黄土丘陵沟壑区生态-经济背景以及小流域优化生态-生产范式

在全面分析黄土丘陵沟壑区生态经济敏感带的自然环境、社会经济环境的基础上,深入探讨了区域的优势景观单元--小流域的景观结构和功能,由此提出了构建小流域生态--生产范式的几项原则及范式内容.其中包括以下几项原则:水分平衡和高效利用原则、农林牧复合系统原则、区位优化原则等.范式内容强调小流域景观单元的空间异质性和等级特点,主要包括以村庄为中心的高效农业生产圈层结构模式、坡面梯状生态经济带建设模式、流域生态经济水平生产模式、流域之间高效能流物流点-轴发展模式以及流域与外界环境的核心边缘发展模式.     

中国北方农牧交错带优化生态-生产范式

中国北方农牧交错带具有生态、生产双重功能,在国民经济发展中具有重要战略地位。构建优化生态生产范式是对其进行科学管理的一种有效方式。优化生态-生产范式是应用生态经济学原理与系统科学方法,以生态恢复与重建为目标,以多用途资源利用和景观生态设计为核心,以生物-自然和社会-经济综合分析为基础,结合现代科学成果和传统农牧业技术的精华而建立起来的结构优化、功能持续、经济可行的农林牧复合经营系统的范例。文章对优化生态生产范式的配置以及配套技术的研究现状进行了综述,提出在构建优化生态生产范式的过程中应当遵守规模的发展与土地承载能力相适应的原则、限制因子原则、景观异质性与尺度的原则以及生态、经济和社会效益统一的原则。针对目前范式研究中着重经济效益、研究尺度单一、缺乏学科间的综合和集成、效益评价体系不完善等一些问题,指出了今后范式研究的趋势,认为今后的研究应重视基础理论和应用技术的研究、对现有范式进行调整和优化、建立统一的评价体系、量化范式适宜程度和优化程度。在基础研究方面应主要集中在主要的农业生态系统对不同人为干扰响应的形式和实质,研究确定一系列重要的生态经济阈值;应用技术方面应注重于调整产业结构,积极发展高科技产业,提高产投比。对范式实施后的各项生态经济指标进行动态监测,从而对范式进行适时调整与优化。对不同范式取得的效益进行横向的、定量的研究,选择出最优的范式。同时,学科间的融入将成为范式研究中的又一特点。     

生态经济区划原则(讨论稿)

生态经济区划在性质上属于功能单元的区划,从区域的功能总体观点出发,根据其自然环境结构和社会经济系统结构及其功能的分异规律,把特定的空间环境划分为不同生态经济单元。进而分析其特性结构与环境质量以及各成分之间的内在联系,揭示工农业生产与环境质量和人类生活之间的相互关系,为自然资源的合理利用、工矿、交通、农、林、牧、副、渔合理布局与环境保护总体规划提供战略性科学依据。 它可以是一个特定地理环境的生态系统,亦可能是一个流域的包括几个不同类型生态系统的复合系统,     

村落生态单元及其景观模式的营造智慧——以青藏高原秀日村为例

乡村建设的本质是为生活在其中的人类建设健康有序的生存生态系统,健康的村落生态系统离不开智慧营造模式。单元是一种空间环境系统,由于系统内部要素的共同作用以及系统与外部环境的交流,村落单元呈现的景观模式具有差异性,包含着不同的生态智慧。基于此,从生态学的角度提出村落生态单元的概念,村落生态单元由居住景观、生产景观及文化景观 3 个子单元组成。村落生态单元景观模式的营造智慧关键是单元结构与功能的关系。以青藏高原秀日村为例,归纳了秀日村村落生态单元良性的结构与功能关系,包含着“农牧共生”与“方位种植”的生产景观营造智慧;“田居一体”与“循环再生”的居住景观营造智慧;“信仰至上”与“万物平等”的文化景观营造智慧。     

中国石漠化地区碳流失原因与固碳增汇技术原理探讨

石漠化的发生发展和迅速扩张,是导致中国喀斯特生态系统碳流失的主要原因,而石漠化地区固碳潜力巨大,是国家固碳增汇的主要地区之一。为了增强石漠化地区生态系统的固碳能力,基于喀斯特小流域是石漠化治理的基本生态水文地质单元的科学认识,使用遥感和地理信息系统,结合流域内物质组成结构与循环交换特征等,对中国南方喀斯特生态系统进行了小流域类型的划分与剖析。针对区域社会经济的优先发展方向和环境承载力,提出了不同类型小流域石漠化治理和固碳增汇的设计方案,建立了喀斯特"高原集雨灌溉型高效生态农业模式"、"峰丛洼地人工种草替代型草食畜牧业模式"、"峡谷型发挥光热资源优势的特色林果模式"、"槽谷型发挥水土资源优势的竹果产业模式",为石漠化地区发展现代农业、推进区域经济发展和生态文明建设提供借鉴和参考。     

两岸典型城市生态功能网络的组成与结构

城市景观的发展加速了景观结构的更新,亦使得景观功能日趋完备;同时,由于城市化亦衍生了景观破碎化以及城市热岛效应等一系列限制当前城市发展的环境问题。因此,城市景观优化必须在充分考虑经济和生态双重需求的前提下,寻求与自然生态体系协调的生态问题解决途径。本文通过对城市生态网络组成与结构的现状分析,阐明城市生态系统间的空间关系,以网络结构的优化达到保护生态环境,提高城市整体开放空间价值的目标。选择经济发展稳定且生态环境良好的中国台湾乌溪流域(台中地区)及深圳市为研究区,通过耗费距离模型评价两岸典型城市生态网络结构。结果表明:两地城市生态功能网络均受城市发展影响,生态中心与社会经济中心的空间位置出现显著的两极化,且生态功能中心与联系中心并不吻合,使得生态功能的流动与传输更依赖于城市范围内的生态组分与结构通达性。因此,为提升城市生态功能,需从强化生态功能网络结构入手,整合城市内的生态景观单元,提高关键生态节点的通达性,进而优化城市景观生态。     

共生理论视角下创新农业生态经济研究范式

共生理论认为异质共生生物在其生存过程中会表现出相互依存的关系。试图将这一论点移植到农业生态经济研究中,用以处理农业生产中生态效益与经济效益之间矛盾的问题。为此,把农业生态经济视为由生态单元与经济单元组成的异质共生体,分析了该共生体的结构与共生模式,并采用Logistic方程与数值模拟方法,探讨农业生态经济共生体的共生机制,揭示共生单元间的演化规律与成长特征。研究表明:共生模式在农业实践上创新应用的主要目标是将共生体从寄生共生模式向互惠共生模式转型,并提出正向转型的激励策略。共生单元的选择必须具有兼容性,共生单元间有明确的共生界面,促使物质、能量和信息的交流,以增加共生体内自由能。共生关系正向发展要遵循共生演进规律,偏利共生模式是演进到互惠共生模式的必经过程。培育互惠共生适存的共生环境对促进共生体演进至关重要。这些研究成果为农业生态经济研究提供一个新范式,并开创一条研究新思路与方法。     

中国北方农牧交错带优化生态—生产范式体系构建

中国北方农牧交错带的生态、生产双重功能决定了其在国民经济发展中的重要战略地位。将系统工程方法论引入对农牧交错带的研究中,构建典型区域内优化的生态．生产范式体系。在建立自然环境要素、生物群落特征、生产与经济以及社会文化和历史变迁四大基本数据库的基础上确定范式体系并设计框架;之后以数学模型和方法为手段分析范式所涉及的植被和其所处的自然、社会环境以及经济等各因素的相互作用的过程和格局及其对区域的贡献,包括对前人工作的综合集成;最终以各种遥感图件、地形图等为基础给出不同范式点的剖面结构图、规划图及说明,设计综合的评价指标体系对范式的可行性、科学性等进行评价择优,为决策者提供优化的生态一生产范式,也就是生态保育阈值内最优的的土地利用格局。最后,给出了农牧交错带内选取的3个范式点的剖面图,建立了范式的初步框架。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区典型小流域水土流失治理模式

黄土高原是我国水土流失最为严重的区域,几十年的水土流失治理工作成果显著。当前生态文明建设已是我国国家战略之一,对黄土高原水土流失治理模式现状进行系统总结十分必要。对水土流失治理措施体系和流域土地利用情况系统分析,整理和总结了黄土高原6个典型流域的治理模式,包括治沟造地、防蚀固沙、生态农业发展、三大体系、梯田开发和水资源高效利用等6种模式。对比各治理模式发现,小流域综合治理模式是以环境治理为手段,从而达到改善人类生存和发展空间的终极目的,措施技术体系构建上体现了从坡面到沟道、工程措施植物措施相结合的特征;但不同的生态环境现状和社会经济条件下,治理模式有不同的表现形式。基于小流域水土流失治理模式的相似性和差异性,从自然地理条件和社会经济发展需求两方面探讨了流域水土流失治理模式,提出黄土高原水土流失治理模式形成机制框架,以期对当前黄土高原水土流失治理、黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展提供参考。     

黑河流域生态经济带分异协调规律与耦合发展模式

在西北干旱地区建设黑河流域生态经济带,是从根本上高效配置流域水资源,彻底化解流域上,下游利益冲突,实现利益共享,保护流域生态环境,推进流域可持续发展,全面实施国务院黑河流域分水方案的重要途径,通过对黑河流域生态经济带上－中－下游投入产出效益的比较分析和流域上、中、下游生态－生产、生活系统发展分异及互动协调关系的分析,提出了黑河流域生态经济带上－中－下游多维互动的协调耦合发展模式,进而提出了黑河流域生态经济带建设与发展的主要途径,包括推进黑河流域经济发展一体化和集成管理公司化,大力推行全流域水资源的差异化有偿使用制度,实施流动上、中、下游的水权转让贸易,实行规范的流域财政转移支付制度,建立流域资源与生态环境和经济的整合帐户体系,实行跨行政区域河流边界水量水质达标交接制度,等等。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.