赤皮青冈幼苗叶片解剖结构对干旱胁迫的响应

以浙江庆元、湖南洞口和湖南靖州3个种源的赤皮青冈1年生幼苗为材料,采用盆栽称量法控制土壤水分含量,设置土壤相对含水量分别为75%～80%(对照)、55%～60%(轻度干旱胁迫)、45%～50%(中度干旱胁迫)和30%～35%(重度干旱胁迫),研究不同程度干旱胁迫对赤皮青冈幼苗叶片解剖结构和蒸腾作用的影响.结果表明: 干旱胁迫下,3个种源赤皮青冈幼苗叶片的总厚度、上下表皮厚度和栅栏组织厚度均显著降低.栅栏组织厚度与海绵组织厚度比(栅海比)、气孔长度和宽度随干旱程度的增强而显著减小,而气孔密度随干旱胁迫程度的增强而显著增加.干旱处理对叶片主脉厚度无显著影响,木质部厚度的变化因种源而异.叶片结构的变化引起生理功能改变,随着胁迫程度的加强,赤皮青冈幼苗的蒸腾速率显著降低.对照和各干旱处理湖南洞口种源幼苗叶片的下表皮厚度、栅海比、气孔密度显著大于其他2个种源,蒸腾速率显著小于其他2个种源,表明湖南洞口赤皮青冈对干旱胁迫的适应性较强.     

亚低温与干旱胁迫对番茄叶片光合及荧光动力学特性的影响

利用人工气候室,研究了亚低温(8～15℃)和干旱胁迫(田间持水量的55％ ～ 65％)对盆栽番茄叶片光合特性、能量及电子流分配的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,亚低温胁迫下番茄叶片的光合色素含量降低,而干旱胁迫下升高.在亚低温或干旱胁迫下,番茄叶片的胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度及净光合速率均显著下降,气孔限制值升高,其共同处理下相应指标进一步降低或升高.亚低温或干旱单一胁迫提高了光呼吸速率,但共同胁迫下其光呼吸速率反而降低.无论是亚低温、干旱胁迫还是共同胁迫,均会导致初始荧光、PSⅡ原初光能转化效率和有效光量子产量下降,光系统发生损伤,并且PSⅡ激发能分配系数升高,光化学效率降低,过剩光能增加,总电子流及流向各交替电子流库的电子流减少.为耗散过剩光能,热耗散及交替电子流的比例增加.与亚低温和干旱胁迫单一处理相比,二者共同处理加剧了叶片的热耗散,但交替电子流比例没有进一步增加.     

干旱胁迫下紫穗槐叶片解剖特征的变化

研究了重度、中度、轻度干旱胁迫条件下2年生紫穗槐幼苗叶片的形态解剖学特征变化.结果表明:随着干旱胁迫程度的增加,叶片厚度、上下表皮的厚度逐渐减小,栅栏组织和海绵组织的厚度也减小,而栅栏组织与海绵组织的比值、主脉维管束相对直径、主脉突起度与中脉厚度则增大.气孔面积随干旱程度的增加呈下降趋势,但气孔分布的密度增加.在干旱逆...     

干旱条件下接种AM真菌对小马鞍羊蹄甲幼苗根系的影响

为了探讨岷江干旱河谷丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对寄主植物幼苗根系的影响,通过接种购买的AMF摩西球囊霉菌(Funneliformis mosseae)到优势乡土灌木小马鞍羊蹄甲(Bauhinia faberi var.microphylla)幼苗,在重度、中度和轻度干旱条件下培养3个月,研究不同干旱条件下AMF对幼苗根系形态特征、结构特征、功能性状的影响。方差分析结果表明:(1)3种干旱胁迫条件下,接菌均显著增加了幼苗的根总长、根表面积、根分枝数、根尖数(P0.001),在中度胁迫和轻度胁迫下,接菌显著促进根鲜重、根体积的增加(P0.001),轻度胁迫条件下接菌幼苗的根鲜重、根总长、根表面积、根体积、根尖数最高并显著高于其它处理,但接菌与未接菌的根平均直径之间没有显著差异;(2)接菌幼苗根系趋向于叉状分支结构,在重度胁迫时,叉状分支趋势更显著(P0.001);(3)接菌幼苗的根比例都显著小于未接菌的,但幼苗比根长不存在显著差异。相关分析结果表明:菌根侵染率与根鲜重、根总长、根表面积、根体积、根分枝数、根尖数呈极显著正相关(P0.001),与拓扑指数、根比例呈极显著负相关(P0.001)。研究表明,在干旱条件下,AMF虽然没有提高生长初期的根系的吸收效率,但接种AMF显著影响幼苗根系形态特征和结构特征,更利于植物适应干旱环境,并且AMF对幼苗根系的促生作用随着干旱胁迫程度减轻而提高。     

夜间低温对番茄幼苗磷素吸收及转运的影响

以‘辽园多丽’番茄幼苗为试材,采用营养液栽培模式,以夜温15℃为对照,对夜间低温(6℃)影响番茄幼苗磷素吸收及转运过程的因素进行研究。结果显示:(1)夜间低温胁迫导致番茄幼苗根系活力受到显著抑制。(2)夜间低温条件下,番茄幼苗根系中酸性磷酸酶活性无明显变化,而其地上部酸性磷酸酶活性增强,且以叶片中活性增加较大。(3)夜间低温胁迫使根系中磷酸盐转运蛋白基因LePT1和LePT2的相对表达量较对照增加,地上部磷酸盐转运蛋白基因LePT1的表达受到抑制,且叶片中受到的抑制作用更显著。(4)夜间低温胁迫处理营养液中剩余磷素含量始终多于对照;其番茄幼苗地下部和地上部中磷素绝对含量均下降,且叶片比茎的下降幅度更大。(5)夜间低温胁迫使番茄幼苗伤流强度下降,伤流液中磷素含量随着处理天数的增加而增加,在处理第9天时极显著高于对照。研究表明,夜间低温导致番茄幼苗根系活力降低,诱导植株中磷酸盐转运蛋白基因LePT1的表达下调以及伤流强度降低,从而引起磷素由茎向叶片中的转运过程受到明显抑制。     

干旱胁迫下2种香蕉幼苗叶片和根的主要渗透调节物质的变化

本文研究了不同干旱胁迫下抗旱性不同的帝王蕉和粉蕉幼苗叶片和根系的可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖主要渗透调节物质的含量变化。结果表明:2种香蕉幼苗叶片可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量随着干旱胁迫程度的增加而显著增多;根系可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量并未持续上升,而是重度胁迫低于中度胁迫,但仍高于对照和轻度胁迫。干旱胁迫后,除帝王蕉根系可溶性糖含量外,帝王蕉根系可溶性蛋白质、粉蕉根系可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量在3个胁迫程度下增加幅度均大于叶片增加幅度,且粉蕉较帝王蕉更能适应干旱胁迫环境。本文将为香蕉抗旱品种选育和栽培提供一定的理论依据和实践意义。     

干旱胁迫对文冠果幼苗生长和生理生化特征的影响

以文冠果1年生盆栽苗为材料,采用称重控水的方法,设置土壤含水量分别为7.5%～9.4%(重度干旱)、11.3%～13.1%(中度干旱)、15.0%～16.9%(轻度干旱)、22.5%～24.4%(对照)4个处理,研究了水分胁迫对文冠果幼苗生长过程中的生长和生理生化指标的影响.结果表明:(1)随着干旱胁迫的加剧,文冠果幼苗单株鲜重、干重和株高逐渐降低,主根和一级侧根长度逐渐增加,叶面积和叶片数逐渐减少,并在重度胁迫下达到显著水平.(2)随着胁迫时间的延长,文冠果幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶活性在对照和轻度干旱胁迫条件下保持相对稳定,而在重度干旱胁迫下逐渐升高;各胁迫处理叶片的过氧化物酶活性逐渐升高,而过氧化氢酶活性则表现为逐渐下降趋势.(3)在整个干旱胁迫过程中,叶片丙二醛含量在对照中始终稳定在0.045 μmol·g-1FW左右,而轻度干旱处理于胁迫21 d后趋于稳定(0.056 μmol·g-1FW),中度和重度胁迫处理则表现出逐渐升高的趋势;随着干旱胁迫加剧,各处理叶片可溶性蛋白含量先降低后升高,根系活力逐渐增强.可见,文冠果幼苗能通过增强保护酶活性及提高可溶性蛋白含量和根系活力来缓解土壤干旱胁迫的伤害,从而表现出较强的抗干旱特性.     

栓皮栎幼苗对土壤干旱胁迫的生理响应

以栓皮栎一年生盆栽苗为实验材料,采用称重控水的方法,设置不同土壤水分胁迫梯度,系统分析其幼苗在不同干旱胁迫条件下的生理生化响应特征,以探索栓皮栎耐旱特性.结果显示:(1)栓皮栎幼苗叶片中3种保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性在对照(CK,土壤相对含水量19.5％～21.5％)条件下保持稳定,而中度干旱(T2,9.5％～11.5％)和重度干旱(T3,5.5％～7.5％)条件下,随着胁迫时间的延长呈先增高后降低的趋势,且变化的幅度在不同胁迫强度下存在差异.(2)在整个干旱胁迫过程中,各胁迫处理叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量均呈上升趋势,不同胁迫强度的变化幅度不同;叶片中的可溶性蛋白含量和根系活力随着干旱胁迫程度的增强呈先增高后降低的趋势.(3)栓皮栎幼苗叶片的脯氨酸含量随着干旱胁迫时间的延长表现出先增加后降低的趋势;叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量以及叶绿素a/b值均呈逐渐降低的趋势.研究表明,栓皮栎幼苗在短期和轻度干旱胁迫下通过提高自身的保护酶活性、增加可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量、提高根系活力等来抵御干旱环境的伤害,从而表现出较强的耐旱特性;而在重度干旱胁迫条件下,栓皮栎幼苗自我调节能力丧失,体内代谢紊乱,导致保护酶活性、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量和根系活力等下降,从而受到干旱伤害.     

外源NO对铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系构型及其超微结构的影响

采用营养液水培的方法,以“改良毛粉802F1”番茄为材料,硝普钠（sodiumnitroprusside,sNP）为一氧化氮（N0）供体,研究外源N0对铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系构型及其超微结构的影响。结果表明,50μmol·L-1的铜胁迫下,外施100μmol·L-1 SNP能够显著增加番茄幼苗植株的生物量、株高和茎粗,提高根系活力,改善根系构型中的根长度、根平均直径、根表面积和根体积,缓解番茄幼苗亚细胞结构（细胞核、线粒体、叶绿体、液泡、核膜）的改变,维持番茄幼苗组织结构的稳定,减缓铜胁迫对植株生长的抑制作用,添加NO清除剂牛血红蛋白后,能显著消除NO的缓解效果。     

干旱-复水对桂西北喀斯特地区青冈栎叶片光合能力、叶绿素荧光和显微结构的影响

为了探讨喀斯特地区适生种青冈栎幼苗对“干旱－复水”环境的适应机制,以当年生青冈栎实生苗为材料,通过盆栽控水试验,研究了4 种土壤干旱胁迫强度[对照（–0.1 MPa）、轻度干旱（–0.5 MPa））、中度干旱（–0.9 MPa）和重度干旱（–1.5 MPa）]及复水处理对叶片的水分状况、光合、叶绿素荧光和解剖结构参数的影响。结果表明：（1）随干旱胁迫加剧,叶片相对含水率、水势、净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）和胞间CO2浓度（Ci）均显著降低,而气孔限制值（Ls）显著增加;轻度胁迫下各光合参数以及轻中度胁迫下瞬时水分利用效率（WUE）均不受显著影响。复水后,各干旱处理叶片水分参数、Pn、Tr、Gs、Ci、WUE均比复水前提高,Ls比复水前降低;轻度胁迫复水后叶片水分和光合参数均优于对照,中度胁迫仅Ls未恢复到对照,重度胁迫复水后叶片水分和光合参数均未恢复。（2）随干旱胁迫加剧,叶片初始荧光（Fo）显著增加,而最大荧光（Fm）、最大光化学量子产量（Fv/Fm）和潜在光化学效率（Fv/Fo）均显著下降,且在轻度胁迫下均与对照显著差异。复水后,各干旱胁迫Fm、Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo比复水前提高,而Fo均略低于复水前,轻度胁迫复水后各叶绿素荧光参数均恢复到或优于对照,中度和重度胁迫复水后Fo未恢复到对照,且重度胁迫复水后Fv /Fm仅为0.75。（3）随干旱胁迫加剧,叶片厚度、上下表皮厚度、气孔密度、主脉导管直径均显著增加,叶片气孔器长度、宽度、开口面积、海绵组织厚度均显著降低,而栅栏组织厚度、栅海比和主脉厚度均表现为中度＞轻度＞对照＞重度。复水后,仅各干旱胁迫处理的气孔开口面积和主脉厚度比复水前显著提高;轻度胁迫复水后叶片结构参数也均恢复到或优于对照,中度胁迫复水后气孔开口面积仍显著低于对照,重度胁迫复水后气孔开口未能恢复打开,主脉厚度也低于对照。因此,青冈栎幼苗有耐旱性和旱后恢复能力,适合作为喀斯特地区的生态恢复树种,但在青冈栎幼苗抚育阶段应免受中度以上干旱胁迫（–0.9 MPa）,以利于其旱后恢复生长。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Comparison of BMI and percentage of body fat of Indian and German children and adolescents

Today, serious health problems as overweight and obesity are not just constricted to the developed world, but also increase in the developing countries (Prentice 2006, Ramachandram et al. 2002). Focusing on this issue, BMI and percentage of body fat were compared in 2094 schoolchildren from two cross-sectional studies from India and Germany investigated in 2008 and 2009. The German children are in all age groups significantly taller, whereas the Indian children show higher values in BMI (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 22 kg/m2; German: around 19 kg/m2) and in the percentage of body fat (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 27%; German: around 18-20%) in most of the investigated age groups. The Indian children have significantly higher BMI between 10 and 13 (boys) respectively 14 years (girls). Indian children showed significant higher percentage of body fat between 10 and 15 years (boys) and between 8 and 16 years (girls). The difference in overweight between Indian and German children was strongest at 11 (boys) and 12 (girls) years: 70% of the Indian but 20% of the German children were classified as overweight. In countries such as India that undergo nutritional transition, a rapid increase in obesity and overweight is observed. In contrast to the industrialized countries, the risk of overweight in developing countries is associated with high socioeconomic status. Other reasons of the rapid increase of overweight in the developing countries caused by different environmental or genetic factors are discussed.     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

The synthesis and evaluation of flavone and isoflavone chimeras of novobiocin and derrubone

The natural products novobiocin and derrubone have both demonstrated Hsp90 inhibition and structure–activity relationships have been established for each scaffold. Given these compounds share several key structural features, we hypothesized that incorporation of elements from each could provide insight to structural features important for Hsp90 inhibition. Thus, chimeric analogues of novobiocin and derrubone were constructed and evaluated. These studies confirmed that the functionality present at the 3-position of the isoflavone plays a critical role in determining Hsp90 inhibition and suggests that the bicyclic ring system present in both novobiocin and derrubone do not share similar modes of binding.