小麦非结构性碳水化合物分配对水分胁迫的生理响应

以‘西旱2号’小麦为试材,采用水分胁迫和复水处理方法,研究了小麦发育过程中不同水分胁迫下非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)在小麦旗叶、茎、叶鞘等器官中的动态变化,以及籽粒中碳代谢相关酶(可溶性淀粉合成酶SSS和淀粉粒结合态合成酶GBSS)活性的变化.结果表明:不同程度水分胁迫对小麦旗叶、茎、叶鞘等器官中蔗糖含量无显著影响.随水分胁迫的深入,花后12～ 18 d旗叶中淀粉含量显著增加;水分胁迫缩短了花后茎和叶鞘中淀粉的积累时间,抑制了茎中淀粉的转化和分配;而叶鞘中淀粉的积累逐渐增大,在中度水分胁迫下积累提前终止.在水分胁迫初期,各营养器官中的NSC含量为旗叶＞茎＞叶鞘;随着水分胁迫的深入,各营养器官中的NSC含量为茎＞旗叶＞叶鞘.小麦主要营养器官中NSC的分配速率及主要代谢酶的变化可能是小麦对水分胁迫的一种生理调节反应.     

块根紫金牛总黄酮提取工艺优化和不同产地、部位的含量比较

本研究采用正交试验分析和分光光度法,建立了块根紫金牛总黄酮含量测定的方法并比较分析其不同产地及不同部位总黄酮的含量差异.结果表明超声波法提取块根紫金牛中总黄酮的最佳提取工艺为:乙醇浓度60%,料液比1:70,提取时间50 min,提取功率200 W,提取温度70℃.另外,不同产地块根紫金牛中总黄酮含量顺序为:靖西＞那坡＞德保＞扶绥＞龙州＞武鸣;同一产地块根紫金牛根、茎、叶间总黄酮含量的高低顺序大致为:叶＞根＞茎.且通过精密度、重复性、稳定性和回收率实验来检测最佳提取工艺条件,结果显示该方法操作简便,结果准确,重复性好,RSD为0.788%,稳定性和回收率较高,平均回收率达96.20%.证明该方法可用于比较不同产地块根紫金牛药材中总黄酮的含量差异,对不同产地块根紫金牛的药材质量分析具有一定的指导作用.     

明日叶不同部位营养成分的测定与比较

目的：以江苏明日叶为原料,分别对明日叶茎、叶中的营养成分进行测定和比较,为明日叶不同部位进一步应用于食品、医药及保健产品的开发提供科学依据。方法：采用食品营养成分国家标准检测方法,对江苏明日叶茎、叶中水分、灰分、蛋白质、脂肪、纤维、脂肪酸、16种氨基酸和9种矿物质等含量进行测定。结果：明日叶的主要成分为水分84.4~91.7 g/100 g、灰分0.90~1.70 g/100 g、蛋白质0.75~4.60 g/100 g、粗纤维1.10~2.10 g/100 g;明日叶叶中矿物质2.32~4 532.00 mg/kg、茎中矿物质0.58~2 601.00 mg/kg;明日叶中C16∶0、C18∶1、C18∶2、C18∶3四种脂肪酸的含量较高;明日叶叶中16种氨基酸含量4.42%、茎中0.52%。结论：明日叶不同部位营养成分分布差异较大,叶中绝大多数营养物质含量大于茎含量。结合不同营养物质成分含量测定分析,可得明日叶叶中均高于茎中,明日叶叶相较于茎有较大的营养价值和利用价值。     

不同季节灰毡毛忍冬茎叶中绿原酸和木犀草苷含量的分析

目的：比较分析不同季节的灰毡毛忍冬茎叶中绿原酸和木犀草苷的含量,为综合利用茎叶资源提供参考依据.方法：采用蒸制晒干法对灰毡毛忍冬的茎叶进行干燥处理,利用超声波法提取样品中的绿原酸和木犀草苷并通过高效液相色谱法进行含量测定.结果：绿原酸和木犀草苷含量在不同季节的灰毡毛忍冬茎叶中差异明显.绿原酸含量依次为花＞叶＞茎,以秋季（11月份）叶片样品中的绿原酸含量最高（3.031％）,是花蕾中含量的96％;木犀草苷含量总体趋势为叶＞花和茎,以冬季（2月份）叶片样品中的含量最高（0.558％）,是花蕾中含量的4.6倍;二者均高于2010版《中国药典》对山银花和金银花指标物质含量的规定.结论：秋冬季节对灰毡毛忍冬进行休眠期整型修剪,副产物叶片资源丰富,药源成分充足,具有广阔的开发应用前景.     

棘茎楤木不同器官营养成分初步研究

对棘茎楤木不同器官养分进行分析,结果表明,棘茎楤木叶片中可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量分别达60.40,15.41 g/kg,是茎皮的3.4和2.9倍,是根皮的4.5和3.0倍.叶片齐墩果酸含量最高,达179.42 mg/kg,分别是茎皮和根皮的1.6和1.7倍.棘茎楤木不同器官营养元素平均含量总体表现为K＞Mg＞ Ca ＞Mn ＞Zn＞ Fe＞Na＞ Cu.根皮中K、Ca、Fe、Cu含量较高,而茎皮中的Mg、Mn、Zn含量高于根皮和叶,Na的含量以叶片为高.     

海水胁迫对向日葵苗期生长及矿质营养吸收特性的影响

采用砂培法,研究了海水胁迫对向日葵幼苗生长及矿质营养吸收特性的影响。结果表明,海水胁迫下,向日葵幼苗株高、茎粗、干物重明显降低。幼苗根茎叶中Cl-,茎和叶中Mg2 、叶中Na 和Ca2 含量随海水浓度的增加而增加,根茎叶中K 、全氮和全磷含量随海水浓度升高而降低,但在10%和20%海水胁迫下,向日葵体内Na 、Cl-主要集中于根和茎中,叶中较少。海水胁迫下,向日葵幼苗各部位K /Na 始终是叶部最高,根部最低,且根茎叶中SK,Na值均大于1。因此,低浓度海水胁迫下向日葵幼苗对Na 和Cl-的截流作用、海水胁迫下幼苗根部对K 强的选择性吸收以及K 向地上部的选择性运输是向日葵具有一定耐盐性的主要原因。     

温室内长春花总黄酮含量的动态变化研究

以长春花为试材,应用超声提取和分光光度法测定和分析了不同发育阶段长春花不同部位总黄酮含量的动态变化。结果表明：长春花不同时期各部位总黄酮含量由高到低的排列顺序是：果、叶、花、茎、根;不同叶位总黄酮含量是花叶大于果叶,果叶大于营养叶,不同枝位总黄酮含量是果枝大于叶枝,叶枝大于茎,形成由上到下的递减趋势;侧枝各部位总黄酮含量高于主枝,须根总黄酮含量高于主根,形成由外到内的递减趋势。     

栽培与野生化血丹不同部位中两种化学成分含量分析

为探讨并分析栽培与野生化血丹植株中不同部位中两种化学成分的含量差异,该研究采用超声法提取、高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定栽培与野生化血丹根、茎、叶、花、混合样等部位中桃叶珊瑚苷和梓醇的含量,并进行比较。结果表明:(1)桃叶珊瑚苷在栽培与野生化血丹植株内均有分布,含量均以根中最高,其在栽培与野生化血丹植株内的含量表现分别为根叶混合样茎花、根混合样茎花叶,栽培化血丹不同部位中桃叶珊瑚苷的含量均高于野生化血丹。(2)梓醇在栽培化血丹的茎中未检出,在栽培与野生化血丹其他部位均有分布,含量均以叶中最高,其在栽培与野生化血丹植株内的含量分别表现为叶花混合样根、叶混合样茎花根,野生化血丹不同部位中梓醇的含量均高于栽培化血丹。(3)桃叶珊瑚苷和梓醇在栽培和野生化血丹植株不同部位中的含量均存在显著差异(P0.05),栽培与野生同一部位间总体上无显著差异,为该濒危药用植物资源药用部位选择和合理开发利用提供实验参考。     

感耦等离子体发射光谱法研究土壤-铁芒萁系统中稀土元素的分布、累积和迁移特征

用感耦等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定了江西赣南地区非稀土矿区和处不同稀土矿区内,土壤-铁芒萁系统中La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Gy、Db、Yb和Y的含量,并对其在土壤剖面层及铁芒萁植物体内的分布、迁移特征进行了研究.结果表明,土壤剖面层的底土层含量最高,但表土层铈相对富集.稀土元素总量(∑REE)在铁芒萁植物体内的分布规律是叶＞根＞茎＞叶柄,单一稀土元素的分布规律各异,La、Ce、Pr、Nd的分布规律表现为:叶＞根＞茎＞叶柄;Sm和Gd在不同采样点表现为叶＞根＞茎＞叶柄或根＞叶＞茎＞叶柄;Dy、Yb和Y均有3种不同的分布模式:叶＞根＞茎＞叶柄、根＞叶＞茎＞叶柄及根＞茎＞叶＞叶柄.稀土元素在铁芒萁体内的迁移过程中,发生了明显的分馏作用,茎、叶柄、叶中的重稀土相对贫乏.     

鳢肠不同部位抗骨质疏松活性及化学成分比较研究

为了比较鳢肠不同部位提取物的抗骨质疏松活性及总皂苷、总黄酮含量,采用MTT法和对硝基苯酚磷酸二钠法测定鳢肠不同部位乙醇提取物对UMR106细胞的增殖和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性;采用紫外分光光度法测定鳢肠不同部位总皂苷和总黄酮含量。结果表明,鳢肠根和叶提取物对UMR106细胞的增殖具有促进作用,浓度为50μg/mL时促增殖作用最强,增值率分别为7.7%和16.9%,茎提取物没有明显的作用;鳢肠根、茎、叶提取物对ALP活性均有促进作用,浓度为100μg/mL时促增殖作用最强,分别促进18.9%、20.1%和17.0%;鳢肠根、茎、叶中总皂苷含量分别为3.6%、4.0%和2.2%,总黄酮含量分别为1.4%、1.4%和3.4%。这些结果表明;鳢肠不同部位提取物均有抗骨质疏松活性,其不同部位总皂苷和总黄酮的含量差异较大。     

海水处理对向日葵幼苗生长及叶片一些生理特性的影响

采用海水水培的方法,比较了淡水、20%和40%海水处理对向日葵(Helianthus annuus L.)幼苗生长速率、根冠比、脯氨酸、丙二醛(MDA)含量和保护性酶超氧歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响.结果表明:20%海水处理显著地促进根系生长和根冠比的增加,大大地缓解了叶片的膜脂过氧化作用(使之降至与对照相当的水平),而40%海水明显抑制向日葵生长;脯氨酸在处理4 d后显著积累,40%海水处理后脯氨酸与MDA变化曲线相关性较强,表明脯氨酸的积累在本实验中表现为活性氧伤害的结果;40%海水处理对食葵叶片造成的过氧化伤害比油葵大,但食葵比油葵的自身修复受伤害膜系统的能力强.     

海水处理对向日葵幼苗生长及叶片一些生理特性的影响

采用海水水培的方法，比较了淡水、20%和40%海水处理对向日葵(Helianthus annuus L.)幼苗生长速率、根冠比、脯氨酸、丙二醛(MDA)含量和保护性酶超氧歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响。结果表明：20%海水处理显著地促进根系生长和根冠比的增加，大大地缓解了叶片的膜脂过氧化作用(使之降至与对照相当的水平)，而40%海水明显抑制向日葵生长；脯氨酸在处理4 d后显著积累，40%海水处理后脯氨酸与MDA变化曲线相关性较强，表明脯氨酸的积累在本实验中表现为活性氧伤害的结果；40%海水处理对食葵叶片造成的过氧化伤害比油葵大，但食葵比油葵的自身修复受伤害膜系统的能力强。     

Effect of osmotic stress on abscisic acid levels in xylem sap of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Summary Addition of an osmoticum (-12 bars) to the rooting medium of sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) caused an increase in the level of abscisic acid (ABA) present in xylem exudate subsequently collected from cut shoots. Using tall and dwarf plants it was shown that there was a time lag in the appearance of increased levels of ABA in tall plants when compared with dwarf plants. The results indicate that the leaves, rather than the roots are the site of synthesis of ABA present in the xylem sap of osmotically stressed sunflower plants.Abbreviation ABA abscisic acid     

向日葵种质资源维生素E含量及相关变量的初步评价

维生素E是人和动物必需维生素.本文以20份向日葵种质资源为实验材料,通过对维生素E含量、含油率、皮壳率以及百粒重的测定及统计分析,试图了解向日葵种质资源中维生素E含量变异及相关数据.结果表明,在20份向日葵种质资源中,油葵的维生素E含量和含油率明显高于食葵;含油率与维生素E含量在0.01水平呈极显著正相关,含油率与百粒重在0.05水平呈显著负相关;百粒重与皮壳率在0.01水平呈极显著负相关.通过初步评价,发现3份富含天然维生素E的向日葵种质资源.     

Impact of irrigation on larval density of stem-infesting pests of cultivated sunflower in Kansas

The guild of stem-infesting insect pests of cultivated sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., within the central Plains is a concern to producers, chiefly due to losses caused by plant lodging from the sunflower stem weevil, Cylindrocopturus adspersus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and Dectes texanus texanus LeConte (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). The incidence of a root boring moth, Pelochrista womonana (Kearfott) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), also has increased. Experiments were conducted in Kansas during 2000-2001 to investigate the effect of irrigation timing and intensity on densities of C. adspersus, D. texanus, and P. womonana larvae within cultivated sunflower stalks. Supplemental soil moisture provided by irrigation during the growing season increased both seed yield and oil content, and it reduced insect densities of the sunflower stem weevil and P. womonana in the sunflower stalk. Results showed that ensuring adequate moisture during the growing season can assist in reducing stem-infesting insect densities, revealing an additional advantage of crop irrigation beyond improved sunflower productivity.     

Production and characterization of pyrolysis liquids from sunflower-pressed bagasse

Pyrolysis experiments on sunflower (Helianthus annus L.)-pressed bagasse were performed in a fixed-bed tubular reactor. The effects of nitrogen flow rate and final pyrolysis temperature on the pyrolysis product yields and chemical compositions were investigated. The maximum bio-oil yield of 52.10 wt.% was obtained in a nitrogen atmosphere with flow rate of 50 ml min(-1) and at a pyrolysis temperature of 550 degrees C with a heating rate of 5 degrees C s(-1). The chemical characterization results showed that the oil obtained from sunflower-pressed bagasse may be a potentially valuable source as fuel or chemical feedstocks.     

The possibility of useful usage of biodegradation products of sunflower plants

Heads of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) were first biodegraded at 55 degrees C by their microflora. Biodegradation products of sunflower heads (BPSH) were analyzed. They were found to contain 9.77% dry matter, 3.98% total ash, 3.18% crude protein and 5.75% total organic matter. BOD load was determined as 4.80 g/100 g. Subsequently, the effects of BPSH at various concentrations (1.0%, 2.5%, 10% and 100%) on the seed germination and some growth parameters of Phaseolus vulgaris L., Cicer arietinum L. and Triticum vulgare L. were investigated. The percentages of seed germination and germination index of seeds were similar between the control and 1.0% and 2.5% BPSH groups, but these values decreased at higher concentrations. On the other hand, growth of the seedlings gradually increased up to a concentration of 10% BPSH and decreased at 100% concentration. As a result, at concentrations up to 10% the product was found to be beneficial for growth of plants.     

Survival and Vigour of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Seeds Stored at Low and Very-low Moisture Contents

Seeds of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and sunflower (Helianthusannuus L.) were stored hermetically at 35 °C with 11 differentmoisture contents between 1·3 and 6·9%, and between1·3 and 7·1% of fresh mass, respectively. Germinationand vigour (mean germination time, root length, seedling dryweight) were determined after storage for 0, 8, or 16 weeks(sunflower) or 0, 8, 16, or 48 weeks (lettuce) in these environmentsfollowed by various humidification treatments (to avoid imbibitioninjury). The range of seed storage moisture contents over whichdeterioration was minimized depended upon the criterion of deteriorationused, and varied somewhat between species. Comparison of theseranges for seeds stored for the longest durations showed thatfor some criteria seed performance was poorer (P < 0·05)at both the lowest and highest moisture contents investigatedthan at certain of the intermediate storage moisture contents(e.g, most rapid germination occurred in sunflower followingstorage at 2·2-4·7% moisture content), whereasfor other criteria all the drier storage moisture contents weresuperior to the more moist (e,g. greatest seedling growth occurredin sunflower following storage at 1·3-5·1% moisturecontent). But none of these results suggested that lettuce andsunflower seeds stored hermetically at 2·5-3·0%or 2·2-2·5% moisture content, respectively, wereless vigorous than at any other moisture content tested. Inboth species, these storage moisture contents are in equilibriumwith about 8-10% relative humidity (r.h.) at 20 °C, whichis similar to and indeed marginally less than the 10-13% r.h.recommended following earlier studies on the longevity of seedsin hermetic storage at much warmer temperatures. Thus, theseresults show no evidence that the optimum seed moisture contentfor storage increases with decrease in temperature, at leastover the range 35-65 °C, as has been suggested elsewhere.We conclude that the international recommendation for the long-termseed storage for genetic conservation at 5 ± 1% moisturecontent should not be revised upwardly, and that in situationswhere refrigeration cannot be provided storage at even lowermoisture contents is worthy of further investigation for thoseseeds in which desiccation at 20 °C to equilibrium at 10%r.h. results in moisture contents well below 5%.Copyright 1995,1999 Academic Press Helianthus annuus L., sunflower, Lactuca sativa L., lettuce, desiccation, seed storage, seed vigour     

硅对不同盐生境下高羊茅生物量及渗透调节物质含量的影响

高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)因长期多频灌溉往往生长在土壤盐渍化或潜在盐渍化的生境中。采用盆栽试验研究了不同盐生境下添加硅对两个高羊茅品种(抗性强的XD和抗性弱的K31)生物量和渗透调节物质的影响。结果表明:不同盐生境均降低了两个不同抗性高羊茅品种K31和XD的地上生物量和地下生物量。添加硅显著增加了盐浓度小于或等于150 mmol/L时XD的地上和地下生物量,以及盐浓度小于或等于100 mmol/L时K31地下生物量,但对K31地上生物量没有显著影响。添加硅显著增加了盐浓度小于或等于150 mmol/L时XD的地下地上生物量比,以及盐浓度100 mmol/L时K31地上地下生物量比。盐生境降低了XD和K31可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和丙二醛含量。添加硅没有显著影响XD的渗透调节物质含量,但显著降低了盐浓度大于或等于200 mmol/L时K31的可溶性糖含量,以及盐浓度250 mmol/L时K31的脯氨酸含量。添加硅均显著降低盐浓度大于或等于150 mmol/L时K31和XD的丙二醛含量,但XD的降低幅度大于K31。结果表明,添加硅对盐生境下高羊茅生长有一定的促进作用,但这种促进作用与品种自身抗性密切相关。     

Translocation of Photosynthates in Tall and Dwarf Varieties of Pea, Pisum sativum

Quantitative studies of the translocation of radiocarbon from a young expanded leaf of two tall varieties (Improved Pilot and Thomas Laxton) and two dwarf varieties (Little Marvel and Meteor) of Pisum sativum showed that 40 to 45 per cent of the radiocarbon was exported from the ¹⁴CO₂ treated leaf after 24 hours in all four varieties. Although substantial export to the upper shoot always occurred it was more marked in the two tall varieties. Pre-treatment with GA did not affect total fixation but increased total export from the ¹⁴CO₂ treated leaf in cv. Meteor and decreased it in cv. Improved Pilot. GA had no effect on the translocation pattern in the tall plants but modified that of the dwarf plants to correspond to that found in the tall varieties.