白蜡窄吉丁虫在中国的研究现状与分布调查

2002年在美国密执安州发现了一重大外来入侵害虫,白蜡窄吉丁Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, 由于该虫新近在美国发现,危害白蜡树,故英文名称为Emerald Ash Borer (EAB)。初步分析显示,该虫至少在5年前就已传入美国,只是现在刚爆发被发现。目前该虫在美国密执安州和加拿大安大略省可致死各种大小的白蜡树。该虫在我国曾被定名为花曲柳窄吉丁Agrilus marcopoli Obenberger,为鞘翅目吉丁科。据资料报道分布于黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、山东、内蒙古和台湾等地;在国外分布于朝鲜,日本,蒙古,俄罗斯远东地区。危害木樨科属树木。两年一代或一年一代,因地而已。在东北三省主要危害水曲柳和花曲柳等树木,但不是主要害虫。天津市1993年在引种白蜡树上发现了白蜡窄吉丁,1998年严重爆发造成大面积白蜡树死亡。在亚洲的其他分布区,该虫还危害另外一些阔叶树,如多种蜡树、榆树等。鉴于该虫的广泛分布和寄主树种多及毁灭性危害的特点,美国一些专家认为其潜在危害不亚于1996年在美国发现的光肩星天牛。因此,美国已全面开展对该虫的研究,包括资料收集,风险性评估,研究各种控制措施等。 本文是中美对此虫合作研究的一部分,旨在对该虫在我国的分布、 危害、 研究基础作一调查与回顾, 为下一步深入研究提供信息与参考资料。白蜡窄吉丁入侵北美再一次显示随着贸易的全球化发展, 外来入侵种问题也越来越严重。国际合作共同开展研究是控制入侵种的重要举措之一。     

警惕危险性害虫—葡萄粉蚧入侵我国

葡萄绵粉蚧Planococcus ficus(Signoret)分布在世界很多葡萄种植区,是地中海、南非、美国、巴基斯坦和阿根廷等地葡萄树上的重要经济害虫,该虫已经对我国构成入侵威胁.文章介绍了葡萄粉蚧的鉴别特征、分布、寄主、危害、生物学特性、传播扩散和防治技术,并对葡萄粉蚧入侵我国的威胁提出预警.     

警惕外来危险性害虫椰蛀梗象入侵为害

椰蛀梗象Homalinotus coriaceusGyllenhal主要分布于南美洲的巴西、圭亚那、巴拉圭、阿根廷北部、厄瓜多尔、秘鲁、委内瑞拉,严重危害棕榈科植物。为警惕该虫的传入,对椰蛀梗象的分类地位、形态特征、分布、寄主、危害、生物学特性等作了简要介绍,并提出预防建议。     

重大入侵害虫草地贪夜蛾发生危害、防控研究进展及防控策略探讨

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(Smith)原分布于美洲热带和亚热带地区,是一种严重威胁农业生产的害虫。该虫具适生区域广、寄主范围宽、增殖潜能强、扩散速度快、突发危害重等显著生物学优势,因此,防控难度很大。目前,该虫已分布至全球100个以上国家。2019年1月11日我国云南发现其入侵,至5月21日已在14省(自治省区、直辖市)发现其危害,发生面积138.4万亩。草地贪夜蛾按寄主偏好性可分为"玉米型"和"水稻型","玉米型"偏好玉米、高粱和棉花等,"水稻型"偏好水稻等,目前入侵我国的为"玉米型",尚未发现"水稻型"。草地贪夜蛾的入侵将严重影响我国玉米、甘蔗等种植业。本文综述了草地贪夜蛾的发生为害特点、防控技术,并对该虫防控策略进行了探讨,以期为有效防控该虫提供参考。     

警惕外来入侵物种——蜂巢奇露尾甲对我国蜂产业的威胁

蜂巢奇露尾甲Aethina tumida Murray是危害蜜蜂种群的入侵害虫,其入侵地已遍布世界各地,对蜜蜂养殖业造成巨大冲击,该虫已在我国广东、广西和海南等省分布并造成危害.本文综述蜂巢奇露尾甲的分类学地位、生物学习性、分布地与扩散路径、主要危害及防治措施等方面的研究进展,并总结和展望了该入侵种在我国的危害情况以及急需开展的研究工作,以避免或减少该虫对我国养蜂业的影响,促进我国蜜蜂养殖业的快速健康发展.     

发生在云南与东盟边境的一种新害虫——热带拂粉蚧(同翅目:粉蚧科)

【背景】热带拂粉蚧属于粉蚧类昆虫,食性杂,是危害热带和亚热带水果、蔬菜和园林植物的重要害虫,主要随水果、苗木和交通工具等介质进行远距离传播。2014年5月,在我国云南与缅甸边境发现该虫危害草本植物马松子。【方法】在收集整理热带拂粉蚧生物学、地理学等信息的基础上,介绍了其主要形态特征、寄主、分布、生物学特性,并对该有害生物的危害和防治进行了综合分析。【结果】热带拂粉蚧雌成虫长椭圆形,触角8节,体长2.5~3.0 mm,宽1.5~2.0 mm,主要通过孤雌生殖繁殖后代,形态特征与双条拂粉蚧非常相似。我国的广东、广西、海南、云南、福建等热带地区适合该虫生存和危害,一旦入侵我国会对花卉、水果和蔬菜等造成危害,给相关产业带来损失。【结论与意义】热带拂粉蚧在我国有传播扩散的可能,加强检疫是防范该虫入侵的主要手段,生物防治是治理该虫的重要措施。     

警惕一种新的外来入侵生物——木瓜粉蚧Paracoccus marginatus

【背景】木瓜粉蚧是一种重要的农林害虫,原产于中美洲地区,2008年起入侵南亚和东南亚多个国家并造成严重危害,目前在我国台湾和广州已有分布,对我国威胁极大。【方法】在收集、整理木瓜粉蚧原产地或入侵地的生物学、生态学、地理学等信息的基础上,介绍了木瓜粉蚧的形态特征、寄主植物、地理分布、危害和生物学特性,并利用Maxent生态位模型和Arc GIS对木瓜粉蚧在我国的潜在适生区进行了风险评估。【结果】木瓜粉蚧在长江流域以南地区具有广泛的适生区,华南地区在气候条件、寄主等方面利于木瓜粉蚧的生存和危害。【结论与意义】该虫对我国华南地区的潜在威胁十分巨大,亟需加强防范该虫扩散和暴发。     

褐梗天牛幼虫和成虫空间分布的地统计学研究

褐梗天牛(Arhopalus rusticus Linnaeus)是一种对松、杉、柏等林木危害非常严重的蛀干害虫,主要危害针叶树的衰弱木以及火灾后的枯立木,是继松褐天牛之后携带拟松材线虫能力最强的蛀干害虫。为了更好地控制其危害,深入地研究其种群空间格局,运用地统计学方法分析了3块受害程度不同的油松林内褐梗天牛幼虫和成虫的空间分布特性。结果表明:3种受害程度不同的林分内,褐梗天牛的危害具有显著差异,轻度受害林分内有虫株率为30.8%,中度受害林分内有虫株率为44.3%,而重度受害林分内高达78.3%。根据变异函数曲线图分析得知:轻度受害林、中度受害林和重度受害林内褐梗天牛幼虫种群空间分布最优拟合模型分别为高斯模型、高斯模型和指数模型,成虫的种群空间分布最优拟合模型均为线性模型。在3种林分中褐梗天牛幼虫数量具有明显的空间依赖性,轻度受害林、中度受害林和重度受害林内幼虫数量的空间依赖范围分别是19.10、11.97、61.98m,其空间连续性强度分别是0.646、0.784和0.500;成虫的空间依赖范围分别是43.08、43.23、44.17m,其空间连续性强度分别是0.044、0.021和0.171,但其成虫的数量在空间呈随机分布,没有表现出空间依赖性。根据垂直分布图分析得出:褐梗天牛幼虫和成虫在油松上主要集中聚集在某个高,然后随着高度增加密度降低,随着高度接近地面密度也降低。用Kriging插值法生成的空间分布图显示幼虫在空间分布上具有明显的聚集性,其聚集中心主要集中在林地中心,由林地中心株向整个林地扩散,而成虫则表现为随机分布。     

光肩星天牛种组研究现状

评述了我国光肩星天牛种组种类的外部形态和外生殖器主要鉴别特征、寄主、地理分布、起源及其演化。光肩星天牛主要分布在山西吕粱山、太行山以东的广大平原地区 ,寄主广泛 ,主要有榆、复叶槭、杨、柳、五角枫等。黄斑星天牛主要分布在秦岭以北 ,山西吕粱山、太行山以西的陕甘宁地区 ,向东已扩展到河南、河北 ;主要危害杨树 ,也为害柳、榆。四川星天牛主要分布于秦岭以南的云、贵、川地区 ,主要危害柳树 ;在这里至今还没有发现光肩星天牛和黄斑星天牛。     

光肩星天牛与星天牛种间竞争行为研究

光肩星天牛Anoplophora glabripennis和星天牛Anoplophora chinensis是我国两种重要的林业蛀干害虫,存在很多共同的寄主植物。为了阐明两种星天牛之间的物种竞争关系,本文采用行为观察试验,研究两种星天牛寄主危害部位、异种危害寄主识别和种间争斗行为等试验。结果显示,光肩星天牛和星天牛在寄主植物上的取食危害部位有很大差异,光肩星天牛主要取食寄主植物的枝条上部,取食面积为2 390.0 mm^2,占整个寄主植物取食面积的69.3%,星天牛主要取食寄主植物的树干上部,取食面积为3 140.0 mm^2,占整个寄主植物的96.6%;两种星天牛都能识别异种天牛危害过的寄主,对其具有显著的回避性,其中光肩星天牛对星天牛危害过的寄主取食量平均值为420.8 mm^2,显著低于健康寄主取食量平均值2 518.8 mm^2,同样,星天牛对光肩星天牛危害过的寄主取食量平均值为436.8 mm^2,显著低于健康寄主取食量平均值1 803.5 mm^2,而对同种天牛危害过的寄主没有显著的选择性;两种星天牛之间争斗共发生34次,其中星天牛获胜30次,表现出更强的竞争力。两种星天牛之间存在显著的种间竞争关系,并且能够识别对方物种的存在,其对寄主的感受机制和植物免疫反应机制需要进一步的试验研究。     

Protective effects of sodium orthovanadate in diabetic reticulocytes and ageing red blood cells of Wistar rats

The reticulocytes and the ageing red blood cells (RBCs) namely young (Y), middle-aged (M) and old RBCs (O) of female Wistar rats from different groups such as control animals (C), controls treated with vanadate (C + V), alloxan-induced diabetic (D), diabetic-treated with insulin (D + I) and vanadate (D + V), were fractionated on a percoll/BSA gradient. The following enzymes were measured-hexokinase (HK), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GSSG-R), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), alanine aminotransferase ΜlaAT), aspartate aminotransferase ΜsAT) and arginase in the hemolysates of all the RBCs fractions. Decreases in the activity of HK and AsAT by about 70%, arginase and GSH-Px by 30% in old RBCs were observed in comparison to reticulocytes of control animals. Increases in the activity of GSSG-R by 86%, AlaAT by more than 400% and GST by 70% were observed in old RBCs in comparison to reticulocytes of control animals. Alloxan diabetic animals showed a further decrease in the activities of HK in Y RBCs by 37%, M RBCs by 39% and O RBCs by 32%, GSH-Px activity in Y RBCs by 13%, M RBCs by 20% and O RBCs by 33% and GST activity in Y RBCs by 14%, M RBCs by 42% and O RBCs by 60% in comparison to their corresponding cells of control animals. An increase in the activity of all the enzymes studied was also observed in reticulocytes of diabetic animals in comparison to reticulocytes of controls. The GSSG-R activity was found to be increased in Y RBCs by 49%, M RBCs by 67% and O RBCs by 64% as compared to the corresponding age-matched cells of control animals. The activity of arginase also decreased in Y RBCs by about10%, M RBCs by 20% and O RBCs by 30% in comparison to the age-matched cells of control animals. A decrease in the activity of AsAT in Y and M RBCs by 30%, and O RBCs by 25% was observed in diabetic animals in comparison to the agematched cells of control animals. The activity of AlaAT was found to be decreased by more than 10% in Y and M RBCs and 25% in O RBCs of diabetic animals in comparison to the age-matched cells of control animals. Insulin administration to diabetic animals reversed the altered enzyme activity to control values. Vanadate treatment also reversed the enzyme levels except for that of GST in old cells     

研究荧光标记BCAA及AAA在大鼠体内代谢

使用DNS-Cl标记BCAA及AAA等六种氨基酸,观察这些氨基酸在大鼠小肠的吸收,血液的清除以及肝脏、肌肉、肾脏、脑等器官的摄取及排空情况。结果:小肠在30分钟开始吸收,4小时部分排空;血液在4小时开始清除,16小时清除完毕;肝脏、肌肉、肾脏、脑组织等,都在30分钟全部或部分摄取,但各器官对不同氨基酸,排空的时间不尽相同。     

三氟啦嗪（TFP）、ABA处理对小麦幼苗及悬浮培养细胞中诱导蛋白的影响

水分胁迫及ABA处理能诱导丰抗8号小麦幼苗及其悬浮培养细胞中44.2kD蛋白亚基的产生或大量合成。不同浓度的CaM抑制剂三氟啦嗪（Trifluoperazine)处理,对丰抗8号小麦幼苗在水分胁迫时产生的44.2kD蛋白亚基没有明显抑制作用,对悬浮培养细胞中由ABA＋PEG所诱导的该蛋白含量的升高影响较小,但能抑制细胞中由ABA诱导的44.2kD蛋白亚基百分含量的增加。表明由单纯激素（ABA）引起的信号传递途径可能与CaM有关,且较为简单,而水分胁迫或水分胁迫＋ABA引起的信号传递途径可能比单纯激素引起的胞人信号传递过程更复杂。     

Metabolite-controlled phosphorylation of hepatic phosphofructokinase proceeds by cAMP-dependent protein kinase

In hepatocytes 32P-incorporation into rat liver phosphofructokinase is stimulated by glucose as well as by glucagon, the effects of both stimuli being prevented by L-alanine [Eur. J. Biochem. (1982) 122, 175]. The phosphopeptides of the enzyme derived from limited proteolysis by subtilisin and from exhaustive tryptic digestion were analyzed either by one-dimensional mapping on sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide slab gels and by fingerprint mapping, respectively. It is shown that in vivo stimulation of 32P-incorporation by glucose or by glucose plus glucagon results in identical phosphopeptide maps, and that these maps were identical with those obtained from phosphofructokinase phosphorylated in vitro with catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. It is concluded that in the intact liver cell phosphofructokinase is phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase but that the state of phosphorylation is modified by metabolite control.     

Presynaptic Glutamate Receptors Modulate Dopamine Release from Striatal Synaptosomes

The wide-ranging neuronal actions of glutamate are thought to be mediated by postsynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptors. The present report demonstrates the existence of presynaptic glutamate receptors in isolated striatal dopaminergic nerve terminals (synaptosomes). Activation of these receptors, by NMDA in the absence of Mg2+ and presence of glycine and by non-NMDA agonists in the presence of Mg2+, results in Ca(2+)-dependent release of dopamine from striatal synaptosomes. The release stimulated by NMDA is blocked by Mg2+ and by selective NMDA antagonists, whereas the release stimulated by selective non-NMDA agonists is blocked by a non-NMDA antagonist but not by Mg2+ or NMDA antagonists. Thus, these presynaptic glutamate receptors, localized on dopaminergic terminals in the striatum, appear to be pharmacologically similar to both the NMDA and the non-NMDA postsynaptic receptors. By modulating the release of dopamine, these presynaptic receptors may play an important role in transmitter interactions in the striatum.     

The effect of predatory fish exudates on the ovipostional behaviour of three mosquito species: Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti and Culex tarsalis

Abstract.  Three mosquito species, Culex tarsalis Coquillett, Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae), were examined in laboratory binary choice experiments to investigate whether fish exudates from the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard) (Cyprinodontiformes: Poecilliidae), deter oviposition and whether the responses of these mosquito species to fish exudates in oviposition sites are consistent with the risk of predation from fish experienced by each species in their respective natural breeding habitats. Culex tarsalis was deterred significantly from egg laying by the presence of fish exudates in oviposition cups, consistent with high levels of predation by fish in natural breeding sites. Egg laying by Cx quinquefasciatus was slightly reduced in water with fish exudates, but was not consistently deterred by water conditioned by mosquitofish, consistent with the species' relatively low risk of fish predation in natural habitats. Oviposition by container-breeding Ae. aegypti was not deterred by the presence of fish exudates in oviposition cups, consistent with a low risk of predation by fish in natural habitats.     

Characterization of the Participation of Sodium Channels on the Rise in Na+ Induced by 4-Aminopyridine (4-AP) in Synaptosomes

The participation of voltage-sensitive Na+ channels (VSSC) on the changes on internal (i) Na+, K+, Ca2+, and on DA, Glu, and GABA release caused by different concentrations of 4-AP was investigated in striatum synaptosomes. TTX, which abolished the increase in Na(i) (as determined with SBFI), induced by 0.1 mM 4-AP only inhibited by 30% the rise in Na(i) induced by 1 mM 4-AP. One millimolar 4-AP markedly decreased the fluorescence of the K+ indicator dye PBFI but 0.1 mM 4-AP did not. Like 1 mM 4-AP, ouabain decreased PBFI fluorescence and increased a considerable fraction of Na(i) in a TTX-insensitive manner. In contrast with the different TTX sensitivity of the rise in Na(i) induced by 0.1 and 1 mM 4-AP, the rise in Ca(i) (as determined with fura-2) induced by the two concentrations of 4-AP was markedly inhibited by TTX, as well as by omega-agatoxin in combination with omega-conotoxin GVIA, indicating that only the TTX-sensitive fraction of the rise in Na(i) induced by 4-AP is linked with the activation of presynaptic Ca2+ channels. It is concluded that the TTX-sensitive fraction of neurotransmitter release evoked by 4-AP is released by exocytosis, and the TTX insensitive fraction involves reversal of the neurotransmitters transporters. This contrasts with the exocytosis evoked by high K+ that is unchanged by TTX and with the neurotransmitter-transporter-mediated release evoked by veratridine, which is highly TTX sensitive and does not require activation of Ca2+ channels.     

MutL: conducting the cell's response to mismatched and misaligned DNA

Base pair mismatches in DNA arise from errors in DNA replication, recombination, and biochemical modification of bases. Mismatches are inherently transient. They are resolved passively by DNA replication, or actively by enzymatic removal and resynthesis of one of the bases. The first step in removal is recognition of strand discontinuity by one of the MutS proteins. Mismatches arising from errors in DNA replication are repaired in favor of the base on the template strand, but other mismatches trigger base excision or nucleotide excision repair (NER), or non‐repair pathways such as hypermutation, cell cycle arrest, or apoptosis. We argue that MutL homologues play a key role in determining biologic outcome by recruiting and/or activating effector proteins in response to lesion recognition by MutS. We suggest that the process is regulated by conformational changes in MutL caused by cycles of ATP binding and hydrolysis, and by physiologic changes which influence effector availability.     

Plasma levels of catechols during reflexive changes in sympathetic nerve activity

Relationships between changes in levels of catechols and directly recorded sympathetic nerve activity were examined using simultaneous measurements of renal sympathetic nerve activity and arterial and renal venous concentrations of norepinephrine (NE), dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa), and dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) during reflexive alterations in renal sympathetic nerve activity in anesthetized, adrenal-demedullated rats. Nitroprusside infusion increased renal sympathetic nerve activity by 90%, arterial levels of dopa by 96%, NE by 326%, and DHPG by 141%. Phenylephrine infusion increased arterial DHPG levels by 81% and decreased renal sympathetic nerve activity by 37% and NE levels by 26%; arterial dopa levels were unchanged. Ganglionic blockade by chlorisondamine (with concomitant phenylephrine infusion to maintain MAP) decreased renal sympathetic nerve activity by 65% and NE concentrations by 37%; arterial dopa concentrations were unchanged, and DHPG concentrations increased by 60%. Proportionate responses of arterial levels of NE were strongly related to proportionate changes in renal sympathetic nerve activity. Clearance of DHPG from arterial plasma was prolonged by phenylephrine-induced hypertension and by nitroprusside-induced hypotension. The results suggest that changes in arterial NE levels reflect changes in sympathetic activity; changes in dopa levels reflect changes in catecholamine biosynthesis; and changes in DHPG levels depend on reuptake of released NE and on hemodynamic factors affecting DHPG clearance.     

低温胁迫下外源褪黑素对番茄幼苗光抑制的缓解效应

为了探究外源褪黑素对低温逆境条件下番茄光合系统破坏的缓解机制,设置常温+水(NW)、常温+褪黑素(NM)、低温+水(CW)、低温+褪黑素(CM)4个处理,对番茄幼苗光合与叶绿素荧光参数、叶绿体抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环效率进行分析。结果表明: 与NW相比,CW的光合速率下降了50.3%～72.6%,叶绿体中的丙二醛含量升高了17.5%～132.7%,超氧阴离子产生速率、H₂O₂含量分别升高了86.5%～235.9%、96.6%～208.4%;而低温下施用褪黑素显著缓解了这一趋势,CM处理光合速率比CW提升了22.7%～24.7%,丙二醛含量、超氧阴离子产生速率、H₂O₂含量分别降低了16.6%～29.0%、14.9%～22.7%、10.7%～27.1%。与CW相比,CM处理光系统Ⅱ光化学能转化系数和调节性能量耗损系数分别升高了15.8%和7.2%,非调节性能量耗损系数下降了24.7%,AsA-GSH循环中关键代谢酶活性均有不同程度的增强。综上,低温下施用外源褪黑素可以平衡光系统Ⅱ的能量分布,增强叶绿体中AsA-GSH循环的活性氧清除效率,进而缓解低温引起的光抑制。