the genus Streptomyces as a new species under the name of Streptomyces nanningensis sp. nov.     

Streptomyces calidiresistens sp. nov., isolated from a hot spring sediment

A Streptomyces-like actinomycete strain, designated as YIM 78087^T, was isolated from a sediment sample collected from Hehua hot spring in Tengchong, Yunnan province, south-west China. The taxonomic position of strain YIM 78087^T was investigated by a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain YIM 78087^T belongs to the genus Streptomyces and is closely related to Streptomyces fimbriatus DSM 40942^T, Streptomyces marinus DSM 41968^T and Streptomyces qinglanensis DSM 42035^T (97.18, 97.05 and 97.1 % similarity, respectively). Combined with the low values of DNA–DNA hybridization between strain YIM 78087^T and its closest neighbours, these analyses indicated that this new isolate represents a different genomic species in the genus Streptomyces. The predominant menaquinones of strain YIM 78087^T were identified as MK-9 (H₄) and MK-9 (H₆). The major fatty acids were identified as anteiso-C_15:0 (28.4 %), anteiso-C_17:0 (23.0 %) and iso-C_16:0 (15.1 %). The whole-cell hydrolysates found to contain glucose, mannose and ribose. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 73.0 mol%. Based on the comparative analysis of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, it is proposed that strain YIM 78087^T represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces calidiresistens sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is YIM 78087^T (=BCRC 16955^T=DSM 42108^T=JCM 19629^T).     

Purification and N-terminal amino-acid sequences of bacterial malate dehydrogenases from six actinomycetales strains and from Phenylobacterium immobile, strain E

Malate dehydrogenases from Streptosporangium roseum (DSM 43021), Planomonospora venezuelensis (DSM 43178), Microtetraspora glauca (ATCC 23057), Actinoplanes missouriensis (DSM 43046), Streptomyces atratus (ATCC 14046), Kibdelosporangium aridum (ATCC 39323), and from Phenylobacterium immobile, strain E (DSM 1986) were purified to homogeneity. The N-terminal amino-acid sequences were determined and compared with known prokaryotic and eukaryotic sequence data. The partial sequences from Actinomycetales enzymes include a string of amino acids which is also present in the N-terminal region of malate dehydrogenases from Thermus flavus and from mammalian cytoplasm.     

药用植物内生放线菌的分离、筛选及活性菌株YIM 61470鉴定

从云南西双版纳热带雨林多种药用植物中分离到272株内生放线菌,活性筛选表明 146株菌的发酵产物具有抗菌活性,其中94株菌具有拮抗病原细菌活性,127株菌具有抑制病原真菌的功能.分离菌株YIM 61470具有广谱抗菌活性,通过形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特征、细胞化学分类特征和基于16S rRNA基因序列的相似性分析等研究,菌株YIM 61470被鉴定为链霉菌属(Streptomyces)氢化链霉菌(S.llydrogenans)的一个菌株.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Streptomyces nanningensis</Emphasis> sp. nov. a novel Streptomycete from forest soil

A strain YIM 33098^T (= CCTCC AA001027^T = DSM 41831^T) was isolated from a forest soil sample collected from Nanning in Guangxi Province, China, in the course of screening for producers of new drug lead compounds. This strain was identified by using a polyphasic approach. The results showed that it should be assigned to the genus Streptomyces. An almost complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of the strain was determined and compared with those of representative Streptomyces species. Strain YIM 33098^T was clustered in the same subclade with Streptomyces tendae ATCC19812^T and Streptomyces eurythermus ATCC14975^T. Similarities of strain YIM 33098^T with the two strains were 97.35% and 97.42%, respectively. Based on the phenotypic and genotypic evidence, it is therefore proposed that strain YIM 33098^T should be classified in the genus Streptomyces as a new species under the name of Streptomyces nanningensis sp. nov.     

A method for isolating strains of the genus Streptoverticillium from soil

Abstract Members of the genera Streptomyces, Micromonospora, Nocardia and Streptosporangium were effectively inhibited by oxytetracycline at concentrations tolerated by a majority of the Streptoverticillium strains tested. The incorporation of this antibiotic into a primary isolation medium significantly increased the numbers of Streptoverticillium spp. isolated from soils.