笼养川金丝猴社会偏侧行为的初步研究

社会环境中动物个体之间在互动行为过程中所表现出的行为偏侧称为社会偏侧。社会偏侧对于物种个体和群体的适应性生存均有重要意义。本研究基于生物系统发生关系,应用定量多维方法和The Observer 11.0动物行为观察分析系统初步研究笼养川金丝猴社会偏侧（社会互动过程中的位置偏侧）的基本特征。研究结果显示：（1）笼养川金丝猴在群组水平上表现出显著的前向偏好;（2）川金丝猴呈现一定左向偏好趋势,但未达到显著水平;（3）川金丝猴的社会偏侧行为无显著性别差异和年龄组差异。本研究结果在一定程度上支持右脑半球假说。     

川金丝猴家庭单元

川金丝猴（Rhinopitheeus roxellana）是我国特有的国家一级重点保护野生动物．在科学研究和物种保护上具有极其重要的价值。陕西秦岭是川金丝猴分布的最北界。图片显示了野生秦岭川金丝猴的社会单元——一雄多雌家庭单元,在此基础上聚合成群。多年的研究得出川金丝猴是具有多重社会结构水平的灵长类物种。     

利用红外相机建立川金丝猴的行为谱及PAE编码系统

利用红外相机收集四川卧龙国家级自然保护区内川金丝猴Rhinopithecus roxellana的行为、动作模式及活动环境等特征的视频数据,以"姿势-动作-环境"为轴心,行为的生态功能为依据,完成川金丝猴行为谱的建立,并对其行为进行分类和系统编码。经视频数据辨识分析,共统计到野生川金丝猴的17种姿势、84种动作和116种行为。将这些行为与滇金丝猴R.bieti、黔金丝猴R.brelichi进行对比,发现3种金丝猴的大部分行为具有一致性;但栖息环境的差异、长时间的地理隔离以及后天的学习使得这些行为又表现出了差异性:一是行为的差异性,不同物种具有各自特殊的行为,如川金丝猴特有的跳跃采食行为和雌性匍匐邀配行为;二是行为效应的差异性,如快理等动作在不同物种中表达了不同的行为效应。完善和建立川金丝猴的行为谱有利于更全面、更准确地了解其行为生态学基本特征,同时为其深入研究提供基础数据。     

川金丝猴社会行为节目及其动作模式

正确区分和定义川金丝猴各项社会行为节目及其动作模式是研究川金丝猴社会行为的重要基础。本文的目的是按照现代习性学的基本观点,探讨川金丝猴在演化过程中所形成的物种典型行为以及它们的固定动作模式。数据收集时间为1988～2005 年,采用焦点动物取样法和随意取样法,对川金丝猴笼养条件下的繁殖群、半笼养条件下的繁殖群和全雄群、以及其自然栖息地神农架林区的野生猴群进行观察,总计观察约3 000 h。初步确定了川金丝猴54 项物种典型行为节目及其动作模式,其中45 项是群内个体之间用以进行社会交往的社会行为节目,包括8 种在其他灵长类物种中目前还没有报道或比较少见的。     

川金丝猴食土行为的首次报道(英文)

2001年10月至2008年3月,我们在对周至国家级自然保护区内秦岭川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana)的长期观察研究中发现3例成年雌性舔食泥质岩上粘土的行为。川金丝猴的食土行为均发生在深秋季节,所有食土雌性均处于怀孕期。我们初步推测川金丝猴的食土行为主要是为了补充矿物质。本文首次呈现川金丝猴食土行为的研究证据,对于进一步理解川金丝猴的食性具有一定意义,同时也为不同生活类型灵长类食土行为的比较分析提供支撑信息。     

中国非人灵长类物种的行为偏侧研究进展

行为偏侧是指动物进行某一行为时偏好使用某一侧肢体或感觉器官。行为偏侧作为脑偏侧所对应的可观测的行为指标,是动物行为适应性进化的代表性特征之一,它在个体水平上影响着个体适合度,在群体水平上是社会性物种的一种进化稳定策略,具有重要的生态和进化意义。中国非人灵长类资源丰富,而中国非人灵长类的行为偏侧研究起步较晚,始于二十世纪八十年代。本文系统归纳中国非人灵长类物种的行为偏侧研究进展,并基于当前研究现状,为今后发展提出积极建议。     

书讯

本书为我国三种金丝猴的比较解剖学专著,也是国内外对此三种动物的系统解剖的首次记载。在对我国特有的滇金丝猴、川金丝猴和黔金丝猴作系统解剖、功能形态和部分器官组织的显微形态研究的基础上,对三种金丝猴之间和金丝猴属与其它灵长类之间的形态学差异作了比较。本书重点侧重于比较形态学,从形态学角度探讨三种金丝猴的分类地位和系统演化关系。附有插图和图版     

秦岭川金丝猴的声音曲目

声音通讯是非人灵长类社会交流的一种重要方式,有利于灵长类社群的群体维持、个体间互动等。结合川金丝猴的取食行为、休息行为、性行为、攻击行为、屈服行为、玩耍行为和警报行为等社会行为,研究了川金丝猴的声音曲目,旨在为川金丝猴声音通讯研究提供基础性资料。     

非人灵长类动物雌性携抱婴儿与婴儿吸乳偏好的研究进展

灵长类雌性动物在携抱婴儿时会表现出一种方向偏好,同时,婴儿在吸乳时也会表现出方向偏好.相关研究表明,这两类偏好与灵长类大脑不对称性及其功能的进化有着极其紧密的联系.此方面的研究作为灵长类偏好行为研究的重要关注点之一,在国外已得到了较好的发展,在国内尚处于萌芽阶段.由于多种影响因素的存在,非人灵长类已有的研究结果间存在一定差异.     

川金丝猴粪样内3种类固醇激素保存时效分析

川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellanae)是中国特有的灵长类物种,生存于海拔1 400～3 300 m的山地森林地带。采用拾取新鲜粪便的非损伤性途径研究该物种野生种群生理状态,必须首先确定其新鲜粪便在特定保存方法下的保存时效。本项研究探讨在川金丝猴自然分布区夏季可获得的低温(4±1)℃、在95%乙醇中保存条件下,该物种新鲜粪便内3种类固醇激素(睾酮、雌二醇、孕酮)在8个设定天数:0(标准对照)、5、6、7、8、10、20、30 d的保存时效。结果表明,雌性川金丝猴粪样内睾酮和雌二醇在30 d内可稳定保存,孕酮含量在保存10 d时的平均值显著性低于标准参照值(P0.05);雄性川金丝猴粪样中睾酮含量在保存6 d时的平均值显著低于标准参照值(P0.05)。本研究说明,在野生川金丝猴新鲜粪便保存条件一致的情况下,该物种新鲜粪样内睾酮、孕酮、雌二醇3种激素保存时效并不一致,实际运用时需要结合研究目的区别对待。     

First evidence on foot preference during locomotion in Old World monkeys: a study of quadrupedal and bipedal actions in Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana)

This is the first report of foot preference during locomotion in Old World monkeys. Foot preferences during the quadrupedal walking action and the bipedal shifting action of a naturalistic group of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in Zhouzhi National Nature Reserve in the Qinling Mountains of China were investigated. Twelve of 21 individuals tested on quadrupedal action and all 21 individuals tested on bipedal action exhibited a significant foot preference. Both significant right- and left-footed preferences were observed; sex affected neither direction nor strength of foot preference in both actions. The finding that 61.90% of focal R. roxellana showed a right-foot preference, both in quadrupedal action based on the footed index and in bipedal action based on the z-score, is in partial agreement with the postural origin hypothesis on footedness. Foot preference was significantly stronger in bipedal action than in quadrupedal action, supporting the view that posture could be a crucial factor influencing foot preference as well as hand preference in this species.     

Brief communication: arboreal bipedalism in Bwindi chimpanzees

Evidence of the form and function of bipedal behavior in nonhuman primates provides critical evidence to test theories about the origins of hominid bipedalism. Bipedalism has long been considered an evolutionarily interesting but rare behavior in wild chimpanzees. During May 2001, chimpanzees of the Ruhija community in the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, engaged in an exceptional frequency of arboreal bipedalism when feeding in large Ficus trees. Seventy-eight bipedal bouts of at least 5 sec duration were recorded for the entire community (0.49 bouts/hr), with a mean duration of 13.7 sec (+/-1.6 sec). The animals employed many variations on the bipedal postural theme, ranging from erect standing on the largest substrates while grasping overhead limbs for support, to standing on one leg while suspending the other leg in space, to extended-lean standing, in which bipedal standing transitioned into horizontal arm-leg suspension as the animal reached for more distant fruits. Bipedalism was used as part of a behavioral repertoire that integrated brachiation, four-limbed suspension, and forelimb-supported standing for effective small-fruit foraging. These observations suggest that under certain ecological conditions, arboreal bipedalism can be an important posture for wild chimpanzees, and may have been an important behavioral precursor to full terrestrial bipedalism.     

Arboreal bipedalism in wild chimpanzees: implications for the evolution of hominid posture and locomotion

Field observations of bipedal posture and locomotion in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) can serve as key evidence for reconstructing the likely origins of bipedalism in the last prehominid human ancestor. This paper reports on a sample of bipedal bouts, recorded ad libitum, in wild chimpanzees in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in southwestern Uganda. The Ruhija community of chimpanzees in Bwindi displays a high rate of bipedal posture. In 246.7 hr of observation from 2001-2003, 179 instances of bipedal posture lasting 5 sec or longer were recorded, for a rate of 0.73 bouts per observation hour. Bipedalism was observed only on arboreal substrates, and was almost all postural, and not locomotor. Bipedalism was part of a complex series of positional behaviors related to feeding, which included two-legged standing, one-legged standing with arm support, and other intermediate postures. Ninety-six percent of bipedal bouts occurred in a foraging context, always as a chimpanzee reached to pluck fruit from tree limbs. Bipedalism was seen in both male and female adults, less frequently among juveniles, and rarely in infants. Both the frequency and duration of bipedal bouts showed a significant positive correlation with estimated substrate diameter. Neither fruit size nor nearest-neighbor association patterns were significantly correlated with the occurrence of bipedalism. Bipedalism is seen frequently in the Bwindi chimpanzee community, in part because of the unusual observer conditions at Bwindi. Most observations of bipedalism were made when the animals were in treetops and the observer at eye-level across narrow ravines. This suggests that wild chimpanzees may engage in bipedal behavior more often than is generally appreciated. Models of the likely evolutionary origins of bipedalism are considered in the light of Bwindi bipedalism data. Bipedalism among Bwindi chimpanzees suggests the origin of bipedal posture in hominids to be related to foraging advantages in fruit trees. It suggests important arboreal advantages in upright posture. The origin of postural bipedalism may have preceded and been causally disconnected from locomotor bipedalism.     

Dynamics of primate bipedal walking as viewed from the force of foot

Bipedal walking of the six species of anthropoid primates including man were examined by means of the force plate technique. Though each species has a particular pattern of bipedal walking, we can classify two types of patterns in these primates as far as the foot force is concerned. The first type includes the man, chimpanzee, and spider monkey and the second type contains the Japanese monkey, hamadryas baboon, and gibbon. It was emphasized that the similarity of man to the chimpanzee and spider monkey in bipedal walking has some evolutionary significance.     

Handedness in nature: first evidence on manual laterality on bimanual coordinated tube task in wild primates

Handedness is a defining feature of human manual skill and understanding the origin of manual specialization remains a central topic of inquiry in anthropology and other sciences. In this study, we examined hand preference in a sample of wild primates on a task that requires bimanual coordinated actions (tube task) that has been widely used in captive primates. The Sichuan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) is an arboreal Old World monkey species that is endemic to China, and 24 adult individuals from the Qinling Mountains of China were included for the analysis of hand preference in the tube task. All subjects showed strong individual hand preferences and significant group-level left-handedness was found. There were no significant differences between males and females for either direction or strength of hand preference. Strength of hand preferences of adults was significantly greater than juveniles. Use of the index finger to extract the food was the dominant extractive-act. Our findings represent the first evidence of population-level left-handedness in wild Old World monkeys and broaden our knowledge on evaluating primate hand preference via experimental manipulation in natural conditions.     

Bipedal tool use strengthens chimpanzee hand preferences

The degree to which non-human primate behavior is lateralized, at either individual or population levels, remains controversial. We investigated the relationship between hand preference and posture during tool use in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) during bipedal tool use. We experimentally induced tool use in a supported bipedal posture, an unsupported bipedal posture, and a seated posture. Neither bipedal tool use nor these supported conditions have been previously evaluated in apes. The hypotheses tested were 1) bipedal posture will increase the strength of hand preference, and 2) a bipedal stance, without the use of one hand for support, will elicit a right hand preference. Results supported the first, but not the second hypothesis: bipedalism induced the subjects to become more lateralized, but not in any particular direction. Instead, it appears that subtle pre-existing lateral biases, to either the right or left, were emphasized with increasing postural demands. This result has interesting implications for theories of the evolution of tool use and bipedalism, as the combination of bipedalism and tool use may have helped drive extreme lateralization in modern humans, but cannot alone account for the preponderance of right-handedness.     

Left-hand Preference for a Complex Manual Task in a Population of Wild Siamangs (<Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Symphalangus syndactylus</Emphasis>)

Many hypotheses have been proposed linking the emergence of lateralized activities—such as handedness—in primates, with hemispheric specialization and the evolution of complex communication such as human language. Although data to test these ideas are rapidly accumulating for many primate taxa, some species are still largely unexplored, especially under natural conditions. I present the first data on a population of wild siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus), highly arboreal small apes. Preference for the left hand is shown both at the individual and population levels for a complex manual task: collecting and drinking water from tree holes. There was no difference in hand preference between males and females, and immature individuals showed more variable patterns than adults. These results are consistent with the postural origins theory, allow a new interpretation of the findings of comparable studies, and indicate a useful behavior for future investigations of laterality in wild primates.     

Arboreal Postures Elicit Hand Preference when Accessing a Hard-to-Reach Foraging Device in Captive Bonobos (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pan paniscus</Emphasis>)

Arboreal, and in particular suspensory, postures may elicit a preference for the strongest limb to be used in postural support in large bodied primates. However, selection may have favored ambilaterality rather than a preference for a particular hand in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) fishing arboreally for ants. To investigate the influence of arboreality on hand preference we recorded handedness in seven captive bonobos (Pan paniscus) manipulating a foraging device during terrestrial and arboreal postures in a symmetrical environment, observing 2726 bouts of manipulation. When accessing the foraging device in the arboreal position the bonobos adopted predominantly suspensory postures. There was no population level hand preference for manipulating the foraging device in either the terrestrial or arboreal positions. However, four of seven individuals that interacted with the foraging devices showed a significant preference for one hand (two were left handed, two were right handed) when manipulating the foraging device in the arboreal position whereas only one individual (left handed) showed a preference in the terrestrial position. This suggests that individuals may have a preferred or strongest limb for postural support in a symmetrical arboreal environment, resulting in a bias to use the opposite hand for manipulation. However, the hand that is preferred for postural support differs between individuals. Although our sample is for two captive groups at the same zoo, our findings suggest that the demand of maintaining arboreal postures and environmental complexity influence hand preference.     

Does Bipedality Predict the Group-Level Manual Laterality in Mammals?

Background

Factors determining patterns of laterality manifestation in mammals remain unclear. In primates, the upright posture favours the expression of manual laterality across species, but may have little influence within a species. Whether the bipedalism acts the same in non-primate mammals is unknown. Our recent findings in bipedal and quadrupedal marsupials suggested that differences in laterality pattern, as well as emergence of manual specialization in evolution might depend on species-specific body posture. Here, we evaluated the hypothesis that the postural characteristics are the key variable shaping the manual laterality expression across mammalian species.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We studied forelimb preferences in a most bipedal marsupial, brush-tailed bettong, Bettongia penicillata in four different types of unimanual behavior. The significant left-forelimb preference at the group level was found in all behaviours studied. In unimanual feeding on non-living food, catching live prey and nest-material collecting, all or most subjects were lateralized, and among lateralized bettongs a significant majority displayed left-forelimb bias. Only in unimanual supporting of the body in the tripedal stance the distribution of lateralized and non-lateralized individuals did not differ from chance. Individual preferences were consistent across all types of behaviour. The direction or the strength of forelimb preferences were not affected by the animals’ sex.

Conclusions/Significance

Our findings support the hypothesis that the expression of manual laterality depends on the species-typical postural habit. The interspecies comparison illustrates that in marsupials the increase of bipedality corresponds with the increase of the degree of group-level forelimb preference in a species. Thus, bipedalism can predict pronounced manual laterality at both intra- and interspecific levels in mammals. We also conclude that quadrupedal position in biped species can slightly hinder the expression of manual laterality, but the evoked biped position in quadrupedal species does not necessarily lead to the enhanced manifestation of manual laterality.     

Positional behavior and substrate use in wild adult bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus)

Natural selection for positional behavior (posture and locomotion) has at least partially driven the evolution of anatomical form and function in the order Primates. Examination of bipedal behaviors associated with daily activity patterns, foraging, and terrestrial habitat use in nonhuman primates, particularly those that adopt bipedal postures and use bipedal locomotion, allows us to refine hypotheses concerning the evolution of bipedalism in humans. This study describes the positional behavior of wild bearded capuchins (Sapajus libidinosus), a species that is known for its use of terrestrial substrates and its habitual use of stones as tools. Here, we test the association of terrestrial substrate use with bipedal posture and locomotion, and the influence of sex (which co‐varies with body mass in adults of this species) on positional behavior and substrate use. Behavior and location of 16 wild adult bearded capuchins from two groups were sampled systematically at 15 s intervals for 2 min periods for 1 year (10,244 samples). Despite their different body masses, adult males (average 3.5 kg) and females (average 2.1 kg) in this study did not differ substantially in their positional behaviors, postures, or use of substrates for particular activities. The monkeys used terrestrial substrates in 27% of samples. Bipedal postures and behaviors, while not a prominent feature of their behavior, occurred in different forms on the two substrates. The monkeys crouched bipedally in trees, but did not use other bipedal postures in trees. While on terrestrial substrates, they also crouched bipedally but occasionally stood upright and moved bipedally with orthograde posture. Bearded capuchin monkeys' behavior supports the suggestion from anatomical analysis that S. libidinosus is morphologically better adapted than its congeners to adopt orthograde postures.