叶绿体S S R标记:柑橘体细胞杂种胞质遗传分析的一种新方法

从水稻(Oryza sativa L.)、烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.)和黑松(Pinus thunbergiiParl.)等植物的22对叶绿体SSR引物中筛选出 5对能用于柑橘叶绿体SSR分析的引物,应用这5对引物对9个组合的柑橘体细胞杂种的叶绿体遗传进行了分析.结果表明:这些组合再生的杂种中叶绿体都呈现随机分离,该现象与以前报道的RFLP分析结果一致,而且其可靠性已被CAPS分析所证实.表明柑橘叶绿体SSR同RFLP及CAPS一样可靠,并且更简单高效、易于操作,特别适合对柑橘等植物体细胞杂种进行早期胞质遗传组成分析.     

甜橙与酸橙体细胞杂种核质组成鉴定

采用流式细胞术(flow cytometry,FCM)、简单重复序列(simple sequence repeat,SSR)和酶切扩增多型性序列(cleaved amplifiedpolymorphic sequence,CAPS)等技术分析酸橙(Citrus aurantium L.)叶肉原生质体和甜橙(C.sinenis Osbeck cv.Shamouti)胚性愈伤组织原生质体电融合再生的体细胞杂种.FCM研究结果表明,所有的体细胞杂种植株荧光强度是二倍体对照的2倍,说明所分析的植株为四倍体.用SSR和CAPS分析了体细胞杂种的核质遗传组成,在试验的4对SSR引物中,有2对能区分开融合亲本.在2对引物中,体细胞杂种植株包含双亲的全部特异带,表明它们为异核杂种.通用引物扩增结合限制性内切酶酶切能鉴别融合亲本,在具有多型性的引物/酶组合中,所有体细胞杂种的线粒体和叶绿体DNA带型与胚性亲本(甜橙)完全一样.结果表明体细胞杂种核基因组来自双亲,而胞质基因组来自悬浮系亲本.讨论了所用技术的特点、柑橘四倍体体细胞杂种核质遗传规律及本组合体细胞杂种的应用.     

印度酸桔与飞龙枳属间体细胞杂种的胞质遗传分析

对印度酸桔（Citrus reticulata） 飞龙枳（Poncirus trifoliata）属间体细胞杂种的3棵8年生植株及其融合亲本的胞质基因组进行了CAPS（Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences）和RFLP分析。用5对叶绿体和5对线粒体通用引物对（universal primer pairs）对杂种及亲本的总DNA进行PCR扩增,都没有检测到多态性,但扩增产物分别用11种限制性内切酶酶切后,发现3个有多态性的叶绿体CAPS标记和1个线粒体CAPS标记。结果表明杂种的叶绿体都来源于飞龙枳,而线粒体都来源于印度酸桔。为了证实CAPS分析结果的可靠性,用5种限制性内切酶对总DNA进行单酶切,分别与1个叶绿体探针和5个线粒体探针杂交,结果与CAPS分析一致。初步证实该组合体细胞杂种的胞质遗传组成为“印度酸桔的线粒体 飞龙枳的叶绿体”。结果表明细胞融合确实能导致细胞核、线粒体和叶绿体的重新组合,为柑桔体细胞杂种中线粒体偏向来源于悬浮亲本而叶绿体偏向来源于叶肉亲本的胞质分配现象提供了新的证据,并为通过体细胞融合技术定向转移柑桔胞质基因的品种改良思路提供了重要理论依据。     

甜橙与酸橙体细胞杂种核质组成鉴定(英文)

采用流式细胞术(flow cytometry, FCM)、简单重复序列(simple sequence repeat, SSR)和酶切扩增多型性序列(cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence, CAPS)等技术分析酸橙(Citrus aurantium L. )叶肉原生质体和甜橙(C. sinenis Osbeck cv. Shamouti)胚性愈伤组织原生质体电融合再生的体细胞杂种。FCM研究结果表明,所有的体细胞杂种植株荧光强度是二倍体对照的2倍,说明所分析的植株为四倍体。用SSR和CAPS分析了体细胞杂种的核质遗传组成,在试验的4对SSR引物中,有2对能区分开融合亲本。在2对引物中,体细胞杂种植株包含双亲的全部特异带,表明它们为异核杂种。通用引物扩增结合限制性内切酶酶切能鉴别融合亲本,在具有多型性的引物/酶组合中,所有体细胞杂种的线粒体和叶绿体DNA带型与胚性亲本(甜橙)完全一样。结果表明体细胞杂种核基因组来自双亲,而胞质基因组来自悬浮系亲本。讨论了所用技术的特点、柑橘四倍体体细胞杂种核质遗传规律及本组合体细胞杂种的应用。     

小麦与高冰草体细胞杂种后代的核基因组和叶绿体基因组的遗传特征

以小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)与高冰草(Agropyron elongatum(Host)Nevski)体细胞杂种同一个克隆来源的F2-F6自交系Ⅱ-2、Ⅱ-Ⅰ-8以及由Ⅱ-Ⅰ-8 F2分离形成的8-1(F3-F6)为材料,利用小麦叶绿体基因组的微卫星(Microsatellite)特异引物及随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)引物进行分析.结果表明,杂种株系的叶绿体基因组组成一致,均以小麦叶绿体基因组为主,仅在rpl14和rpl16基因的间隔序列中检测到双亲的特征带,表明有高冰草的叶绿体DNA在杂种中存在,并稳定遗传至第六代.RAPD分析表明,不同杂种株系中存在不同的高冰草核DNA片段,核基因组在传代中基本稳定.     

小麦与高冰草体细胞杂种后代的核基因组和叶绿体基因组的遗传特征

以小麦(TriticumaestivumL.)与高冰草(Agropyronelongatum(Host)Nevski)体细胞杂种同一个克隆来源的F2-F6自交系Ⅱ-2、Ⅱ-Ⅰ-8以及由Ⅱ-Ⅰ-8F2分离形成的8-1(F3-F6)为材料,利用小麦叶绿体基因组的微卫星(Microsatellite)特异引物及随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)引物进行分析。结果表明,杂种株系的叶绿体基因组组成一致,均以小麦叶绿体基因组为主,仅在rpl14和rpl16基因的间隔序列中检测到双亲的特征带,表明有高冰草的叶绿体DNA在杂种中存在,并稳定遗传至第六代。RAPD分析表明,不同杂种株系中存在不同的高冰草核DNA片段,核基因组在传代中基本稳定。     

RAPD分析─鉴定柑桔体细胞杂种的快速方法

本文利用改进的DNA提取方法,从Volkamer柠檬(Citrus volkameriana Ten. and Pasq.)和酸橙(C. aurantium L.)及其原生质体杂种植株的叶片中抽提总DNA,进行RAPD(Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA)分析。结果表明: 在随机选取的15种引物中,有10种可单独或与其它引物一道鉴定这一组合的体细胞杂种。与形态学性状观察、同工酶及ONA杂交分析等方法比较,RAPD分析是一种可在试管苗期即可直接、准确、快速鉴定柑桔体细胞杂种的方法。     

植物体细胞杂种的遗传特征

综述了植物体细胞杂种的遗传研究。对于核基因的遗传，植物体细胞杂种有核对称杂种和核不对称杂种，双亲染色体数目、稳定性和性状在杂种中存在很大差异。在细胞质基因遗传中，双亲叶绿体基因组在杂种中发生随机分离和非随机分离，很少发生基因重组；双亲线粒体基因组在杂种中发生非随机分离或同时发生基因重组，重组线粒体基因组对杂种生长发育有很大影响。     

苎麻叶绿体SSR引物筛选及分析

叶绿体微卫星标记为单亲遗传(除部分裸子植物外),有独立的进化路线,它在植物遗传多样性、群体遗传结构、系统发育分析及杂种鉴定等研究上用途广泛,是研究谱系地理的有效手段。苎麻的主产地和主要分布区均在我国,但其谱系地理研究目前尚未见有报道。该研究选择来自全国不同地区的52个苎麻样本,利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法,在23对已知通用叶绿体SSR引物中筛选出适用于苎麻谱系地理研究的SSR引物,并利用筛选到的多态引物对52个苎麻样本进行聚类分析和单倍型网络图分析。结果表明:从23对通用引物中共筛选出16对适用于苎麻的多态引物,其平均多态信息含量为0.1053,虽然以上引物多态性较低,但能够用于野生苎麻的遗传分析研究;这52个苎麻样本聚为10支,分为8个单倍型,初步分析表明叶绿体SSR遗传变异速率较慢,不适用于苎麻种内的系统发育研究,但以上引物能够检测苎麻种内单倍型变异,可用于苎麻的谱系地理研究。     

烟草叶绿体基因组和线粒体基因组SSR位点分析

利用生物信息学方法对烟草叶绿体和线粒体基因组数据中的SSR信息进行了分析.结果表明,在叶绿体和线粒体基因组中分别获得186和578个SSR位点,SSR间的平均距离分别为838 bp和745 bp.在SSR的分布区域上,绝大多数SSR位点分布在UTR(尤其是5’UTR)区域;在SSR重复碱基类型上,主要集中在二、三碱基重复,二者占总SSR位点的90％以上,其中三碱基重复类型丰度最高.利用全部657对SSR引物在供试的10份烟草材料中进行扩增,发现所有引物均能获得目的片段,但在普通烟草内品种间并未检测到多态性,而在烟草种间有26对叶绿体基因组SSR引物和178对线粒体基因组SSR引物扩增出多态性条带,表明来源于烟草叶绿体基因组和线粒体基因组的SSR标记适合用于烟草种间进化、分类、遗传多样性等方面研究.     

Molecular characterization of cytoplasmic and nuclear genomes in phenotypically abnormal Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis) + Meiwa kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia) intergeneric somatic hybrids

Organelle DNA inheritance of four 10-year-old somatic hybrid trees between Valencia orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] and Meiwa kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia Swingle) was analyzed by cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Five chloroplast (cp) and three mitochondrial (mt) universal primer pairs were amplified, but no polymorphisms were detected. When the polymerase chain reaction products were digested by 15 restriction enzymes, four polymorphic cpDNA-CAPS and two mtDNA-CAPS markers were found. Both the cpDNA and mtDNA in the somatic hybrids were derived from Valencia orange (the embryogenic suspension parent). Genomic DNA of the somatic hybrids and corresponding parents was digested by five restriction endonucleases and hybridized with one chloroplast probe (RbcL- RbcL) and nine mitochondrial probes (coxI, coxII, c oxIII, c ob, atpA, tyr, proI, atp6 and atp9). The results indicated that three hybrid plants shared one strong cpDNA band with both parents and that the remaining one plant had two additional novel bands besides the shared band, while their mtDNA was identical to that of Valencia orange plus non-parental bands. When data on the mtDNA banding patterns were combined with observations on phenotypic performance in the field, it was found that the more complex mtDNA banding pattern coincided with increased vigor of the plant. The stability of the organelle genomes was studied by extracting the genomic DNA of one hybrid plant at monthly intervals for 1 year and then analyzing it using RFLPs. Before the dieback of the shoots, two fragments of the mtDNA were lost while the cpDNAs remained stable. Ploidy analysis by flow cytometry showed that all of the hybrids were stable tetraploids. Four simple sequence repeat primer pairs were applied to detect microsatellite alleles of the four hybrid plants, both parents and the 12 DNA samples from one plant. The results showed that all hybrids had biparental bands uniformly, which indicated that they had the same nuclear background. These results suggest that the mtDNA pattern is correlated with the phenotypic abnormality of Valencia and kumquat somatic hybrid plants and that nuclear-cytoplasm incompatibility may be the cause of dieback.     

红麻UG93细胞质雄性不育系、保持系及恢复系间的遗传多样性分析

利用8条核基因组ISSR引物和7对叶绿体基因组SSR引物(cpSSR),对9对红麻UG93细胞质雄性不育系/保持系及5个恢复系的细胞核、细胞质遗传多样性进行分析.结果表明:各材料的核基因组遗传相似系数在0.333～1.000之间,其中保持系间、保持系和恢复系间、恢复系间的平均相似系数分别为0.583、0.689和0.8...     

Independent segregation of the plastid genome and cytoplasmic male sterility in Petunia somatic hybrids

Summary The chloroplast genomes of three sets of Petunia somatic hybrids were analyzed to examine the relationship between chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) composition and cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). Chloroplast genomes of somatic hybrid plants were identified either by restriction and electrophoresis of purified cpDNAs or by hybridization of total DNA digests with cloned cpDNA probes that distinguish the parental genomes.The chloroplast genomes of a set of seven somatic hybrids derived from the fusion of Petunia CMS line 2423 and fertile line 3699 were analyzed. All seven plants were fertile, and all exhibited the cpDNA restriction pattern of the sterile cytoplasm. Similarly, four fertile somatic hybrids derived from the fusion of CMS line 3688 and fertile line 3677 were found to contain the CMS chloroplast genome. The cpDNA compositions of four fertile and two sterile somatic hybrids derived from the fusion of CMS line 3688 and fertile line 3704 were determined by restriction analysis of purified cpDNAs; all six plants exhibited the cpDNA restriction pattern of line 3704. Thus the CMS phenotype segregates independently of the chloroplast genome in Petunia somatic hybrids, indicating that CMS in Petunia is not specified by the chloroplast genome.     

Targeted cybridization in citrus: transfer of Satsuma cytoplasm to seedy cultivars for potential seedlessness

CMS (cytoplasmic male sterility) can be controlled by the mitochondrion genome in higher plants, including Satsuma mandarin. Somatic fusion experiments in citrus combining embryogenic callus protoplasts of one parent with leaf protoplasts of a second parent often produce cybrid plants of the leaf parent, a phenomenon occurring most often with interspecific fusion combinations. In an attempt to practically exploit this cybridization phenomenon, we conducted somatic fusion experiments combining embryogenic suspension-derived protoplasts of Satsuma mandarin, Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Guoqing No. 1 (G1), a male-sterile cultivar, with leaf protoplasts of other seedy types—Hirado Buntan Pink pummelo (HBP) [Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck], Sunburst mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco), Orie Lee hybrid (C. reticulata cv. Clementine × Murcott tangor), and Murcott tangor [C. reticulata × C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck], respectively—in an attempt to generate seedless cybrids by the targeted transfer of CMS. The genetic identities of regenerated plants from all four parental combinations were determined by flow cytometry, SSR, CAPS (or PCR-RFLP), RFLP, and chloroplast-SSR analyses. Regenerated plants from the first three parental combinations were diploids, and the cybrid nature of G1 + HBP with the mitochondrion genome from G1 and the chloroplast genome from HBP was confirmed, whereas the cybrid nature of the remaining two combinations was difficult to confirm because of the close phylogenetic relatedness of both fusion parents, as expected. Plants from G1 + Murcott were confirmed as tetraploid somatic hybrids. This is the first report of targeted citrus cybrid production by symmetric fusion with male-sterile Satsuma as the callus parent and other seedy cultivars as the leaf parents.Abbreviations CAPS: Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence - CMS: Cytoplasmic male sterility - cp-SSR: Chloroplast simple sequence repeat - PEG: Polyethylene glycol - SSR: Simple sequence repeat - RFLP: Restriction fragment length polymorphism Communicated by G.C. Phillips     

Fifteen novel universal primer pairs for sequencing whole chloroplast genomes and a primer pair for nuclear ribosomal DNAs

Chloroplast genome information helps improve the phylogenetic resolution and can act as organelle-scale barcodes in recently radiated plant groups. Previously we reported that nine universal primer pairs could amplify angiosperm whole chloroplast genomes by long-range polymerase chain reaction and using next-generation sequencing. Although these primers show high universality and efficiency for sequencing whole chloroplast genomes in angiosperms, they did not fully resolve the following two issues surrounding sequencing angiosperm chloroplast genomes: (i) approximately 30% of angiosperms cannot be amplified successfully; and (ii) only fresh leaves can be applied. In this study, we designed another set of 15 universal primer pairs for amplifying angiosperm whole chloroplast genomes to complement the original nine primer pairs. Furthermore, we designed a primer pair for nuclear ribosomal DNAs (nrDNAs). To validate the functionality of the primers, we tested 44 species with silica gel-dried leaves and 15 species with fresh leaves that have been shown to not be amplified with the original nine primer pairs. The result showed that, in 65.9% and 88.6% of the 44 species with silica gel-dried leaves, the whole chloroplast genome and nrDNAs could be amplified, respectively. In addition, all 15 fresh leaf samples could have the whole chloroplast genome successfully amplified. The nrDNAs comprise partial sequences of 18S and 26S, along with the complete sequence of 5.8S and the internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS2. The mean size of nrDNA was 5800 bp. This study shows that the 15 universal primer set is an indispensable tool for amplifying whole chloroplast genomes in angiosperms, and these are an important supplement to the nine reported primer pairs.     

Non-random inheritance of organellar genomes in symmetric and asymmetric somatic hybrids between Lycopersicon esculentum and L. pennellii

Summary The organization of the mitochondrial genome and the genotype of the chloroplast genome was characterized using restriction fragment length polymorphisms in a population (82 individuals) of symmetric and asymmetric somatic hybrids of tomato. The protoplast fusion products were regenerated following the fusion of leaf mesophyll protoplasts of Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato cv UC82) with suspension cell protoplasts of L. pennellii that had been irradiated with 5, 10, 15, 25, 50, or 100 kRads from a gamma source. The chloroplast genome in the somatic hybrids showed a random pattern of inheritance, i.e., either parental genome was present in equal numbers of regenerants, while in asymmetric somatic hybrids, the chloroplast genotype reflected the predominant nuclear genotype, i.e., tomato. The mitochondrial genome in the symmetric somatic hybrids showed a non-random pattern of inheritance, i.e., predominantly from the L. pennellii parent; asymmetric somatic hybrids had more tomato-specific mitochondrial sequences than symmetric somatic hybrids. The non-random inheritance of the chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA in these tomato protoplast fusion products appears to be influenced by the nuclear background of the regenerant.     

Development and use of chloroplast microsatellites in Phaseolus spp. and other legumes

Chloroplast microsatellites (cpSSRs) provide a powerful tool to study the genetic variation and evolution of plants. We have investigated the usefulness of 39 primer pairs tagging cpSSR loci on a set of eight different genera of Leguminosae (Papilionoideae subfamily) and five species belonging to the genus Phaseolus . Thirty-six 'universal' primer pairs were retrieved from the literature, one was re-designed and a further two were designed de novo . The cpSSR loci analysed were highly polymorphic across the individuals examined. Twenty-seven primer pairs were polymorphic in the overall sample, 18 within Phaseolus , and 16 in both P. vulgaris and P. coccineus . Analysis of the plastome sequences of four Leguminosae species (obtained from GenBank) showed that in the loci targeted by universal primer pairs: (i) the originally tagged cpSSRs can be lost; (ii) other cpSSRs can be present; and (iii) polymorphism arises not only from differences in the numbers of cpSSR repeats, but often from other insertion/deletion events. Multilocus linkage disequilibrium analysis suggests that homoplasy is not a major problem in our dataset, and principal component analysis indicates intelligible relationships among the species considered. Our study demonstrates that this set of chloroplast markers provides a useful tool to study the diversity and the evolution of several legumes, and particularly P. vulgaris and P. coccineus .