土荆芥挥发油对蚕豆根尖细胞的氧化损伤

土荆芥是一种入侵植物,对周围植物具有较强的化感潜力.采用培养皿土培法和培养皿滤纸法,分别模拟土荆芥挥发油通过淋溶和挥发两条途径对蚕豆根尖细胞膜脂过氧化和抗氧化酶活性的影响,并分析了挥发油诱导的细胞凋亡.结果表明:在培养皿土培和培养皿滤纸处理中,在处理前期(24 h),蚕豆根尖细胞超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶的活性均随土荆芥挥发油剂量的增大呈先升高后降低的趋势;根尖丙二醛含量随处理时间的延长和处理剂量的增大呈上升趋势.在处理中期(48 h)和处理后期(72 h),出现了典型的DNALadder条带,表明土荆芥挥发油可诱导蚕豆根尖细胞凋亡,并且随着挥发油剂量的增大和处理时间的延长,细胞凋亡程度加剧.土荆芥挥发油可以通过淋溶和挥发两种途径作用于周围植物,使受体植物的膜脂过氧化程度加剧,抗氧化酶活性受到抑制,诱导根尖细胞发生氧化损伤和细胞凋亡,从而抑制周围植物生长.而且,当挥发油以淋溶途径进入土壤时,蚕豆根尖抗氧化酶活性整体较高,DNA损伤程度较小,土荆芥挥发油通过挥发途径的化感作用大于通过淋溶途径.     

黄顶菊对不同入侵地植物群落及土壤微生物群落的影响

为明确不同入侵地植物群落和土壤生态对黄顶菊入侵的反馈机制,选取天津静海(JH)、河北沧州(CZ)、河北衡水(HS)及河南安阳(AY)4个黄顶菊入侵典型区域,研究黄顶菊对不同入侵地植物群落多样性、土壤理化及土壤微生物群落结构的影响,并进一步揭示植物群落、土壤养分和土壤微生物之间的相关关系。结果表明,黄顶菊入侵显著降低了JH、CZ和HS的植物群落多样性指数(P0.05),改变了四个地区的土壤理化性质,显著升高了不同入侵地真菌PLFA的含量、总PLFA的含量、真菌/细菌和革兰氏阴性菌/革兰氏阳性菌(P0.05),降低了土壤微生物的Margalef丰富度指数(P0.05),但均存在地区间差异;RDA和相关分析的结果表明,硝态氮、全氮的含量对植物群落的影响较大,而铵态氮的含量对土壤微生物群落结构的影响较大,除丰富度指数外,植物群落与土壤微生物群落的多样性指数之间存在显著的负相关关系(P0.05)。总之,黄顶菊改变了入侵地植物群落多样性,并且对入侵地土壤理化性质和土壤微生物群落结构产生了显著影响,且存在地区差异。本研究将为更好的理解外来植物的入侵机制及制定相应的防控策略提供理论依据。     

干旱区典型盐生植物群落下土壤微生物群落特征

运用Biolog技术,对干旱区玛纳斯河流域扇缘带的6种典型盐生植物群落下土壤微生物群落特征差异性进行了研究,探讨不同植物群落对土壤微生物群落的影响。结果表明:不同盐生植物群落土壤平均颜色变化率(AWCD)随培养时间的延长而逐渐增加,大小顺序依次为:梭梭花花柴白刺绢蒿柽柳雾冰藜,且差异显著。不同植物群落土壤微生物对6类碳源利用差异显著(P0.05),其中梭梭群落利用率最高,雾冰藜群落利用率最低。碳水化合物类和氨基酸类是主要碳源,胺类的利用率最低。主成分分析(PCA)表明,在31种因子中提取的2个主成分因子,分别可以解释所有变量方差的41.51%和25.35%,对PC1和PC2起分异作用的主要碳源分别为碳水化合物类和氨基酸类。土壤微生物群落Shannon指数、Simpson指数上,除雾冰藜群落较低,其他群落之间均差异不显著(P0.05)。植物群落Margalef指数,Shannon指数和Simpson指数上,均为绢蒿,梭梭和柽柳群落较为优势。相关性分析表明,植物群落多样性指数与土壤微生物多样性指数呈显著正相关关系(P0.05),说明了植物多样性越丰富,土壤微生物越丰富。总体来说,干旱区不同盐生植物群落对土壤微生物群落多样性具有重要影响。其中,梭梭群落的土壤微生物群落具有较强的微生物总体活性和功能多样性。     

枯草芽胞杆菌菌肥对有机冬瓜根区土壤微生态的影响

【背景】微生物肥料已广泛应用于我国有机作物的种植,其对有机种植土壤微生态的影响尚需科学评测。【目的】高通量测序技术可用于精确分析土壤微生物群落,从细菌、真菌群落结构和多样性的角度阐释枯草芽胞杆菌菌肥对有机农田根区土壤微生物群落的影响。【方法】在有机农田轮作种植条件下,施用枯草芽胞杆菌菌肥后提取冬瓜根区土壤基因组DNA,通过PCR扩增建立文库,利用IlluminaMiSeq高通量测序技术,并结合相关生物信息学方法分析土壤细菌16SrRNA基因V3-V4区和真菌ITS1区的多样性指数及群落结构;测定根区土壤化学性质及酶活性,分析有机冬瓜果实品质,并作相关分析。【结果】从6个有机冬瓜根区土壤样本中获得14199个细菌操作分类单元(OTU)和3378个真菌OTU,细菌和真菌文库测序覆盖率分别在98%、99%以上。枯草芽胞杆菌菌肥会在一定程度上提高土壤细菌种群多样性而降低真菌种群多样性,丰富了细菌群落结构,但显著降低了真菌群落丰富度(P0.05);并减少了根区土壤特有细菌和真菌物种。变形菌门、厚壁菌门和放线菌门是优势细菌,子囊菌门是优势真菌;枯草芽胞杆菌菌肥会提高绿弯菌门和子囊菌门的相对丰度,比例分别为46.23%、10.01%;降低变形菌门和担子菌门的相对丰度,比例分别为11.14%、74.72%。枯草芽胞杆菌菌肥显著降低了土壤pH,显著提高了有机冬瓜果实总氨基酸、可溶性固形物等营养成分含量(P0.05)。【结论】施用枯草芽胞杆菌菌肥改变有机冬瓜根区土壤细菌和真菌的丰富度和多样性,降低了土壤pH,提高了有机冬瓜果实品质。     

家畜粪便堆肥对番茄青枯病、土壤酶活性及土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

合理施用堆肥能够有效地改善植物的生长条件和土壤的生态环境,从而提高植物对病害的抗性。通过盆栽实验,研究了家畜堆肥浸渍液及堆肥混土对番茄青枯病的防治效果及其对土壤酶活性和土壤微生物功能多样性的影响。结果表明,家畜堆肥浸渍液及堆肥混土均对番茄青枯病有一定防治效果,以体积分数1∶1、1∶3的浸渍液处理和质量分数10%的堆肥混土处理效果较好,分别降低病情指数69.4%,31.5%和13.0%。而且浸渍液处理效果优于堆肥混土处理,浓度越高抗病效果越明显。堆肥混土处理可提高土壤脲酶活性,对蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性影响不大;1∶1堆肥浸渍液处理能显著提高土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性。基于BIOLOG方法的土壤微生物群落功能研究表明,两种堆肥处理的平均每孔变化率(AWCD)值、Shannon多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数均较对照减小,而对于Alatalo均匀度指数则没有显著影响。不同堆肥处理间微生物碳源利用存在较大差异,堆肥混土处理的主要碳源是糖类和羧酸类物质,而浸渍液处理则是糖类和氨基酸类物质。通过主成分分析得到的堆肥处理聚类结果与各种处理的抗病性强弱分类情况相吻合,且与AWCD值、Shannon多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数的强弱分类也大致吻合。研究表明,施用家畜粪便堆肥主要通过改变土壤微生物群落多样性和土壤酶活性,提高番茄植株的抗病性。     

粉垄耕作对耕地土壤酶活性、微生物群落结构和功能多样性的影响

粉垄耕作是中国的一种新型耕作技术,对耕地质量和作物增产有重要影响。设置传统耕作深度20 cm(CK)、粉垄耕作深度35 cm(FL1)和粉垄耕作深度50 cm(FL2)对玉米耕地进行处理,重点研究了粉垄耕作技术对土壤微生态的影响,并阐明土壤微生物群落组成及功能对粉垄耕作的响应。结果表明,FL1、FL2和CK处理玉米产量分别为8.58、8.38和6.22 t/hm~2,FL1和FL2处理增产率分别为34.7%—37.9%。在0—20、20—40 cm土层中,粉垄耕作两个处理的土壤酶活性、微生物群落多样性和功能多样性均显著高于CK处理。通过结构方程模型发现,粉垄耕作直接提高了土壤酶活性、细菌参与养分循环的功能基团和细菌的群落结构,并通过细菌群落间接影响了真菌群落,增加了真菌参与养分循环的功能基团和真菌群落多样性,使土壤微生物碳源利用的能力和功能多样性指数得到提升,以FL1效果更佳。总之,研究从微生物的角度解释了粉垄耕作对土壤微生态的影响机制,为粉垄耕作提升土壤耕地质量提供了理论依据。     

藏北古露高寒草地生态系统对短期围封的响应

过度放牧导致高寒草地生态系统退化,围封是生态保护和恢复的管理手段。以青藏高原那曲县古露镇过牧退化高寒草地为对象,系统分析了高寒草地生态系统的植被特征及土壤理化特性、土壤酶活性、土壤微生物生物量和群落结构对围封的响应。结果表明,短期围封后,(1)植被平均高度、盖度和地上生物量均有极显著增加(P0.01),而生物多样性指数则显著降低(P0.01);(2)土壤的水溶性有机碳含量、土壤物理结构(沙土与粉土的比例)及pH有显著变化(P0.05);(3)土壤酶活性没有明显改善;(4)土壤微生物生物量(细菌、放线菌、真菌)均呈显著增加(P0.05);(5)土壤中细菌的多样性有增加的趋势,其群落组成在门水平上也发生了变化;(6)Manteltest分析显示与土壤细菌群落结构的呈正相关性的环境因子主要为土壤有机碳含量(TOC)、总氮含量(TN)、碳磷比(C/P)与氮磷比(N/P)(P0.05)。这表明围栏封育有利于藏北草地植被、土壤理化特性的恢复,还能维持土壤微生物多样性,促进高寒草地生态系统的可持续发展。     

AM真菌对黄瓜根围土壤微生物群落功能的影响

在温室土壤灭菌盆栽条件下对黄瓜(Cucumis sativus Linn.,"中农26号")接种丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌Funneliformis mosseae,测定了黄瓜根围土壤微生物功能、微生物数量以及土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性的变化。结果表明AM真菌可以提高土壤的速效养分含量,改善土壤物理性质,提高土壤中磷酸酶、氨肽基酶、多酚氧化酶及过氧化物酶活性;接菌处理后土壤中细菌、真菌数量显著高于不接种处理,而放线菌数量低于不接菌处理;对根围微生物功能多样性指标分析表明接菌处理的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)、Simpson优势度指数以及Mclntosh多样性指数,显著低于不接种对照。对菌根侵染率与土壤微生物等性状间的RDA分析表明AM真菌侵染率与速效P含量(r=0.65,P0.05)、磷酸酶(r=0.74,P0.05)、氨肽基酶(r=0.86,P0.05)、真菌数量(r=0.57,P0.05)呈正相关,与酚酸类碳源(r=-0.55,P0.05)、胺类碳源(r=-0.58,P0.05)、速效N(r=-0.77,P0.05)、β-葡糖苷酶(r=-0.90,P0.05)、β-纤维二糖苷酶(r=-0.63,P0.05)呈负相关。因此接种AM真菌的黄瓜菌根苗种植提高了土壤酶活性,优化了温室黄瓜根围微生物群落结构,显著改善了土壤理化性质。     

西南喀斯特退化天坑负地形倒石坡的土壤微生物分布特征

喀斯特退化天坑倒石坡作为一种负地形坡面,在退化天坑植物避难所的物种多样性保护中发挥着重要作用。研究坡面土壤微生物群落功能多样性,有助于阐明土壤微生物群落生态特征和空间分布规律,探索土壤微生物与植物多样性关联,挖掘退化天坑负地形倒石坡的生物多样性宝库价值。研究以云南沾益天坑群中的退化天坑-巴家陷塘为研究对象,运用Biolog微平板技术,分析坡面环境梯度(坑口﹑上坡位﹑中坡位﹑下坡位以及坑底)的土壤微生物群落功能多样性差异。结果显示,坑底土壤微生物群落的功能多样性指数(Shannon指数﹑Simpson指数﹑McIntosh指数)、碳源利用程度均显著高于坑口。下坡位的土壤微生物群落功能多样性略高于坑底,显著高于中坡位,呈现出下坡位中坡位上坡位的趋势。坡面土壤微生物群落主要利用的碳源为糖类和氨基酸类。2个主成分分别解释所有方差变量的31.9%和28.7%,能区分不同坡位土壤微生物群落的碳源利用。坑内外草本植物α多样性指数差异显著,坑坡木本层植物α多样性指数差异显著(P0.05),其中下坡位木本层植物多样性最高。β多样性指数显示不同坡位的生境具有差异性,但下坡位生境类型最多样。研究发现,喀斯特退化天坑倒石坡的独特负地形和土壤环境孕育了较高的植物多样性和土壤微生物群落功能多样性,二者的空间分布较为一致,未来在退化天坑物种多样性保护中应特别注意倒石坡地下森林资源价值。     

浙江慈溪旱作农田土壤微生物学性状的时空演变特征

测定了浙江慈溪5个不同利用年限旱作农田土壤（50～700 a）的微生物数量、生物量和酶活性,比较分析了农田土壤微生物学质量与利用年限的相关性,并测定了50 a、100 a和700 a 3个旱作土壤的微生物功能多样性.结果发现：农田土壤在旱作初期（<100 a）,除真菌数量（F）略有上升外,细菌数量（B）、B/F值、微生物生物量C、N及过氧化氢酶、转化酶、脲酶活性全部锐减;耕作100 a之后,仅真菌数量随年限延长而显著降低,细菌数量、B/F值、微生物生物量C、N及过氧化氢酶、转化酶、脲酶活性则全部升高;在50～700 a的整个旱作过程中,土壤微生物生物量C/N值始终随年限延长而显著升高.BIOLOG检测结果显示,旱作农田土壤微生物群落的Shannon、Simpson和McIntosh 3种功能多样性指数在利用年限上的变化规律与细菌数量、微生物生物量及酶活性等完全一致.表明浙江慈溪旱作农田土壤微生物群落结构一直随利用年限的延长而变化,且土壤微生物学质量总体在持续利用100 a左右止降回升.     

不同植物对黄顶菊根际土壤微生物和土壤养分的影响

[目的] 不同植物对外来入侵植物的抵御能力不同,研究不同植物对入侵植物根际土壤生态的影响可为筛选入侵植物的竞争替代植物提供科学依据。[方法] 利用同质园试验,以入侵植物黄顶菊为研究对象,设置黄顶菊单种、黄顶菊与不同植物（地肤、苘麻、苏丹草、反枝苋）混种处理,采用磷脂脂肪酸分析方法来研究不同植物对黄顶菊根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响,并结合土壤养分的变化探究不同植物对黄顶菊根际土壤生态的影响。[结果] 与黄顶菊单种相比,地肤和苘麻降低了黄顶菊根际微生物的总含量,改变了黄顶菊根际微生物群落结构。地肤、苘麻能竞争性抑制黄顶菊对铵态氮的吸收,从而抑制黄顶菊的生长。[结论] 不同植物的抵御能力与其土壤生态有关,替代植物通过改变黄顶菊根际土壤微生物,抑制黄顶菊对氮的吸收,从而抑制黄顶菊的生长,实现对黄顶菊的替代控制。     

产胞外多糖菌株的分离鉴定及其功能研究

微生物产生的胞外多糖(exopolysaccharides, EPS)可促进大粒径土壤团聚体形成,高产EPS的菌株在土壤改良、促进作物生长方面具有较好的应用前景。【目的】从土壤样品中筛选高产胞外多糖的细菌,研究其在土壤改良、环境适应性、广谱抗病等方面的功能,为制备土壤改良型功能菌剂提供候选菌株。【方法】采用蒽酮硫酸法测定菌株胞外多糖的产量,通过形态学观察、生理生化试验及16S rRNA基因序列测定确定其分类地位,结合土壤培养试验研究菌株对土壤团聚体形成的影响。【结果】获得3株胞外多糖产量大于500 mg/L的细菌,经鉴定A-5为地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis),XJ-3为萎缩芽孢杆菌(Bacillus atrophaeus),KW3-10为耐盐芽孢杆菌(Bacillus halotolerans)。菌株A-5、XJ-3、KW3-10处理后,土壤大团聚体(>0.25 mm)含量较对照分别提高了4.07、2.14和3.16倍。3株菌株对疮痂链霉菌(Streptomyces scabies)、尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、茄链格孢菌(Alternaria solani)和立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)等多种植物病原菌具有明显的抑制效果,可耐受pH为5-9和NaCl含量1%‒9%的盐碱环境,促进植物生长,其中KW3-10的代谢产物中IAA含量为25.58 mg/L。【结论】菌株A-5、XJ-3、KW3-10可显著促进土壤团粒结构形成,具有较好的广谱抗病性和促生长特性,可作为高效复合功能菌剂的候选菌株。     

Investigations into the exploitation of heterogeneous soils by Lupinus albus L. and L. pilosus Murr. and the effect upon plant growth

In calcareous soils, genotypes of Lupinus albus L. generally grow poorly, resulting in stunted plants that often develop lime-induced chlorosis. In contrast, some genotypes of L. pilosus Murr. occur naturally in calcareous soils without developing any visible symptoms of stress. Some genotypic variation for tolerance to calcareous soil does exist in L. albus and the tolerance mechanisms need to be determined. The adaptation through root system morphological plasticity of L. albus and L. pilosus, to heterogeneous limed soil profiles (pH 7.8) containing either patches of acid (non-limed) soil, or vertically split between acid and limed soil, was investigated. When grown in the presence of patches of acid soil, L. albus had a 52% greater shoot dry weight and visibly greener leaves compared with plants grown in the homogeneous limed soil. Total root dry matter in the acid-soil patches was greater than in the control limed-soil patches. This was due to a four-fold increase in the cluster root mass, accounting for 95% of the root dry matter in the acid-soil patch. Although these cluster roots secreted no more citric acid per unit mass than those in the limed soil did, their greater mass resulted in a higher citrate concentration in the surrounding soil. L. pilosus responded to the patches of acid soil in a manner comparable with L. albus. When grown in the homogeneous limed soil, L. pilosus had a greater maximum net CO₂ assimilation rate (P_max) than L. albus, however, the P_max of both species increased after they had accessed a patch of acid soil. Differences were apparent between the L. albus genotypes grown in soil profiles split vertically into limed and acid soil. A genotype by soil interaction occurred in the partitioning between soils of the cluster roots. The genotype La 674 was comparable with L. pilosus and produced over 11% of its cluster roots in the limed soil, whereas the other genotypes produced only 1–3% of their cluster roots in the limed soil. These results indicate L. pilosus is better adapted to the limed soil than L. albus, but that both species respond to a heterogeneous soil by producing mainly cluster roots in an acid-soil patch. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

微地形对大西沟新疆野杏萌发层土壤因子的影响

野杏是新疆野果林的主要建群种和种质资源树种。野杏在种子萌发成苗期,幼苗的根系主要分布在0—15 cm土层中。为了阐明坡向、坡位、坡度和坡形等微地形因子对野杏种子萌发层土壤特征和养分分布的影响,在新疆伊犁州霍城县大西沟的封育野果林内(44°26′01.09″—44°26′17.12″N,80°46′27.49″—80°47′03.26″E)设置样地,测定0—15 cm土层的土壤砾石、酸碱值、有机质和全氮、全磷、全钾、水解性氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,分析各土壤因子和地形因子的关系。结果表明:(1)东北坡土壤养分含量较高,其土壤砾石含量、酸碱值、有机质、全磷、水解性氮和速效钾含量与东南坡、南坡皆存在显著差异(P0.05),阴坡的土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量都高于阳坡,不同坡向的土壤特征和养分分布存在显著差异(P0.05);(2)不同坡位的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和有效磷含量均表现为中坡位下坡位上坡位,土壤砾石、全钾和速效钾含量均呈现上坡位中坡位下坡位,全钾、全磷和有效磷含量在同坡位分布较均匀,不同坡位的土壤特征和土壤养分分布无显著差异(P0.05);(3)不同坡度下的土壤水解性氮和有效磷含量是缓坡中坡缓中坡陡坡,土壤砾石、酸碱值、全氮、水解性氮、有效磷和速效钾含量有显著差异(P0.05),陡坡土壤有机质、全氮、水解性氮和有效磷含量均低于其他坡度,而土壤砾石、土壤酸碱值和全钾在陡坡土层中含量最高,缓坡与缓中坡的土壤养分含量丰富,陡坡较为贫瘠,坡度对土壤特征和土壤养分分布有显著影响(P0.05);(4)不同坡形下的土壤砾石、全钾、水解性氮、有效磷和速效钾含量是凸形坡凹形坡直线坡,不同坡形下的土壤特征和土壤养分(除全钾和速效钾)均存在显著差异性(P0.05)。野果林地形因子对野杏萌发层土壤特征和土壤养分分布有显著影响,东北坡、中坡位、缓坡和凸形坡土壤养分含量较为丰富,是适宜野杏萌发的地形。研究结果可为探究影响野杏种子萌发和生长的气候与土壤水热等因子奠定良好基础。     

pH buffering in acidic soils developed under Picea abies and Quercus robur – effects of soil organic matter, adsorbed cations and soil solution ionic strength

Soil solution chemistry, soil acidity andcomposition of adsorbed cations were determinedin two soil profiles developed under a mixedspruce (Picea abies and Piceasitchensis) stand and in one soil profiledeveloped under an oak (Quercus robur)stand. Soils under spruce were classified asSpodosols and soils under oak were classifiedas Inceptisols. All profiles were developed inthe same parent material; a Saahlian sandy tillcontaining less than 2% clay. In the mineralsoil, the contribution from mineral surfaces tothe total cation-exchange capacity (CEC_t)was estimated to be less than 3%. Soilsolution pH and the percent base saturation ofCEC_t [%BS = 100 (2Ca + 2Mg + Na + K)CEC_t ^–1] were substantially lower inthe upper 35–40 cm of the two Spodosols, ascompared to the Inceptisol. The total amount ofsoil adsorbed base cations (BC) did not differamong the three profiles on an area basis downto 1 m soil depth. Thus, soil acidification ofCEC_t due to net losses of BC could notexplain differences in soil pH and %BS amongthe soil profiles. A weak acid analogue, takingthe pH-effect of metal complexation intoconsideration, combined with soil solutionionic strength as a covariate, could describeboth the pH variation by depth within soilprofiles and pH differences between theInceptisol and the two Spodosol profiles. Ourresults confirm and extend earlier findingsfrom O and E horizons of Spodosols that theextent to which organic acid groups react withAl minerals to form Al-SOM complexes is a majorpH-buffering process in acidic forest soils. Wesuggest that an increasing Al-saturation of SOMis the major reason for the widely observed pHincrease by depth in acidic forest soils with apH less than approximately 4.5. Our resultsstrongly imply that changes in mass of SOM, theionic strength in soil solution and therelative composition of soil adsorbed Al and Hneed to be considered when the causality behindchanges in pH and base saturation isinvestigated.     

模拟降水减少对中亚热带杉木人工林土壤甲烷吸收的影响

森林土壤是大气中甲烷重要的汇,降水变化是影响森林土壤甲烷吸收速率(V_(CH_4))的重要因子。以中亚热带地区不同降水减少程度的杉木林土壤为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法来测定不同模拟降水减少处理样地的土壤甲烷吸收速率。结果表明:模拟降水减少后显著改变了土壤中的含水量,降水减少60%、降水减少20%和对照样地的年均土壤含水量分别为18.87%、23.89%和28.33%。杉木人工林土壤甲烷吸收速率在月变化上存在较大幅度的波动,其中土壤甲烷吸收速率在8月份达到一年中的最大值(对照75μg m~(-2) h~(-1)),2月份达到一年中的最小值(对照10.93μg m~(-2) h~(-1))。3种处理样地的土壤全年均为甲烷汇,与对照样地的甲烷年通量(2.48 kg hm~(-2) a~(-1))相比,降水减少60%和20%样地的甲烷年通量分别增加44%和19%。在对照样地中,土壤甲烷吸收速率与土壤含水量呈现负相关(P=0.001),与温度相关性不显著(P0.05);而模拟降水减少后,土壤甲烷吸收速率与土壤温度呈正相关关系(P=0.006和P=0.034),与土壤含水量相关性不显著(P0.05)。总之,模拟降水减少后不仅提高了杉木人工林土壤甲烷吸收的能力,同时也可能改变影响土壤甲烷吸收的环境因子;在模拟降水减少前土壤甲烷吸收速率与土壤水分相关性更为密切,而模拟降水减少后土壤甲烷吸收速率可能主要受土壤温度的影响。     

高原鼢鼠干扰下高寒草甸大型土壤动物多样性对环境因子的响应

为研究高寒草甸大型土壤动物群落组成和分布对环境因子的响应,选取祁连山东段的甘肃省天祝县高原鼢鼠典型分布区域,以鼠丘密度代表干扰强度设置4个干扰区。调查各干扰区植被群落特征、土壤理化性质、大型土壤动物类群组成及其数量,采用约束性排序方法分析环境因子对大型土壤动物类群组成和分布的影响。结果表明：高原鼢鼠干扰下高寒草甸大型土壤动物优势类群为瓦娄蜗牛科、象甲科和短角亚目幼虫;极重度干扰区大型土壤动物类群的丰度、丰富度、Shannon指数显著高于重度干扰区（P<0.05）;多元回归分析表明大型土壤动物类群丰度、丰富度和Shannon指数与土壤温度呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,丰富度与土壤含水量呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,丰度与土壤紧实度呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,丰富度和Shannon指数与植物Shannon指数呈显著负相关（P<0.05）;冗余分析和偏冗余分析表明,土壤温度、紧实度和含水量是影响高寒草甸大型土壤动物类群组成和分布的主要环境因子。     

南亚热带马尾松人工林土壤氮矿化对减雨的响应

为预测降水变化对人工林生态系统土壤氮矿化过程的影响,以南亚热带马尾松（Pinus massoniana Lamb.）人工林为研究对象,采用PVC顶盖埋管法,研究穿透雨减少50%和不减雨（对照）下土壤氮矿化特征。铵态氮是南亚热带马尾松人工林无机氮存在的主要形态,土壤氮矿化以氨化作用为主。穿透雨减少显著降低了土壤净硝化速率、土壤含水量、pH、可溶性有机碳含量、过氧化物酶及丛枝菌根真菌饱和脂肪酸,而显著增加了土壤净氨化速率、硝态氮、N-乙酰-葡萄糖苷酶和蛋白酶,但是影响程度因季节和土层而异。土壤净氨化速率与N-乙酰-葡萄糖苷酶呈极显著负相关,土壤含水量是对土壤净硝化速率影响力最大的变量,β-葡萄糖苷酶、真菌饱和脂肪酸及细菌真菌饱和脂肪酸比的影响次之。表明短期降水减少显著改变了马尾松人工林的土壤理化性质、净氨化和硝化速率,这可能会进一步影响其树木生长和养分吸收。     

Soil acidity in relation to groundnut-Bradyrhizobium symbiotic performance

Effects of soil acidity on groundnut-Bradyrhizobium symbiotic performance were studied in a potted, sandy soil in a glasshouse in Zimbabwe. The soil was limed to soil-pH levels of 5.0 and 6.5. Soil acidity negatively affected plant development, measured as leaf area and plant dry weight, while nodulation was enhanced. This acidity-enhanced nodulation was most evident when nodulation was caused by the indigenousBradyrhizobium population. Effects of soil acidity differed between groundnut cultivars andBradyrhizobium spp. strains, the former having greater importance. TwoArachis hypogaea L. Spanish-type cultivars, Falcon and Plover, performed equally well at neutral soil pH, but Falcon was more acid tolerant. Comparison of the symbiotic performance in neutral versus acid soil of twoBradyrhizobium spp. strains, MAR 411 (3G4b20) and MAR 1510 (CB 756), showed that MAR 411 performed superiorly in neutral soil, but MAR 1510 in acid soil. The indigenousBradyrhizobium population was more effective than was inoculation with strains MAR 411 or MAR 1510. Comparison of twelveBradyrhizobium spp. strains for their symbiotic performance in acid soil showed that some strains were totally ineffective under acidity stress (MAR 253, MAR 967 and MAR 1506), while others performed well.Bradyrhizobium spp. strain MAR 1576 (32 H1) ranked highest for nitrogen accumulation, plant dry weight and leaf area, with strains MAR 1555 (TAL 11) and MAR 1510 following closely. Nitrate fertilisation of groundnut plants led to soil alkalinisation, while nitrogen fixation resulted in soil acidification. Soil acidity in combination with soil sterilisation gave rise to symptoms associated with Al and Mn toxicity.     

Soil boron and selenium removal by three plant species

High concentrations of boron (B) and selenium (Se) naturally found in the environment are detrimental to sustainable agriculture in the western USA. Greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to study B and Se uptake in three different plant species; Brassica juncea (L.) Czern (wild brown mustard), Festuca arundinacea Schreb. L. (tall fescue), and Brassica napus (canola) were grown in soil containing naturally occurring concentrations of 3.00 mg extractable B kg^–1 and 1.17 mg total Se kg^–1 soil. During the growing season, four intermediate harvests were performed on wild mustard and tall fescue. Final harvest I consisted of harvesting wild mustard, canola, and clipping tall fescue. Final harvest II consisted of harvesting wild mustard, which had been planted in soil in which wild mustard was previously grown, and harvesting previously clipped tall fescue. The greatest total amount of above ground biomass and below surface biomass was produced by tall fescue. Plants were separated into shoots and roots, weighted, and plant tissues were analyzed for total B and Se. The highest concentrations of tissue B were recovered in shoots of wild mustard and canola at final harvest I, while roots from tall fescue contained the highest concentrations of B irrespective of the harvest. Tissue Se concentrations were similar in all plants species. Soils were analyzed for residual B and Se. Extractable soil B concentrations at harvest times were lowered no less than 32% and total Se no less than 24% for all three species. The planting of wild mustard, canola, or tall fescue can reduce water-extractable B and total Se in the soil.