一氧化氮对渗透胁迫下小麦种子萌发及其活性氧代谢的影响

一氧化氮供体硝普钠(Sodium nitroprusside,SNP)能明显地促进渗透胁迫下小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)种子萌发、胚根和胚芽伸长,提高萌发过程中淀粉酶和内肽酶的活力,加速贮藏物质的降解;胁迫解除后,仍能使种子维持较高的活力.此外,SNP还能显著诱导渗透胁迫下CAT、APX活力的上升和脯氨酸含量积累,抑制LOX活力,从而提高渗透胁迫下小麦种子萌发过程中抗氧化能力.进一步研究还发现,SNP诱导切胚半粒小麦种子萌发早期(6h)的淀粉酶活力上升可能与GA3无直接关系.     

外源一氧化氮供体对渗透胁迫下小麦种子萌发和水解酶活性的影响

采用含水量测定和种子吸胀实验,发现一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)供体硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)促进小麦种子在渗透胁迫下萌发的效应是通过提高种子的吸胀能力实现的;SNP还能明显诱导胁迫下种子淀粉酶同工酶Ⅰ活性的上升,加速淀粉胚乳的液化或溶解,而对酯酶影响不大.此外,在无胁迫条件下的小麦种子萌发早期(12 h),SNP处理可以显著诱导葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量的上升;采用外源糖和SNP,结合NO清除剂处理小麦种子,观察到葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖都参与萌发早期NO信号对小麦种子淀粉酶同工酶Ⅰ的激活.     

一氧化氮供体硝普钠浸种缓解盐胁迫对小麦种子萌发的抑制作用

以小麦品种‘德抗961＇为材料,用NO供体硝普钠（SNP）浸种研究外源NO对盐胁迫下小麦种子萌发的影响.结果表明：0.06 mmol/L的SNP浸种24 h后对盐胁迫下小麦种子发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数和吸胀速率的下调都有显著缓解作用;SNP浸种对盐胁迫下α-淀粉酶的活性无明显影响,但能显著提高盐胁迫下β-淀粉酶的活性;进一步研究表明,SNP浸种预处理对盐胁迫下的α-淀粉酶同工酶变浅的条带有所恢复（尤其是条带3）,同时使盐胁迫下变浅的β-淀粉酶同工酶的条带有明显的恢复（尤其是d、e、f、g）.并且SNP能显著降低盐胁迫下小麦地上部分和根中的Na^＋含量,提高其K＋含量,从而使K^＋/Na^＋显著提高.以上结果表明：SNP浸种预处理提高盐胁迫下小麦种子的萌发,主要是通过提高β-淀粉酶的活性来实现的.     

外源GA3、ABA和Ca(NO3)2缓解盐对小麦种子萌发的抑制作用

盐胁迫下,DK961(耐盐)和LM15(盐敏感)小麦种子的发芽率(Gr)、发芽指数(Gi)和活力指数(Vi)均显著下降,LM15下降的幅度大于DK961.外源100 mg/L GA3、1×10-7 mol/L ABA和0.1% Ca(NO3)2处理均能缓解盐对小麦种子萌发的抑制作用,对盐胁迫下LM15种子萌发的缓解作用显著好于DK961,并且不同程度地缓解盐处理引起的种子内源GA 1+3含量和α淀粉酶的活性下降,从而降低盐胁迫对种子萌发的抑制作用.表明盐抑制小麦种子萌发的主要原因是盐胁迫导致种子内源GA 1+3含量和α淀粉酶的活性下降.     

外源NO 对Cd 胁迫下娃娃菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的保护效应

为探讨外源一氧化氮(NO)对镉(Cd)胁迫下娃娃菜(Brassica pekinensis)的保护效应, 采用0、50、100、200、500 和1000 μmol·L–1 的外源NO 供体硝普钠(SNP)对100 和200 mg·L–1 CdCl2 胁迫下的娃娃菜种子进行处理, 分析其对种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理指标的影响。结果表明: Cd 胁迫抑制娃娃菜种子萌发和幼苗生长, 幼苗叶片叶绿素(Chl)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量显著降低, 丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率(REC)显著上升, 幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化加速。不同浓度的SNP处理, 不仅能提高Cd 胁迫下娃娃菜种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数, 促进幼苗生长, 而且能抑制MDA含量上升, 降低叶片REC, 增加Chl 和脯氨酸(Pro)含量, 增强抗氧化酶活性。外源NO 可缓解Cd 胁迫对娃娃菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的抑制作用, 缓解Cd胁迫引起的膜脂过氧化, 提高抗Cd能力, 其中以200 μmol·L–1 SNP对Cd胁迫的缓解效果较好。     

褐煤精华液对无盐及盐胁迫下小麦萌发的影响

初步研究了褐煤精华液(brown coal distillate,BCD)溶液的组成成分及其对小麦种子萌发的影响。用不同浓度的BCD处理小麦种子烟农19和鲁原301,在无盐胁迫和125 mmol/L NaCl胁迫条件下培养小麦3 d后测定种子发芽率、胚芽鞘的相对伸长速率、质量、渗透调节能力、丙二醛含量及胚根质量。结果显示,BCD能促进小麦种子的发芽,增加胚芽鞘和胚根的质量,提高发芽种子在盐胁迫下的渗透调节能力,降低胚芽鞘中膜脂过氧化产物的增加量。由此推断,BCD可以缓解盐对小麦萌发阶段的伤害,促进小麦种子的萌发。     

外源CO和NO对水稻种子萌发过程中干旱胁迫损伤的缓解效应

选用水稻品种‘Ⅱ优128’种子为材料,以1.0μmol.L-1高铁血红素(Hematin,H)和200μmol.L-1硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)分别作为CO和NO供体,采用PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫,研究外源CO和NO对干旱胁迫下水稻种子萌发和萌发过程中抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明:高铁血红素和硝普钠处理可以显著提高干旱胁迫下水稻种子的发芽率、芽长和根长;同时显著提高种子淀粉酶活性,显著增加其可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量;还不同程度地诱导增强超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,同时降低质膜相对透性和丙二醛(MDA)含量。研究证实,外源CO和NO可通过调节渗透调节物质含量和保护酶活性来有效缓解干旱胁迫对萌发水稻种子造成的氧化伤害,促进种子萌发生长。     

钙离子参与一氧化氮促进盐胁迫下的玉米种子萌发

0.001～1.0 mmol·L~(-1)一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)均能提高玉米种子的发芽率,缓解盐胁迫下种子萌发的抑制作用,其中0.1 mmol·L~(-1)SNP的效果最佳。用胞外游离Ca~(2 )螯合剂EGTA、质膜Ca~(2 )通道阻断剂LaCl_3和液泡Ca~(2 )释放抑制剂钌红与0.1 mmol·L~(-1) SNP共处理,均能减弱或抵消SNP促进种子萌发的作用。据此推测,钙离子参与SNP促进盐胁迫下玉米种子萌发的信号转导过程。     

α-亚麻酸对干旱胁迫下水稻种子萌发的影响

亚麻酸属ω-3系统的多不饱和脂肪酸,是细胞膜的重要组成部分。在干旱胁迫下,植物通过释放α-亚麻酸重塑细胞膜的流动性,但外源添加α-亚麻酸能否提高植物对干旱的抗性尚未可知。该研究采用PEG6000模拟干旱胁迫,探讨了种子萌发过程中α-亚麻酸对水稻萌发和幼苗生长过程中抗旱性的影响。结果表明:在14%和16%PEG干旱胁迫下,水稻种子推迟萌发,幼苗的生长受到抑制。25μmol·L~(-1)和250μmol·L~(-1)的α-亚麻酸可缓解干旱对水稻幼根和幼苗生长的抑制,且随着干旱程度的增加,缓解作用增强。16%PEG胁迫下,25μmol·L~(-1)、250μmol·L~(-1)的α-亚麻酸分别提高幼苗的根长34.3%和29.1%、苗长67.8%和52.0%、根重43.9%和35.2%、苗重59.1%和43.6%。α-淀粉酶活力测定发现,25μmol·L~(-1)和250μmol·L~(-1)的α-亚麻酸分别提高干旱胁迫下水稻种子α-淀粉酶活力为56.7%~70.7%和36.8%~43.8%。水稻幼根活力测定显示,25μmol·L~(-1)和250μmol·L~(-1)的α-亚麻酸分别提高干旱胁迫下幼根活力为11.4%~28.4%和5.4%~22.2%。此外,还对不同干旱胁迫下水稻种子α-淀粉酶活性和幼根活力的变化进行了讨论,认为α-亚麻酸主要通过提高种子萌发过程中α-淀粉酶的活性来缓解所遭遇的干旱胁迫,而对水稻幼根活力的影响则相对有限。     

NO对盐胁迫下长春花种子萌发和幼苗生理代谢的影响

为探讨NO对盐胁迫下长春花（Catharanthus roseus）种子萌发及幼苗生长的缓解作用,在50 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫下,研究了不同浓度外源NO供体硝普钠（SNP）处理对长春花种子萌发及幼苗生理代谢的影响。研究表明：盐胁迫抑制长春花种子萌发,0.1 mmol·L^-1 SNP缓解盐胁迫对长春花种子萌发和幼苗生长效果最好,显著提高种子发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数和叶片中脯氨酸（Pro）含量,降低了丙二醛（MDA）含量,0.1~0.5 mmol·L^-1 SNP下硝酸还原酶（NR）活性增强,大于0.5 mmol·L^-1 SNP加重盐胁迫伤害。适当浓度的NO可有效缓解盐胁迫对长春花种子和幼苗的伤害。     

Protective roles of nitric oxide on germination and antioxidant metabolism in wheat seeds under copper stress

Nitric oxide (NO) is a multifunctional gaseous signal in plant. In the present study, we found that pretreatment with NO could significantly improve wheat seeds germination and alleviate oxidative stress against copper toxicity. With the enhancement of copper stress, the germination percentage of wheat seeds decreased gradually. Pretreatment during wheat seed imbibition with sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an NO donor, could greatly reverse the inhibitory effect of the following copper stress to wheat seeds germination. SNP-pretreated seeds also tended to retain higher amylase activities than that of the control without SNP pretreatment. On the other hand, there was no apparent difference in the activities of esterase in wheat seeds pretreated with or without SNP. Further investigations showed that pretreatment with NO donor dramatically stimulated the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) and catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), decreased the activities of lipoxygenases, sustained a lower level of malondialdehyde, and interfered with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) excessive accumulation compared with the control, thereby enhancing the antioxidative capacity in wheat seeds under copper stress. In addition, the seed copper contents were not significant different between those pretreated with SNP and the controls, inferring that protective roles of NO was not responsible for preventing Cu uptake. Kang-Di Hu and Lan-Ying Hu contributed equally to this paper.     

Induction of chilling tolerance in wheat during germination by pre-soaking seed with nitric oxide and gibberellin

Chilling depresses seed germination and seedling establishment, and is one major constraint to grain yield formation in late sown winter wheat. Seeds of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were separately pre-soaked with sodium nitroprusside (SNP, as nitric oxide donor) and Gibberellic acid (GA₃) before germination and then germinated under low temperature. SNP and GA₃ pre-treatment increased seed germination rate, germination index, weights and lengths of coleoptile and radicle, while they decreased mean germination time and weight of seeds germinating under low temperature. Exogenous NO and GA₃ increased seed respiration rate and promoted starch degradation along with increased amylase activities. In addition, efficient antioxidant systems were activated by NO, and which effectively reduced concentrations of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Seedling growth was also enhanced by exogenous NO and GA₃ as a result of improved seed germination and maintenance of better reactive oxygen species homeostasis in seedling growing under chilling temperatures. It is indicated that exogenous NO was more effective than GA₃ in alleviating chilling stress during seed germination and seedling establishment in wheat.     

Hydrogen sulfide promotes wheat seed germination under osmotic stress

Effects of NaHS, H₂S donor, on germination and antioxidant metabolism in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds under osmotic stress were investigated. With the enhancement of osmotic stress, which was mimicked by PEG-6000, the seed germination dropped gradually. NaHS treatment could promote wheat seed germination against osmotic stress in a dose-dependent manner; while Na⁺ and other sulfur-containing components, such as S²⁻, SO₄²⁻, SO₃²⁻, HSO₄⁻ and HSO₃⁻, were not able to improve seed germination as NaHS did, confirming H₂S or HS⁻ derived from NaHS contribute to the protective roles. Further experiments showed that NaHS treatment combined with PEG enhanced the activities of amylase and esterase in comparison to PEG treatment alone. Alternatively, NaHS treatment significantly reduced malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide accumulation in seeds. Significant enhancement of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities and decrease in lipoxygenase activity were observed in NaHS treated seeds, while peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were not affected as compared with the control. Furthermore, the H₂S donor treatment could retain higher levels of endogenous H₂S in wheat seeds under osmotic stress. These data indicated that H₂S played a protective role in wheat seed against osmotic stress.     

Effects of nitric oxide on the germination of cucumber seeds and antioxidant enzymes under salinity stress

Effects of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on the germination and antioxidant enzyme during cucumber seed germination were investigated under salt stress. Seeds of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Jinyou 1) were treated with distilled water or NaCl in the presence or absence of NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) during germination. Excess 50 mM NaCl reduced significantly the seed germination rate in a short term and speed of germination. When salt concentration increased, germination of cucumber seed was reduced and the time needed to complete germination lengthened. Addition of exogenous SNP in salt solution attenuated the salt stress effects in a dose-dependent manner, as indicated by accelerating the seed germination, as well as weight increase of budding seeds, and 50 μM SNP was optimal concentration. At 150 mM NaCl, the 50 μM exogenous SNP significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) and protein content, while decreased the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA). There were no obvious effects of exogenous NO on peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.6) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.6) activities under salt stress. Exogenous NO also increased the SOD and CAT isozyme expression under salt stress, which was in accordance with the improved antioxidant activities in the germinating seeds. The NO-induced salt stress resistance was associated with activated enzymes, and enhanced protein content, thus decreasing MDA content. It is concluded that exogenous NO treatment on cucumber seeds may be a good option to improve seed germination under saline conditions.     

GA3处理对低温胁迫条件下玉米种子呼吸代谢的影响

以低温敏感型的"丰禾1号"和耐低温型的"郑单958"两个玉米品种为实验材料,采用GA3浸种的处理方式("丰禾1号"为20 mg·L-1、"郑单958"为5 mg·L-1),探究了GA3对低温胁迫条件下玉米种子萌发过程中种胚中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量及淀粉酶活性和呼吸途径关键酶活性的影响。结果表明:低温胁迫条件下,GA3浸种处理显著提升了玉米种胚中可溶性糖含量及可溶性蛋白的积累,增强了低温胁迫下细胞的渗透势;α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶和总淀粉酶活性显著提高;提高了苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)、联合酶(G-6-PDH和6-PGDH)的活性,提高了糖酵解(EMP)、三羧酸循环(TCA)、磷酸戊糖途径(PPP)途径的运转效率,保证了细胞的物质代谢和能量供应;GA3浸种处理可以显著提高种子对低温的抵抗能力,从而在低温胁迫条件下促进其萌发。     

亚精胺浸种对渗透胁迫下白三叶子萌发及淀粉代谢的影响

以‘拉丁诺’白三叶为材料,用0、10％、15％、20％（W/V）即的聚乙二醇（PEG-6000）溶液模拟干旱条件,研究亚精胺fSpd）浸种对渗透胁迫下白三叶种子萌发和淀粉代谢的影响。结果表明,在PEG渗透胁迫下,白三叶种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、胚芽及胚根鲜重和胚根长度均显著（P〈0．05）降低,淀粉水解为糖类的速率减慢;与蒸馏水浸种相比,0．05mmol．L-1 Spd浸种处理显著（P〈0．05）提高了在渗透胁迫条件下种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、胚芽及胚根鲜重、干重和胚根长度,同时大幅提高了α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶及（α＋β）．淀粉酶总活性,降低了淀粉含量,增加了还原糖和葡萄糖含量。说明Spd浸种提高了白三叶种子在渗透胁迫下的萌发能力和幼苗生长的环境适应性,这可能与增强种子体内淀粉酶活性,加速淀粉水解为还原糖和葡萄糖,为种子萌发和幼苗早期生长及时提供充足能量有关。     

Exogenous nitric oxide improves seed germination in wheat against mitochondrial oxidative damage induced by high salinity

Effects of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on starch degradation, oxidation in mitochondria and K⁺/Na⁺ accumulation during seed germination of wheat were investigated under a high salinity level. Seeds of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Huaimai 17) were pre-soaked with 0 mM or 0.1 mM of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, as nitric oxide donor) for 20 h just before germination under 300 mM NaCl. At 300 mM NaCl, exogenous NO increased germination rate and weights of coleoptile and radicle, but decreased seed weight. Exogenous NO also enhanced seed respiration rate and ATP synthesis. In addition, seed starch content decreased while soluble sugar content increased by exogenous NO pre-treatment, which was in accordance with the improved amylase activities in the germinating seeds. Exogenous NO increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) and catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6); whereas decreased the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and superoxide anions (O₂^??) release rate in the mitochondria. Exogenous NO also decreased Na⁺ concentration while increased K⁺ concentration in the seeds thereby maintained a balance between K⁺ and Na⁺ during germination under salt stress. It is concluded that exogenous NO treatment on wheat seeds may be a good option to improve seed germination and crop establishment under saline conditions.