灌溉水稻生长发育和潜力产量的模拟模型

本文提出的HDRICE模型是灌溉水稻生长的生理生态模型,它由相互衍接的水稻形态发育、干物质积累和叶面积发育三模块组成。形态发育模块用以模拟逐日温度和日长对水稻发育的影响,其参数可反映水稻品种的基本营养性、感温性和感光性;干物质积累模块用以模拟冠层CO_2同化、作物的维持呼吸和生长呼吸及干物质分配等过程;叶面积发育模块用以模拟叶面积指数的动态。本文还讨论了模型的输入参数和模型检验。模型可应用于模拟水稻的生长发育,预测水稻品种潜在产量及为取得潜在产量所必需的群体数量指标。     

作物水分供应订正函数的韦伯函数型

从作物水分生产潜力、潜在水分利用效率与水分满足率的关系及特点入手,引入水分供应订正函数的韦伯形式。与目前常见的水分供应订正函数形式相比,本文给出的韦伯形式的水分供应订正函数具有临界水分满足率和“旋回”特征,能较好地解释作物水分生产潜力与水分满足率之间的数量关系,模型的实用性较广。模型中位置参数表示临界水分满足率;尺度参数表示水分满足率的取值范围;形状参数决定水分供应订正函数的“峰度”和“偏斜度”。根据“图解法”可求取水分供应订正函数的相关参数。其参数也具有明确的生物学和物理学意义,参数值本身也较稳定,使模型在应用中可望具有良好的稳定性。     

定量遥感反演作物水势的原理及其应用

在利用能量平衡原理估算蒸腾速率的基础上,结合大气水势和叶、气阻抗的估算,建立叶水势的遥感估算模型.应用CI-301光合作用仪观测的作物生理参数和气象参数,验证了叶水势的遥感反演精度,分析了叶水势对干旱-半干旱区气候干旱和作物生理干旱的响应敏感程度.结果表明:叶水势是反映作物干旱情况的较好指标,它不仅能够反映作物生理干旱特征,也能够反映气候干旱特征;叶水势反演结果的相对误差为3.2%～17.3%,说明遥感估算的叶水势可以用于干旱监测中,以评估作物水分胁迫.在甘肃省的干旱年份2005年,5月的叶水势为-2～-3 MPa, 6月的叶水势为-2 MPa左右,其反映的干旱程度与植物种类有关.     

基于支持向量回归的棉铃虫蛹发育历期估测

温度与发育速率关系模拟是昆虫学研究的一个重要内容, 传统基于经验风险最小的非线性参数模型(Logan模型、Lactin模型和王氏模型)存在诸多弊端。本文基于结构风险最小的改进支持向量回归（SVR）研究温度与棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera蛹发育历期关系。结果表明: 与传统非线性模型相比, SVR模型性能优异; 基于全部92个样本, SVR模型拟合和留一法预测的决定系数R²分别为0.998和0.996, 估测的蛹期三基点温度更可信。从全部样本中依温度均匀选取部分样本实施独立预测, 当训练集为20个样本时, SVR模型独立预测的R²为0.981, 优于传统非线性模型中独立预测最佳的Lactin模型（R²=0.958）; 当训练集进一步减少到12个样本时, SVR模型的R²仅降低到0.964, 而传统非线性模型均已不适用。结果提示SVR模型在小样本情况下较传统非线性模型优势明显, 在昆虫发育历期估测建模中有应用前景。     

油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)树轮宽度与气候因子统计相关的生理机制--以贺兰山地区为例

通过分析贺兰山地区气候因子的变化特征,并且参考北美、俄罗斯的研究结果,确定了Vaganov-Shashkin生理响应模型的参数,并根据研究区的实际情况对参数作了相应修正,得出两组不同的参数,两组参数拟合出相同的结果,说明模型内在的机理是稳定的,更能反映出它的生理学特性.对树轮宽度序列和气候因子进行相关分析,发现比较明显的相关有与5～8月份降水的正相关,与5～8月份温度的负相关,与9、10月份温度的正相关.模型分析结果认为,从5月中旬到8月底,降水不能满足树木生长的需要,故形成树轮宽度与该时段降水的正相关,而在这个时段,由于温度和降水呈负相关,表现为树轮宽度与温度的负相关,其实这在很大程度上是一种间接的相关.到9月份,由于温度下降比较明显,这时树木生长的主要控制因素已转化为温度,所以形成了与9、10月份温度的正相关.模型分析还发现,树轮宽度的形成与生长结束时间相关性强,而与生长开始时间的关系不明显.     

基于生理生态过程的大麦顶端发育和物候期模拟模型

为改进已有的大麦生理发育时间模拟模型(YDmodel),以扬州地区5个品种春播条件下的顶端发育和物候发育观测资料和历史资料为依据,构建了基于生理发育时间的顶端发育和物候期机理模型.模型量化了热效应、光周期、春化效应对发育的影响,引入了7个遗传参数,分别为播种到出苗所需的有效积温、灌浆期发育基点温度、生理春化时间、临界日长、光周期反应起始点、最短苗穗期、最短灌浆期.本模型在YDmodel基础上的改进主要有3点:(1)将每日生理发育时间的增量乘以水肥丰缺因子,改为除以水肥丰缺因子表现水肥对大麦发育的影响,客观体现了大麦在水肥丰缺条件下的发育延迟或提早现象;(2)将三段线性函数改为非线性函数表达春化效应和相对热效应,确立了不同品种相对春化效应和相对热效应的曲线族;(3)将线性函数改为正弦函数表达不同品种光周期效应.经测算,各大麦品种到达单棱期、二棱期、雌雄蕊分化期、药隔形成期、雌蕊柱头二裂分叉期、雌蕊柱头毛状突起期等顶端发育阶段的生理发育时间分别为2.6、5.6、11.3、13.1、15.3、18.2、28.7d,到达出苗期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期等主要物候期的生理发育时间为0、13.1、28.7、32.8、51.5d,形成了不同大麦品种在不同气候和栽培条件下统一的衡量发育的定量尺度.     

中国草地样带不同功能群植物叶片氮磷含量随水热因子的变化规律

中国草地样带贯穿我国主要草原区域,具有规律性的草地类型转换和气候条件变化,探究其不同功能群植物氮磷含量随水热因子(温度和降水)的变化规律,对于揭示区域植物N、P元素特征对气候变化的响应机制具有重要意义。本文以中国草地样带为平台,共设置132个样地,采集329份植物叶片样品,基于生态化学计量学理论,对中国草地样带青藏高原高寒区域和内蒙古温性草原区域植物群落功能群组成(豆科、禾本科、莎草科、杂类草)进行N、P元素组分分析,揭示青藏高原高寒区域和内蒙古温性草原区域植物N、P元素含量随温度和降水的变化规律。结果显示:1)青藏高原高寒区域的植物N、P元素含量显著高于内蒙古温性草原区域;2)豆科植物N、P元素含量最高,禾草类植物N、P元素含量最低;3)总体上,随年降水量和年均温度变化,不同功能群中仅杂类草与莎草科植物叶片N、P元素含量变化显著。研究表明,物种组成会影响到草地植被N、P元素生态化学计量学特征,不同功能群植物N、P元素含量对温度和降水变化的响应不同,杂类草和莎草科植物元素含量对中国草地样带植物整体水平N、P元素含量随水热因子的变化规律有重要贡献。     

内蒙古中西部优势植物春季返青对降水的非线性响应

长期以来,研究植被物候变化与气候因子的关系多基于线性模型,事实上植被物候对气候变化的响应可能是非线性的。以1984-2017年内蒙古中西部温性典型草原和温性草原化荒漠长时间序列植被物候观测资料为基础,分析了近40年来气候变化背景下不同草地类型优势植物返青期变化特征及其对春季降水的非线性响应。结果表明：（1）温性典型草原冷蒿返青期主要受水分控制,与春季降水量表现为开口向下的二次函数关系。气候暖干化导致的水分亏缺是冷蒿返青期呈极显著延迟趋势（1.32 d/a）的主要原因;春季降水量超过60 mm时,冷蒿返青期表现出由延迟转变为提前的趋势。（2）温性草原化荒漠猫头刺返青期主要受热量控制。受春季显著升温影响,猫头刺返青期呈极显著提前趋势（0.63 d/a）。春季降水增多利于猫头刺提早返青,二者表现为开口向上的二次函数关系;春季降水量超过40 mm时,猫头刺返青期对降水的响应程度逐渐降低,这可能与荒漠植物本身的生理特性有关。     

农田光能利用效率研究进展

光能利用率(RUE)是作物生长模型的主要参数之一.RUE被广泛应用于基于遥感的净初级生产力估算.受环境条件影响,作物生长季内RUE并非常数.RUE估算不准将给净初级生产力的模拟计算带来很大误差.本文分析了农田RUE的测定方法和变化特征.讨论了辐射、温度、饱和差、植物叶片氮含量和作物种类对RUE的影响,分析了目前RUE研究中存在的问题,提出在作物模型中用RUE作参数时必须考虑作物生长发育所引起的RUE变化.今后应加强作物生物量和截获辐射间关系的机理研究.利用涡度相关技术等微气象方法研究短时间尺度上RUE的变化将成为未来研究的热点.     

作物生长温度效应的非线性模型及其比较研究

通过严密的数学证明,发现了前人关于作物生长温度效应非线性模型之间的内在联系,修正了有关学者对模型参数定义的局限性,提出了一个通用的作物生长温度效应非线性模型,本研究还将该模型与笔者最近提出的基于高斯方程的非线性模型进行了比较研究,介绍了应用SAS软件求取两个模型相关参数的方法,并以马铃薯生育期模拟为例进行了实证研究,表明这两个模型均有良好的适用性。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。