纳米山药多糖合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂对菌群失调大鼠 免疫因子及SOD、MDA、NO、MPO表达的影响

摘要：目的 探讨纳米山药多糖双歧杆菌合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂对菌群失调模型大鼠的免疫因子及SOD（超氧化物歧化酶）、MDA（丙二醛）、NO（一氧化氮）、MPO（髓过氧化物酶）表达的影响。方法 大鼠i.g盐酸林可霉素造成菌群失调伴有免疫缺陷肠炎模型,将大鼠随机分成靶向制剂组、阳性对照组和自然恢复组,紫外分光光度法检测结肠匀浆样本SOD、MDA、NO和MPO含量,微量溶血酶标仪分光光度法测定血清溶血素水平,ELISA法测定IL-1β（白细胞介素-1β）、IL-6（白细胞介素-6）、TNF-α（肿瘤坏死因子-α）、sIgA（分泌型免疫球蛋白A）及GM-CSF（粒细胞集落刺激生物因子）含量。结果 与自然恢复组相比,纳米山药多糖组显著提高大鼠溶血素水平及sIgA、GM-CSF和SOD含量（P<0.05）,明显降低大鼠结肠样本中MDA、NO、MPO的含量（P<0.05）,IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α在大鼠血清中的表达均有不同程度的下降（P<0.05）,且恢复到正常水平。结论 纳米山药多糖双歧杆菌合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂能减轻肠道炎症,提高溶血素水平、sIgA和GM-CSF含量,降低IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α含量,提高机体免疫能力,是理想的中药微生态调节剂。     

纳米山药多糖合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂对菌群失调大鼠免疫因子及SOD、MDA、NO、MPO表达的影响

目的探讨纳米山药多糖双歧杆菌合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂对菌群失调模型大鼠的免疫因子及SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)、MDA(丙二醛)、NO(一氧化氮)、MPO(髓过氧化物酶)表达的影响。方法大鼠i.g盐酸林可霉素造成菌群失调伴有免疫缺陷肠炎模型,将大鼠随机分成靶向制剂组、阳性对照组和自然恢复组,紫外分光光度法检测结肠匀浆样本SOD、MDA、NO和MPO含量,微量溶血酶标仪分光光度法测定血清溶血素水平,ELISA法测定IL-1β(白细胞介素-1β)、IL-6(白细胞介素-6)、TNF-α(肿瘤坏死因子-α)、sIgA(分泌型免疫球蛋白A)及GM-CSF(粒细胞集落刺激生物因子)含量。结果与自然恢复组相比,纳米山药多糖组显著提高大鼠溶血素水平及sIgA、GM-CSF和SOD含量(P0.05),明显降低大鼠结肠样本中MDA、NO、MPO的含量(P0.05),IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α在大鼠血清中的表达均有不同程度的下降(P0.05),且恢复到正常水平。结论纳米山药多糖双歧杆菌合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂能减轻肠道炎症,提高溶血素水平、sIgA和GM-CSF含量,降低IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α含量,提高机体免疫能力,是理想的中药微生态调节剂。     

纳米山药多糖合生元结肠靶微生态调节剂对菌群失调大鼠免疫因子及SOD、MDA、NO、MPO表达的影响

摘要：目的 探讨纳米山药多糖双歧杆菌合生元结肠靶微生态调节剂对菌群失调模型大鼠的免疫因子及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、一氧化氮（NO）、髓过氧化物酶（MPO）表达的影响。方法 大鼠i.g盐酸林可霉素造成菌群失调伴有免疫缺陷肠炎模型,将大鼠随机分成靶向制剂组、阳性对照组和自然恢复组,紫外分光光度法检测结肠匀浆样本SOD、MDA、NO和MPO含量,微量溶血酶标仪分光光度法测定血清溶血素水平,ELISA法测定IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、sIgA及GM-CSF含量。结果 与自然恢复组相比,纳米山药多糖组显著提高大鼠溶血素水平（0.406±0.0122 vs 00.267±0.0138）、sIgA（51.64±4.21 vs 35.26±3.05）和SOD（13.400±0.255 vs 6.250±0.144）含量（t=14.14,t=8.351,t=31.68,P<0.05）,明显降低大鼠结肠样本中MDA（1.255±0.082 vs 22.070±0.080）、NO（1.520±0.112 vs 3.260±0.134）和MPO（0.520±0.065 vs 1.110±0.218）的含量（t=59.61,t=26.02,t=6.351,P<0.05）,L-1β（65.23±3.09 vs 119.67±9.97）、IL-6（156.67±3.91 vs 225.46±3.60）、TNF-α（30.56±5.60 vs 1.110±0.218）和GM-CSF（125.615±4.164 vs 205.99±3.45）在大鼠血清中的表达均有不同程度的明显的的下降（t=12.77,t=31.68,t=8.29,t=28.88,P<0.05）,且恢复到正常水平。结论 纳米山药多糖双歧杆菌合生元结肠靶微生态调节剂能减轻肠道炎症,提高溶血素水平、sIgA和GM-CSF含量,降低IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α含量,提高机体免疫能力,是理想的中药微生态调节剂。     

纳米山药多糖合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂对 菌群失调动物免疫学指标的影响

摘要：目的 研究纳米山药多糖合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂对抗生素脱污染菌群失调白兔的免疫学效应和机制。方法 用盐酸林可霉素建立菌群失调白兔模型,不同时间点取样,检测各组实验动物胸腺、脾脏指数,采用ELISA法,对各组实验动物肠黏膜sIgA、血清IL-2、IL-6进行检测。结果 各组指标检测结果,制剂组优于阳性对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论 纳米山药多糖合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂对抗生素脱污染菌群失调白兔免疫学指标有显著影响。     

纳米山药多糖对大鼠免疫器官及巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响

摘要：目的 研究纳米山药多糖合生元结肠靶向调节剂对大鼠免疫器官功能及巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响。方法 以i.g盐酸林可霉素造成肠炎模型,将大鼠随机分成正常对照组,阳性对照组,纳米山药多糖组和模型组。测定胸腺和脾指数,中性红法测定巨噬细胞吞噬功能,MTT法测定T淋巴细胞增殖,ELISA法测定脾淋巴细胞IL-2和IFN-γ含量。结果 与模型组相比,纳米山药多糖组显著提高免疫器官指数,腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬能力,脾淋巴细胞增殖能力和IL-2和IFN-γ含量（P<0.05),且恢复到正常水平。结论 动物实验表明,纳米山药多糖结肠靶向微生态调节剂具有提高免疫器官指数、巨噬细胞吞噬功能、T淋巴细胞能力、IL-2和IFN-γ含量,是理想的中药微生态调节剂。     

纳米山药多糖合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂对菌群失调动物生物学机制研究

目的 研究纳米山药多糖合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂对抗生素脱污染菌群失调白兔的生物学效应和机制.方法 用盐酸林可霉素造成微生态失调白兔模型,不同时间点取盲肠内容物,采用标本菌落计数法,对治疗前后各组动物菌群数量进行检测,扫描电镜观察各组肠黏膜变化.结果 各组治疗后,双歧杆菌、乳酸菌、肠杆菌、肠球菌数量及肠黏膜恢复情况,制剂组优于阳性对照组及自然恢复组.结论 纳米山药多糖合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂对抗生素脱污染菌群失调白兔有显著调节作用.     

纳米山药多糖结肠靶向微生态调节剂对菌群失调大鼠胃肠激素的影响

目的研究纳米山药多糖结肠靶向微生态调节剂对肠道菌群失调模型大鼠胃肠激素的影响。方法以i.g盐酸林可霉素造成肠道菌群失调模型,将大鼠随机分成正常组,阳性对照组,纳米山药多糖高、中、低剂量组,自然恢复组和模型组。以水合氯醛对大鼠进行麻醉,应用放射性免疫法对各组大鼠的血清及结肠组织的血管活性肠肽、胃动素、生长抑素和P物质四种胃肠激素进行测定。结果与模型组相比较,纳米山药多糖高、中剂量组能够降低血管活性肠肽、胃动素、生长抑素和P物质的含量,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),且恢复到正常水平。结论纳米山药多糖结肠靶向微生态调节剂能够恢复血管活性肠肽、胃动素、生长抑素和P物质四种胃肠激素的正常水平,具有调节胃肠道动力,促使胃肠道的正常收缩和改善胃肠道对水和电解质运输的能力。     

免疫致敏结合局部乙酸刺激法建立大鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型

目的结肠黏膜组织致敏法加乙酸局部刺激法建立复合大鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型。方法30只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型对照组、用药组(各10只),用结肠黏膜组织致敏法加乙酸局部刺激法建立大鼠复合溃疡性结肠炎模型后,用药组给予SASP灌胃,模型对照组和正常对照组给予生理盐水,均灌胃2周后处死大鼠,分离其结肠组织和血清。生化法检测各组结肠中MDA、SOD、GSH-PX、NO、TNOS和iNOS值,放免法测定大鼠血清及结肠IL-4及TNF-α含量变化,酶联免疫法测定大鼠血清IFN-γ含量变化。结果与空白对照组比较,模型组大鼠结肠组织MDA、NO、TNOS及iNOS含量升高,SOD、GSH-Px水平显著降低。与模型组比较,SASP组SOD、GSH-Px计数水平显著升高,组织MDA、NO、TNOS及iNOS含量降低。模型组血清和结肠IL-4含量较对照组明显降低,而模型大鼠血清和结肠TNF-α含量明显升高,模型组大鼠血清IFN-γ含量明显升高。SASP组IL-4含量升高,TNF-α和IFN-γ含量明显降低。结论改进的复合造模方法,可以较好的模拟人类UC病变的慢性活动性特点,适合药效观察和评价。     

马齿苋水提物对溃疡性结肠炎保护作用的实验研究

目的:探讨马齿苋水提物对溃疡性结肠炎(Ulcerative colitis,UC)的保护作用。方法:利用葡聚糖硫酸钠(Dextran sulfate sodium,DSS)诱导C57BL/6复制UC模型,将小鼠随机分为6组,分别为正常组,DSS模型组,SASP对照组,马齿苋低、中、高剂量组(100,200 mg/kg和400 mg/kg),每天ig给药1次,记录小鼠体重并统计疾病活动指数(Disease activity index,DAI)评分,连续7天。于第8天,测定结肠长度,测定MDA、SOD以及NO含量,观察结肠病理学形态变化,并测定IL-6,IL-1β与TNF-αm RNA的表达。结果:模型组与正常组比较,小鼠体重,结肠长度及SOD有显著降低(P0.05),而DAI评分,MDA、NO含量以及TNF-α,IL-6与IL-1βm RNA的表达有明显升高(P0.05)。而马齿苋水提物中、高组与模型组比较,小鼠的体重,结肠长度以及SOD含量均有显著性提高(P0.05),结肠组织病理损伤有所改善,DAI评分MDA、NO含量以及TNF-α,IL-6与IL-1βm RNA的表达均有明显降低(P0.05)。结论:马齿苋水提物对UC具有保护作用,可能与改变SOD、NO与MDA而抑制氧化应激反应及下调TNF-α,IL-6与IL-1β等细胞因子m RNA的表达而降低炎症反应有关。     

纳米枸杞多糖合生元靶向微生态调节剂的制备及质量研究

目的制备合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂,并建立其质量标准。方法球磨法制备枸杞多糖纳米粒,并将其与双歧杆菌、结肠粘附材料按一定比例装填入结肠靶向胶囊中,制备成合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂;苯酚-硫酸法测定制剂中多糖含量,平板活菌计数法检测制剂中活菌数量。结果球磨法制备的枸杞多糖纳米粒成类球形,表面圆整,无粘连,80％粒径集中在464nm;合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂符合2010版药典对胶囊剂的质量要求。结论按本法制备的合生元结肠靶向微生态调节剂安全可靠,其质量符合2010版药典对胶囊剂的质量要求。     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.     

Low-frequency dynamics and Raman scattering of crystals, of B-, A-, and Z-DNA, and fibers of C-DNA

Normal modes of vibration of DNA in the low-frequency region (10-300 cm-1 interval) have been identified from Raman spectra of crystals of B-DNA [d(CGCAAATTTGCG)], A-DNA [r(GCG)d(CGC) and d(CCCCGGGG)], and Z-DNA [d(CGCGCG) and d(CGCGTG)]. The lowest vibrational frequencies detected in the canonical DNA structures--at 18 +/- 2 cm-1 in the B-DNA crystal, near 24 +/- 2 cm-1 in A-DNA crystals, and near 30 +/- 2 cm-1 in Z-DNA crystals--are shown to correlate well with the degree of DNA hydration in the crystal structures, as well as with the level of hydration in calf thymus DNA fibers. These findings support the assignment [H. Urabe et al. (1985) J. Chem. Phys. 82, 531-535; C. Demarco et al. (1985) Biopolymers 24, 2035-2040] of the lowest frequency Raman band of each DNA to a helix mode, which is dependent primarily upon the degree of helix hydration, rather than upon the intrahelical conformation. The present results show also that B-, A-, C-, and Z-DNA structures can be distinguished from one another on the basis of their characteristic Raman intensity profiles in the region of 40-140 cm-1, even though all structures display two rather similar and complex bands centered within the intervals of 66-72 and 90-120 cm-1. The similarity of Raman frequencies for B-, A-, C-, and Z-DNA suggests that these modes originate from concerted motions of the bases (librations), which are not strongly dependent upon helix backbone geometry or handedness. Correlation of the Raman frequencies and intensities with the DNA base compositions suggests that the complex band near 90-120 cm-1 in all double-helix structures is due to in-plane librational motions of the bases, which involve stretching of the purine-pyrimidine hydrogen bonds. This would explain the centering of the band at higher frequencies in structures containing G.C pairs (greater than 100 cm-1) than in structures containing A.T pairs (less than 100 cm-1), consistent with the strengths of G.C and A.T hydrogen bonding.     

Synthesis and properties of N-, O-, and S-phospho derivatives of amino acids, peptides, and proteins

The literature on chemical (i.e., nonenzymic) phosphorylation of amino acids, peptides, and proteins is reviewed through 1982. The review covers synthetic methods, chemical reactions, and physical properties, with emphasis on the techniques used for separation and characterization of the products. Synthetic methods are classified by reagent rather than product, and are illustrated by experimental procedures for the most important methods. Chemical reactions are classified into four groups depending on whether the reaction site is the phospho group, the amino group, the carboxyl group, or in the case of serine the hydroxyl group. Physical data are given for all of the known N-, O-, and S-phospho derivatives of the amino acids, peptides, and proteins, within certain limitations, and are discussed in detail in the section on physical properties. Emphasis is given to the techniques used for separation of the products, such as chromatography and electrophoresis, and for characterization of the products, particularly spectroscopy. Medical and other uses of the products are mentioned.     

Cultural, Biochemical, and Immunological Properties of Mima, Herellea, and Flavobacterium Species

From study of cultural and biochemical characteristics of 40 strains of Herellea, Mima, or Flavobacterium species, a proposed schema for identification was developed. The reactions observed by agglutination, gel diffusion, and immunofluorescence suggest antigenic heterogeneity of this group of organisms.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.