川东红池坝地区红三叶和鸭茅人工草地土壤和植物营养元素含量特征的研究

川东红池坝地区红三叶（Ｔｒｉｆｏｌｉｕｍｐｒａｔｅｎｓｅ）和鸭茅（Ｄａｃｔｙｌｉｓｇｌｏｍｅｒａｔａ）人工草地土壤和植物营养元素的含量特征如下：（１）土壤中的元素含量以铁、钾和镁较高,钠、钙、氮、锰和磷较低,硫、锌、硼、铜和钼微少;（２）从元素的富集特征来看,该区土壤中的钙、硫为重度淋溶元素,钾、磷、镁、锌、钠为中度淋溶元素,铁、铜属轻度淋溶元素,锰属富集元素;（３）根据元素的生物吸收系列,红三叶属氮－钙型植物,鸭茅属氮－钾－磷型植物。（４）两种牧草的生物吸收系数,均以钙、硫、磷较高,钠、铁较低,其余７种元素介于二者之间。     

羊草群落主要营养元素吸收相关性分析

在羊草（Ａｎｅｕｒｏｌｅｐｉｄｉｕｍｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅ）群落中,钾与钙、镁、锰、铜、锌五种元素的含量变化之间具倒数关系;钙、镁、锰、铜、锌五种元素间存在着相互制约关系;其中,钙与镁、铜之间的关系密切（ｒ）０．９）;羊草群落吸收较多的钙可防止锰、铜和镁的毒害作用,并对钾的吸收有促进作用．     

滇南喀斯特地区不同季节土壤和灌木叶片化学计量特征及对水分添加的响应

干旱是影响南方喀斯特地区植物生长的重要限制因子,气候变化会影响该地区的降水量和分布格局。研究该地区土壤和植物化学计量特征及其水分响应格局,具有重要意义。自2017年4月开始,在云南建水喀斯特植物群落进行加水试验,2018年4月(旱季)和8月(雨季)分别采集土壤和优势灌木鞍叶羊蹄甲(Bauhiniabrachycarpa)和假虎刺(Carissaspinarum)叶片样品,测定碳、氢、氮、磷、硫、钾、钙、镁、铝、钠、铁、锰、锌、铜14种元素含量。结果表明,水分添加影响了表层土壤中碳、氮、钠的含量,相比于旱季,雨季土壤中钠和硫含量明显减少,其余土壤元素在水分添加和季节变化下并未表现出明显差异。土壤水分含量的增加使得鞍叶羊蹄甲和假虎刺叶片中钾含量下降,钙含量上升。在水分条件变化下,两种植物叶元素含量的稳定性与植物中元素的含量有关,含量越接近极大值(基本元素碳、氢、氮等)或极小值(微量元素铜、锌等)的元素其变异系数越小(越稳定),两种植物中含量接近于1 mg·g~(–1)的元素磷、硫、镁的变异系数最高。在土壤水分条件变化下,假虎刺中碳、氮、磷等大量元素含量的稳定性显著高于鞍叶羊蹄甲。降水变化和水分添加导致的土壤水分变化,对滇南喀斯特地区土壤和植物中不同元素含量的影响不同,这些结果将为该地区的土壤、植被修复和管理提供科学参考。     

黑果枸杞中十三种元素含量的测定

采用原子吸收法测定了黑果枸杞中钙、镁、铜、锌、锰、铁、铅、镍、镉、钴、铬、钾、钠等元素的含量 ,为对其深入研究提供了科学资料。结果表明 :黑果枸杞中钙、镁、铜、锌、铁等元素的含量远高于宁夏枸杞中相应各元素的平均含量 ,钾、锰含量远低于其平均值 ,钠含量与其相当。钴含量远高于绿叶蔬菜的含量 ,铬含量较牛奶中含量低。镍含量比谷物、腌肉、蔬菜中的高。镉、铅含量较普通植物中的略低 ,不构成污染。     

滇南喀斯特地区不同季节土壤和灌木叶片化学计量特征及对水分添加的响应

干旱是影响南方喀斯特地区植物生长的重要限制因子, 气候变化会影响该地区的降水量和分布格局。研究该地区土壤和植物化学计量特征及其水分响应格局, 具有重要意义。自2017年4月开始, 在云南建水喀斯特植物群落进行加水试验, 2018年4月(旱季)和8月(雨季)分别采集土壤和优势灌木鞍叶羊蹄甲(Bauhinia brachycarpa)和假虎刺(Carissa spinarum)叶片样品, 测定碳、氢、氮、磷、硫、钾、钙、镁、铝、钠、铁、锰、锌、铜14种元素含量。结果表明, 水分添加影响了表层土壤中碳、氮、钠的含量, 相比于旱季, 雨季土壤中钠和硫含量明显减少, 其余土壤元素在水分添加和季节变化下并未表现出明显差异。土壤水分含量的增加使得鞍叶羊蹄甲和假虎刺叶片中钾含量下降, 钙含量上升。在水分条件变化下, 两种植物叶元素含量的稳定性与植物中元素的含量有关, 含量越接近极大值(基本元素碳、氢、氮等)或极小值(微量元素铜、锌等)的元素其变异系数越小(越稳定), 两种植物中含量接近于1 mg·g^-1的元素磷、硫、镁的变异系数最高。在土壤水分条件变化下, 假虎刺中碳、氮、磷等大量元素含量的稳定性显著高于鞍叶羊蹄甲。降水变化和水分添加导致的土壤水分变化, 对滇南喀斯特地区土壤和植物中不同元素含量的影响不同, 这些结果将为该地区的土壤、植被修复和管理提供科学参考。     

秦艽药材及其生长土壤中无机元素含量特征及相关性分析

该研究采用原子吸收分光光度法和火焰光度法,测定云南20个种植地的秦艽及其生长土壤中无机元素的含量,探讨药材中无机元素分布特征,并对药材中无机元素含量与土壤中无机元素含量的相关性进行了分析。结果表明：云南秦艽药材无机元素的含量呈现K>Ca>Mg>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu有规律的分布态势;通过相关性分析、主成分分析和逐步回归分析发现秦艽的特征元素为K、Cu、Ca和Zn;药材中钾含量与土壤中锌,钙与土壤中锰和铜,锰与土壤中钙和镁,铜与土壤中钾和锌元素含量间均分别显著负相关;而药材中镁含量与土壤中钙和镁,铁、铜与土壤中铁元素含量间均呈显著正相关。对秦艽各无机元素含量影响最大的因子是秦艽生长土壤有效钙,有效铁和有效锌其次,最后为有效锰。该研究结果为秦艽道地性成因及适宜栽培区域的选择提供了参考,为秦艽资源合理利用和GAP研究以及从无机元素的角度品评药材品质提供了理论依据。     

矿质元素在油松树干中分布的研究

通过树干年轮的元素分析,揭示矿质元素在树干中的转移与分布,以期有益于对森林生态系统矿质循环年进程的认识。通过对28龄油松(Pinus tabulaeJormis Carr.)树干圆盘年轮和树皮的元素分沂,揭示矿质元素钙、钾、镁、钠和锰的含量与年轮的年龄呈极显著负相关关系;磷、铜与轮龄呈显著正相关关系。树皮中钙、钾、镁、钠、铁、磷、锰、铜、铝和氮的含量,与树皮的年龄呈正相关关系。内树皮的矿质灰分相当高,分别为树皮和木质部的3.3倍和13倍。     

微波消解ICP-AES法测定糙苏不同部位中的微量元素

利用微波消解电感耦合等离子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定野生中药糙苏根、茎、叶、花和籽中钠、钾、钙、铁、锌、镁、锰、铜、镍、钼、铅和镉的含量,并进行了分析比较。糙苏不同用药部位的微量元素含量存在差异,其中钠、钾、钙、铁、镁在根、茎、叶、花和籽中的含量均较高,锌、锰、铜、镍、钼的含量较少,铅和镉只在根和茎中痕量存在,结果表明糙苏中含有大量人体必需的微量元素,可为进一步探讨糙苏中元素含量与其药效的相关性提供科学的理论依据。     

北京地区耕地碳酸盐褐土不同农作物氮及灰分元素生物循环的比较研究

京郊耕地碳酸盐褐土小麦、大麦、玉米、高梁、花生五种农作物氮及灰分元素生物循环的研究结果表明：1．不同作物存留、归还、吸收不同元素数量的差别很大。豆科作物花生以对钙、镁吸收量大为其显著特征;禾本科作物吸收较高数量硅、铁、铝、锰、钠。在四种禾本科作物中,高梁吸收较高数量氮、磷,钾、钙、镁、硅,大麦吸收较高数量钠、硫和锰。2．不同作物以根、茬形式对11种元素和灰分向土壤中的归还有三种情况：1)低度归还类型：氮磷钾,归还比例一般低于10%;2)中度归还类型：镁钙硫硅钠和灰分,归还比例介于10—30%;3)高度归还类型：铁铝和锰,归还比例一般为30%。 3．不同农作物生物循环特点对研究农田生态系统元素平衡、耕地土壤肥力变化和形成过程以及施肥、耕作制度改革,都有重要意义。     

衰牢山铗捕小兽群落元素现存量与原子比率

本文分析、计算了中华姬鼠和中华qu的氮、磷、钾、钠、钙、镁、钡、铝、铁、铜和锌的含量及原子比率。发现除氮外,其它元素含量均有种间差异。此外,估算了10个元素的现存量。     

国际植物基因组组织与计划概况及我国的应对策略

本文简要介绍了植物基因组领域主要的组织和计划,简单分析了国际植物基因组计划的特点和我国存在的问题,并初步提出我国的应对策略。     

Mitochondria and ischemic reperfusion damage in the adult and in the developing brain

The developing and the adult brain respond in similar ways to ischemia, but also display clear differences. For example, the relative contributions of necrosis and apoptosis to neuronal death may be different, such that apoptotic mechanisms would be more prevalent in the developing brain. During normal development, more than half of the neurons in some brain regions are removed through apoptosis, and effectors like caspase-3 are highly upregulated in the immature brain. Mitochondria are pivotal regulators of cell death through their role in energy production and calcium homeostasis, their capacity to release apoptogenic proteins and to produce reactive oxygen species. This review will summarize some of the current studies dealing with mitochondria-related mechanisms of ischemic brain damage, with special reference to developmental aspects.     

Similarities and differences in the growth of the heart in situ and in transplants

Growth and ploidy of rat ventricular myocytes were studied during development in situ and in grafts (1 day old rat ventricle transplanted under kidney capsule of syngenic adult animals). Both in situ and in the transplants polyploidization occurred on days 4-14 of postnatal life, and the modal group of myocytes was represented by binucleate diploid (2c x 2) cells. Minor quantities of 4c, 4c x 2, 8c and 2c x 4 myocytes were detected as well. In ventricles of 14 and 28 days old rats and in the transplants of the corresponding age the portion of polyploid myocytes was 90-96% and 32-63% respectively. The intensity of postmitotic myocyte transplants was decreased as compared with in situ development, and cells that exit proliferation cycle did not grow until day 14. The data on thymidine label dilution suggest that diploid myocytes of the transplant can divide two or three times but the majority of labeled diploids divided only once. Labeled 2c x 2 myocytes originated from the first, and less frequently, the second cell generation or resulted from initial acytokinetic mitosis. Mononucleate tetraploids 4c originated from 2c x 2 and mostly from 2c cells. Octaploids were formed after 3d or 4th labeled mitosis. The conclusion about cardiac myocyte polyploidization as an intrinsic developmental program is supported, implying the programming of onset, mode, duration and termination of polyploidization and its prolongation during early postnatal life.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Variants in the CNR1 and the FAAH Genes and Adiposity Traits in the Community

Pharmacologic blockade of the endocannabinoid receptor 1 leads to weight loss and an improved metabolic risk profile in overweight and obese individuals. We hypothesize that common genetic variants in the CNR1 (encoding endocannabinoid receptor 1) and FAAH genes (encoding fatty acid amide hydrolase, a key enzyme hydrolyzing endocannabinoids) are associated with adiposity traits. We genotyped 18 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CNR1 gene and 9 SNPs in the FAAH gene in 2,415 Framingham Offspring Study participants (mean age 61 ± 10 years; 52.6% women; mean BMI 28.2 ± 5.4 kg/m²; 30.3% obese) and studied them for association with cross‐sectional and longitudinal measures of adiposity (BMI, waist circumference, change over time in BMI and waist circumference, visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue) using linear mixed‐effect models. The selected SNPs captured 85% (r² = 0.8) of the common variation (minor allele frequency >5%) at the CNR1 locus and 96% (r² = 0.8) of the common variation at the FAAH locus (defined as the genomic segment containing the gene +20 kb upstream and +10 kb downstream). After correction for multiple testing, none of the SNPs in the CNR1 gene or in the FAAH gene displayed statistical evidence for association with BMI, waist circumference, and visceral adipose tissue or subcutaneous adipose tissue (all P > 0.18). Despite comprehensive SNP mapping across the genes and their regulatory regions in a large unselected sample, we failed to find evidence for an association of common variants in the CNR1 and FAAH genes with measures of adiposity in our community‐based sample.