辐射处理对冷季型草幼穗分化的影响

以C60Or射线对一年生黑麦草(品种:冠军)、多年生黑麦草(品种:爱神特)、早熟禾(品种:歌来德)及高羊茅(品种:知音)4个禾本科草坪草干种子进行辐照,剂量分别是15000rad(处理Ⅰ)、25000rad(处理Ⅱ)、35000rad(处理Ⅲ).播种生长后,田间取样观察;实验结果表明,所用剂量对冷季型草的幼穗分化进程影响不大,相对而言高剂量对多年生黑麦草的生殖生长有一定延长作用.     

鸡眼草水浸提液对4种草坪草的化感作用

为探讨鸡眼草(Kummerowia striata)不同部位、不同浓度水浸提液对高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、白三叶(Trifolium repens)等4种草坪草的化感效应和作用规律,采用培养皿纸床法,以蒸馏水为对照,研究鸡眼草剪碎的植株、未剪碎的植株、叶、茎、根、地上部分0.012 5、0.025、0.05 g/mL 3个不同浓度的水浸提液对高羊茅、黑麦草、狗牙根、白三叶的种子发芽率、发芽速率、幼根长、幼苗高的化感作用。结果表明,鸡眼草水浸提液对高羊茅、黑麦草、狗牙根、白三叶4种受体植物种子的萌发及幼苗生长均有较强的化感抑制作用,且对种子发芽率作用强弱顺序为:狗牙根白三叶黑麦草高羊茅,对种子发芽速率作用强弱顺序为:黑麦草高羊茅狗牙根白三叶,对幼苗苗高作用强弱顺序为:黑麦草白三叶狗牙根高羊茅,对幼苗根长作用强弱顺序为:白三叶黑麦草狗牙根高羊茅。对4种受体植物的综合化感效应以高羊茅最弱,黑麦草、狗牙根、白三叶较为相近。4种受体植物所受到的抑制作用均随着水浸提液浓度的增加而增强,在同一浓度不同部位水浸提液处理下,叶、整株(剪碎)水浸提液对4种受体植物抑制作用比根、茎、整株(未剪碎)及地上部分水浸提液强。高羊茅、黑麦草、狗牙根3种草坪草受0.05 g/mL鸡眼草叶水浸提液的化感抑制作用最强,白三叶则受0.05 g/mL鸡眼草整株(剪碎)水浸提液的化感抑制作用最强。     

用RAPD分析多年生黑麦草品种间遗传多样性

多年生黑麦草是世界上应用最广泛的冷季型草坪草兼牧草之一,具有建植快速,分蘖能力强,适口性良好等特点。为了评价其品种间的遗传多样性,选取了多年生黑麦草的14个草坪型品种和2个意大利黑麦草品种用RAPD进行遗传多样性分析,并且对每个品种的几项坪用特性进行了观察。61个引物共扩增出408条带,多态条带比率(PPB)为89．95％。聚类分析结果表明,多年生黑麦草品种之间的遗传多样性较低,相似系数分布于44．55％～95．69％之间。一年生黑麦草的2个品种TopOne和A,vance没有单独聚成一类,而是与14个多年生黑麦草品种混合聚在一起,而且Avance与其他多年生黑麦草之间的相似系数较高。聚类结果与形态特征没有明确的对应关系。     

草坪蒸散研究进展

草坪蒸散量是指导草坪合理灌溉的重要指标。自20世纪中叶以来,以节水为目的的草坪蒸散研究越来越受到人们的重视。草坪蒸散研究的内容主要包括相互关联的3个方面：草坪蒸散率的测定与比较,草坪蒸散机制的研究和草坪节水灌溉的研究。草坪蒸散率在不同草种间存在不同程度的差异。暖季型草坪草和冷季型草坪草相比普遍具有较低的草坪蒸散率。暖季型草坪草的夏季日平均最大蒸散率为3.0-9.0mm,而冷季型草坪草的为3.6-12.6mm。密度大,生长缓慢的杂交狗牙根、结缕草、野牛草和假俭草的耗水量很低,细羊茅的耗水量中等,而草地早熟禾、高羊茅、1年生早熟禾和匍匐剪股颖的耗水量很大。同种草坪草的不同品种的草坪蒸散率存在差异。有些草种内品种间差异的程度高达64％,不亚于种间。冷季型草坪草品种的蒸散率与留茬量显著相关,但环境因子对品种的蒸散率影响很大,品种的蒸散特性不稳定。与冷季型草坪草相比,暖季型草坪草的种内品种间蒸散率的差异和谐较小。草坪的冠层是草坪蒸散的一个主要外部条件,具有较低蒸散率的草坪往往具备高冠层阻力和低叶面积。土壤水分不受限制时,不同的暖季型草坪草种间的草坪蒸散率与叶片背面的气孔密度显著负相关。但在种内品种间没有表现出相关性。冷季型草坪草种间和种内的叶片气孔数目和草坪的蒸散率不相关。草坪的作物系数是确定最适灌溉量的关键参数,线性梯度灌溉系统比小型蒸渗仪提供的草坪作物系数更接近于实际。当草坪的质量维持在可接受的水平时,以彭曼公式推测的苜蓿的潜在蒸散量为参照蒸散量,高羊茅草坪的作物系数为0.60-0.80,草地早熟禾草坪的作物系数为0.50-0.80。基于草坪冠层温度的作物水分胁迫系数（CWSI）是确定灌溉时机的比较合理的指标。CWSI在不同的季节和不同的草种间表现不稳定,并且这种方法的节水效果也表现不一,还处于发展阶段。草坪蒸散的研究在我国几乎处于空白状态,开展我国的草坪蒸散研究,寻求适合的草坪节水途径已势在必行。     

湖南四种尾矿环境下的狗牙根遗传多样性的RAPD分析

选择湖南4种有代表性的有色金属尾矿地所生长的野生狗牙根作为研究对象,并以正常生境下的野生狗牙根作为对照,采用RAPD技术分析了这些特别环境下的狗牙根的遗传多样性。17条10个核苷酸长的引物用于PCR扩增,共得到432条DNA带。检测位点160个,其中多态位点134个,占83.75%。各个类群间的Jaccard相似系数平均为0.4475±0.0806,遗传距离平均为0.3825±0.0712。结果显示生长于这些不同尾矿环境下的狗牙根种群在遗传本质上均产生了明显的分化,完全可以根据其尾矿基质的不同而划分为不同的生态型或品种,甚至可能处理为新的变种。狗牙根种群具有丰富的遗传多样性,作为先锋植物可为尾矿的复垦提供更多的品种选择。     

热锻炼对高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)和多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)抗高温能力的影响

夏季高温胁迫已成为限制冷季型草坪草生长和发育的一个主要问题.以两种耐热性不同的冷季型草坪草高羊茅和多年生黑麦草(前者较耐热)为材料,经过3d 30℃的热锻炼预处理后,分别在38、42、46℃的高温下处理14h.在这些高温条件下,研究了经过热锻炼预处理的高羊茅和多年生黑麦草叶片膜脂过氧化、抗氧化剂含量以及叶绿体超微结构的变化.结果表明:(1)热锻炼提高了高羊茅和多年生黑麦草的耐热性,显著缓减了高温条件下两种草坪草叶片膜脂过氧化程度的加剧,降低了叶片过氧化氢(H2O2)和超氧阴离子(O2)的产生速率.(2)高温条件下,热锻炼使高羊茅和多年生黑麦草叶片中抗氧化剂抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量下降程度有所缓减.(3)热锻炼减轻了高温胁迫对高羊茅和多年生黑麦草叶片叶绿体超微结构的损伤.这些结果说明热锻炼能够减轻高温对草坪草叶绿体的伤害可能与其在高温胁迫下和对照相比具有较高的抗氧化剂含量有关,这也可能是冷季型草坪草对高温的适应机制之一.     

热锻炼对高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea）和多年生黑麦草（Lolium perenne）抗高温能力的影响

夏季高温胁迫已成为限制冷季型草坪草生长和发育的一个主要问题。以两种耐热性不同的冷季型草坪草高羊茅和多年生黑麦草（前者较耐热）为材料,经过3d 30℃的热锻炼预处理后,分别在38、 42、46℃的高温下处理14h。在这些高温条件下,研究了经过热锻炼预处理的高羊茅和多年生黑麦草叶片膜脂过氧化、抗氧化剂含量以及叶绿体超微结构的变化。结果表明：(1) 热锻炼提高了高羊茅和多年生黑麦草的耐热性,显著缓减了高温条件下两种草坪草叶片膜脂过氧化程度的加剧,降低了叶片过氧化氢（H₂O₂）和超氧阴离子（O•-2）的产生速率。（2）高温条件下,热锻炼使高羊茅和多年生黑麦草叶片中抗氧化剂抗坏血酸（AsA）和谷胱甘肽（GSH）的含量下降程度有所缓减。（3）热锻炼减轻了高温胁迫对高羊茅和多年生黑麦草叶片叶绿体超微结构的损伤。这些结果说明热锻炼能够减轻高温对草坪草叶绿体的伤害可能与其在高温胁迫下和对照相比具有较高的抗氧化剂含量有关,这也可能是冷季型草坪草对高温的适应机制之一。     

高温胁迫对两种冷季型草坪草生理生化特性的影响

为研究高温胁迫对冷季型草坪草生理生化指标的影响,通过盆栽试验测定了昼夜(38/28℃)两种温度下两种冷季型草坪草的5种生理生化指标(质膜透性、脯氨酸含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量)。结果表明:随着胁迫时间的延长,各品种叶片的相对电导率、丙二醛含量和游离脯氨酸含量均呈递增趋势,其增加幅度与胁迫时间呈正相关,胁迫后各指标相对于对照均有了显著的增加(P<0.05);过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性则呈先上升后下降的趋势。高羊茅属3个品种的耐热性大于早熟禾属各品种的耐热性,其中高羊茅属的RebleⅣ和早熟禾属的Blue Sap-phire的耐热性优于种间其他品种。     

应用RAPD技术对甘肃栽培牡丹品种的分类鉴定研究

应用RAPD技术对甘肃栽培紫斑牡丹品种的分类进行了初步研究,筛选出10个随机引物在16个品种中共扩增出120个位点,其中114个位点呈多态性,4个位点具品种专一性。根据RAPD结果计算各品种间的遗传距离为0．212 8～0．744 4,所研究的16个品种中,除‘北国风光’外‘理想’与其它品种的遗传距离均很大,而皇冠型的‘春红争艳’与蔷薇型的‘怀念’两品种间的遗传距离最小。同一品种不同个体间与不同品种间在遗传距离上无明显差异,暗示在甘肃栽培牡丹品种中可能存在同物异名和同名异物。聚类分析表明,‘理想’和‘北国风光’与其它品种分别构成了遗传差异很大的两类,楼子类与千层类的品种在聚类时虽未完全分开,但楼子类大部分品种间表现出了更高的遗传相似性,且遗传距离与各种色系间没有明显的相关性。结果表明,RAPD技术能够克服传统上根据形态学性状对品种进行分类的缺点,可用于牡丹栽培品种的鉴定。     

利用RAPD分析披碱草属、鹅观草属和猬草属模式种的亲缘关系

利用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术对小麦族披碱草属、鹅观草属和猬草属3个属的模式种进行了基因组DNA多态性分析。42个引物产物的290条谱带中,257条（88.62%)表现出多态性,说明披碱草属、鹅观草属和猬草属3个属的模式种间具有丰富的遗传多样性。利用290个RAPD标记,计算材料间Nei氏遗传相似性系和遗传距离,在NTSYS程序中利用UPGMA进行聚类。结果表明,Elymus sibiricus种不同居群间的遗传差异较小,遗传距离在0.097-0.180之间。E.sibiricus,Roegneria caucasica和Hystrix patula的种间遗传差异明显,遗传距离在0.458-0.605之间。H.patula与E.sibiricus的亲缘关系较近。R.caucasica与E.sibiricus的亲缘关系较远。     

杂交狗牙根不同品种(系)叶片解剖结构及耐磨性研究

以7个杂交狗牙根品种(系)的叶片进行解剖研究,结果表明,各品种(系)均具禾本科C₄植物叶片典型结构,其独特处是:中脉结构与平行脉相似;中脉维管束、平行脉大维管束的维管束鞘内侧韧皮部外有一层纤维细胞;泡状细胞外壁很少角化。综合比较7个品种(系)叶片的角质层厚度、机械组织含量、维管束排列密度,得出叶片耐磨性综合指数,可作为耐践踏性的指标之一。此指数最高的品种是"TifSport"。     

Genetic relationships within and among Iberian fescues (Festuca L.) based on PCR-amplified markers.

The genus Festuca comprises approximately 450 species and is widely distributed around the world. The Iberian Penninsula, with more than 100 taxa colonizing very diverse habitats, is one of its main centers of diversification. This study was conducted to assess molecular genetic variation and genetic relatedness among 91 populations of 31 taxa of Iberian fescues, based on several molecular markers (random amplified polymorphic DNA, amplified fragment length polymorphisms, and trnL sequences). The analyses showed the paraphyletic origin of the broad-leaved (subgenus Festuca, sections Scariosae and Subbulbosae, and subgenus Schedonorus) and the fine-leaved fescues (subgenus Festuca, sections Aulaxyper, Eskia, and Festuca). Schedonorus showed a weak relationship with Lolium rigidum and appeared to be the most recent of the broad-leaved clade. Section Eskia was the most ancient and Festuca the most recent of the fine-leaved clade. Festuca and Aulaxyper were the most related sections, in concordance with their taxonomic affinities. All taxa grouped into their sections, except F. ampla and F. capillifolia (section Festuca), which appeared to be more closely related to Aulaxyper and to a new independent section, respectively. Most populations clustered at the species level, but some subspecies and varieties mixed their populations. This study demonstrated the value in combining different molecular markers to uncover hidden genetic relationships between populations of Festuca.     

中国(鼲)亚科田鼠族(Microtini)分类学研究进展与中国已知种类

䶄亚科田鼠族（Microtini）是一个分布广、物种多、在分类学上存在争议也较多的类群。通常认为该族在全世界有10属81种,中国有7属24种。近年来,通过广泛采集标本,开展分类与系统发育研究,基本厘清了我国䶄亚科田鼠族分类与系统发育问题。确认田鼠族在全世界仅8属,分别是东方田鼠属（Alexandromys）、雪田鼠属（Chionomys）、毛足田鼠属（Lasiopodomys）、艾草田鼠属（Lemmiscus）、田鼠属（Microtus）、松田鼠属（Neodon）、沟牙田鼠属（Proedromys）和川西田鼠属（Volemys）。帕米尔田鼠属（Blanfordimys）被证明是田鼠属的亚属,白尾松田鼠属（Phaiomys）是松田鼠属 的同物异名,水䶄属（Arvicola）被证明不属于田鼠族。而东方田鼠属是从田鼠属的亚属提升为属。中国田鼠族包括6属26种。青海毛足田鼠（Lasiopodomys fuscus）、白尾松田鼠（Phaiomys leucurus）和克氏田鼠（Microtus clarkei）均是松田鼠属成员。凉山沟牙田鼠（Proedromys liangshanensis）、林芝松田鼠（Neodon linzhiensis）、聂拉木松田鼠（Neodon nyalamensis）和墨脱松田鼠 （Neodon medogensis）是近年来命名的新种。     

Molecular phylogenetic studies of Brassica, rorippa, arabidopsis and allied genera based on the internal transcribed spacer region of 18S-25S rDNA

The phylogenetic relationships of nine genera in four tribes of the family Brassicaceae were estimated from the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the 18S-25S nuclear ribosomal DNA. The entire ITS region of 16 accessions belonging to 10 species of seven genera was sequenced. Eight published sequences of Brassicaceae were also used. A total of 27 sequences were included in this study; four of them were found to be pseudogenes. Both the neighbor-joining and the parsimony trees suggest that the nine genera can be divided into three groups: (1) Arabidopsis, Cardaminopsis, Capsella, and Lepidium; (2) Rorippa and Cardamine; and (3) Brassica, Sinapis, and Raphanus. In contradiction to the proposal that Cardaminopsis and Arabidopsis be put into an expanded tribe Arabideae, our data show that these two genera are more closely related to Capsella and Lepidium (tribe Lepidieae) than to Rorippa and Cardamine (tribe Arabideae). Further, our data show that within the tribe Brassiceae, Raphanus is more closely related to B. nigra than to the B. oleracea/B. rapa clade. This result is in agreement with the nuclear data obtained in several studies, but is in conflict with the RFLP data of mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA. As pointed out by previous authors, it is possible that Raphanus is a hybrid between the B. nigra and B. oleracea/B. rapa lineages with the latter as the maternal parent.     

Relationships of the temperate Australasian labrid fish tribe Odacini (Perciformes; Teleostei)

The labrid tribe Odacini comprises four genera and 12 species of fishes that inhabit shallow kelp forest and seagrass areas in temperate waters of Australia and New Zealand. Odacines are morphologically disparate, but share synapomorphies in fin structure and fusion of teeth into a beak-like oral jaw. A phylogenetic analysis of odacines was conducted to investigate their relationships to other labrid fishes, the relationships of species within the tribe, and the evolution of herbivory within the group. Fragments from two mitochondrial genes, 12S rDNA and 16S rDNA, and two nuclear genes, Tmo4C4 and RAG2, were sequenced for seven odacine species (representing all four genera), eight species representing the other major labrid lineages, and three outgroup species. Maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony analyses on the resulting 2338 bp of DNA sequence produced nearly identical topologies differing only in the placement of a clade containing the cheiline Cheilinus fasciatus and the scarine Cryptotomus roseus. The remaining clades received strong bootstrap support under maximum parsimony, and all clades in the maximum likelihood analysis received high bootstrap proportions and high posterior probabilities. The hypsigenyine labrid Choerodon anchorago formed the sister group to the odacines. Within the odacines, Odax cyanoallix+Odax pullus formed the sister to the remaining odacines, with Odax acroptilus, Odax cyanomelas, and Siphonognathus argyrophanes forming successively closer sister groups to the clade Haletta semifasciatus+Neoodax balteatus. Either herbivory evolved twice in the odacines, or herbivory evolved once with two reversions to carnivory. The latter hypothesis appears more likely in the light of odacine feeding biology.     

Phylogenetic relationships in Peniocereus (Cactaceae) inferred from plastid DNA sequence data

The phylogenetic relationships of Peniocereus (Cactaceae) species were studied using parsimony analyses of DNA sequence data. The plastid rpl16 and trnL-F regions were sequenced for 98 taxa including 17 species of Peniocereus, representatives from all genera of tribe Pachycereeae, four genera of tribe Hylocereeae, as well as from three additional outgroup genera of tribes Calymmantheae, Notocacteae, and Trichocereeae. Phylogenetic analyses support neither the monophyly of Peniocereus as currently circumscribed, nor the monophyly of tribe Pachycereeae since species of Peniocereus subgenus Pseudoacanthocereus are embedded within tribe Hylocereeae. Furthermore, these results show that the eight species of Peniocereus subgenus Peniocereus (Peniocereus sensu stricto) form a well-supported clade within subtribe Pachycereinae; P. serpentinus is also a member of this subtribe, but is sister to Bergerocactus. Moreover, Nyctocereus should be resurrected as a monotypic genus. Species of Peniocereus subgenus Pseudoacanthocereus are positioned among species of Acanthocereus within tribe Hylocereeae, indicating that they may be better classified within that genus. A number of morphological and anatomical characters, especially related to the presence or absence of dimorphic branches, are discussed to support these relationships.     

48个烟草品种遗传多样性的RAPD分析

利用RAPD分子标记技术对48个烟草品种进行遗传多样性研究。从200个10bp的随机引物用RAPD方法筛选获得28个多态性引物,然后对48份烟草种质资源的基因组DNA进行扩增,共获得184条DNA扩增片断带。其中多态性带86条,平均多态检出率为46.7%。48份材料的遗传距离为0~7.81,采用UPGMA法聚类分析,可将其分为两大类群,即黄花烟草群与普通烟草群,后者又可分为4组。     

The tropical African legume Scorodophloeus clade includes two undescribed Hymenostegia segregate genera and Micklethwaitia,a rare,monospecific genus from Mozambique

Legume subfamily Caesalpinioideae accommodates approximately 2250 species in 171 genera which traditionally are placed in four tribes: Caesalpinieae, Cassieae, Cercideae and Detarieae. The monophyletic tribe Detarieae includes the Amherstieae subclade which contains about 55 genera. Our knowledge of the relationships among those genera is good in some cases but for many other genera phylogenetic relationships have been unclear. The non-monophyletic nature of at least two amherstioid genera, Cynometra and Hymenostegia has also complicated the picture. During the course of a multi-disciplinary study of Hymenostegia sensu lato, which includes phylogenetic analyses based on matK and trnL data, we have recovered the “Scorodophloeus clade”, an exclusively tropical African clade of four genera which includes the eponymous genus Scorodophloeus, two undescribed generic segregates of Hymenostegia sensu lato, and the previously unsampled rare monospecific genus Micklethwaitia from Mozambique. Zenkerella is suggested as a possible sister genus to the Scorodophloeus clade. A distribution map is presented of the seven species that belong to the Scorodophloeus clade.     

Phylogenetic relationships in Cyperaceae subfamily Mapanioideae inferred from pollen and plastid DNA sequence data

Cyperaceae are the third largest monocotyledon family, with considerable economic and conservation importance. In subfamily Mapanioideae there is particular specialization of the inflorescence into units termed spicoids. The structural homology of the spicoid is difficult to interpret, making determination of intrafamilial relationships problematic. To address this, pollen from eight species in Mapanioideae was investigated using light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Pollen development was also examined to identify the type of pollen present in these species. We also analyzed DNA sequence data using the trnL-F and rps16 regions from 25 genera and 35 species of Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, and Thurniaceae. Two types of pollen, Mapania-type and pseudomonad, were identifed. Analysis of combined DNA and pollen data resolved a clade sister to the rest of Cyperaceae, corresponding to Mapanioideae. Within this, two further clades were resolved. One comprised taxa assigned to tribe Hypolytreae, which had Mapania-type pollen. The other comprised taxa mainly assigned to tribe Chrysitricheae, but included two taxa from Hypolytreae, Capitularina and Exocarya. All taxa in this clade had pseudomonad pollen. Thus new groupings within the subfamily have been discovered based on the specialization of some taxa in terms of their pollination biology.     

Phylogenetic analyses confirm polyphyly of the genus Campanula (Campanulaceae s. str.), leading to a proposal for generic reappraisal

Previous phylogenetic analyses found that the largest genus in the tribe Campanuleae, Campanula L. is polyphyletic. The genus is extremely intermingled, involving more than 50 genera, but no generic reappraisal has been attempted. For undertaking further phylogenetic analyses and subsequent generic reappraisal of the tribe, we sampled 333 samples, representing 27 of 28 genera currently recognized. Among them, 146 samples and two genera, Cylindrocarpa Regel and Sergia Fed., were newly sequenced. Six chloroplast DNA loci (atpB-rbcL, matK, petD-intron, rbcL, rpl16, and trnL-F) and internal transcribed spacer were used to undertake phylogenetic analyses. Our chloroplast DNA phylogeny comprises 24 clades, that is, 18 Cam clades and six genera, Feeria Buser, Homocodon D. Y. Hong, Jasione L., Peracarpa Hook. f. & Thomson, Trachelium L., and Favratia Feer. Campanula species are scattered among the 18 Cam clades and the six genera, and some of them join with well-established genera like Phyteuma L. and Adenophora Fisch. In the phylogeny Musschia Dumort. is at the basal position, but Jasione's position is unclear, whether in the tribe Campanuleae or in Wahlenbergieae; the other 22 lineages are grouped into two major clades: clade A comprising Cam 13–17 plus Feeria and Trachelium, and clade B comprising Cam 02, 03, 04-1, 04-2, and 06-12 plus Homocodon and Peracarpa. We found that the molecular phylogeny is closely correlated with morphology, particularly pollen morphology: clade A with pollen 3-porate and capsule dehiscent mostly by basal pores; and clade B with pollen mostly 4 (5–15)-porate and capsule dehiscent mostly by apical-middle pores. A generic reappraisal of the tribe is suggested based on the integrated phylogenetic analyses.