华北农牧交错带农田-草地界面土壤水分影响域分析

在华北农牧交错区,选择线状边界的农田与草地典型区进行调查与土壤水分测定,采用移动窗口法,对农田-草地景观界面表层（0～20 cm）土壤水分影响域进行研究.结果表明：界面水分的影响域为草地6 m到农田4 m,总宽度10 m,属急变型界面;将农田-草地景观界面划分为3个功能区：农田功能区、草地功能区和农田-草地复合功能区.其中农田-草地复合功能区的土壤含水量变化剧烈,而草地功能区与农田功能区内土壤水分基本呈线性分布;草地生态系统土壤平均含水量比农田高约1 g·g^-1,这主要是由于草地开垦为农田后风蚀等作用而引起的土壤毛管持水力下降所致.作为植被覆盖不同的两个生态系统,不同的植物蒸腾和地表蒸发,可使不同功能区的土壤含水量产生明显差异,从而使土壤水势发生变化,使水分跨生态系统运移成为可能.     

北方农牧交错带沽源农田-草地界面土壤水热空间特征

农田-草地景观界面是我国北方农牧交错带景观组成部分,研究该界面生态特征的格局和过程是完善北方农牧交错带研究的热点领域.首次采用地统计学方法中的半变异函数、克里格插值估计、空间分布图等方法研究北方农牧交错带河北沽源地区的农田-草地界面(CGB)土壤水热的空间异质性和界面空间效应.结果表明:根据不同尺度下的土壤水热空间异质性各参数的变化趋势确定较为合理的采样粒度为 0.5m×0.5m;农田-草地界面0～20cm土层土壤含水量为中等变异,土壤温度为弱变异,不同采样粒度空间结构特征定量研究得到土壤水分变程范围(A_0)为2.93～15.4m,且为中到强度的异质性程度(MSH),土壤温度变程为3.75～20.99m,表现为强空间异质性;验证在农田-草地边界向两侧的一定范围内土壤水热存在过渡型界面效应,且具不同的生态梯度.该研究结果是认识农田-草地界面和进一步开展该界面功能研究的基础,对深入研究北方农牧交错带农田-草地界面非生物水热界面具有重要意义.     

华北农牧交错带农田-草地界面土壤水分的空间特征

利用经典统计与地统计学方法,对华北农牧交错带农田-草地界面不同采样粒度（1 m×1 m、2 m×2 m）0～50 cm土层土壤水分的空间异质性进行了分析.结果表明：研究区农田、草地、农田-草地界面土壤水分均属中等变异,草地土壤水分的变异系数较农田大;土壤水分的变异系数随土层深度的增加而逐渐增大,且1 m×1 m采样粒度下农田-草地界面土壤水分变异系数与土壤深度呈显著相关(P＜0.05);1 m×1 m采样粒度下,农田-草地界面各土层土壤水分的空间异质性明显高于邻近的农田和草地,表现为中度到强度的空间自相关性,变程在7.65～30.99 m,且具斑块分布格局;2 m×2 m采样粒度下,农田-草地界面各土层土壤水分的空间结构既有中到强度的空间自相关性,又有完全随机化的纯块金效应,变程在4.16～18.86 m;在农田-草地边界存在土壤水分的界面效应.     

华北农牧交错带农田-草地景观镶嵌体土壤水分空间异质性

为揭示草地景观破碎化过程中产生的农田-草地镶嵌体内部土壤水分空间异质性、分布格局以及生态界面特征,本研究利用经典统计与地统计学方法对华北农牧交错带农田-草地镶嵌体不同采样粒度(0.5 m×0.5 m,1 m×1 m,2 m×2 m)土壤水分空间异质性进行分析。结果表明:农田-草地镶嵌体内部土壤水分含量差异显著表现为农田>农田-草地边界>草地 (P < 0.05);土壤水分变异系数(CV Coefficent of variation)差异显著表现为农田-草地边界>草地>农田(P < 0.05),均属中等程度变异。在农田-草地镶嵌体尺度下,农田-草地边界土壤水分在3个采样粒度下均拟合为球状模型,空间异质性大小(MSH Magnitude of spatial heterogeneity)分别为0.814、0.763和0.883,变程为15.44、27.24和19.09 m,属强空间自相关;草地土壤水分空间异质性在3个采样粒度下拟合呈指数和球状模型,空间异质性大小分别为0.537、0.837和0.650,变程分别为6.009、12.74和30.99 m,属中到强空间自相关;农田土壤水分在采样粒度2 m×2 m下拟合成球状模型,空间异质性大小为0.706,变程27.28m,属中等空间自相关,而在较小采样粒度下均为纯金块效应(Nugget)呈完全随机分布,即不同采样粒度(0.5 m×0.5 m,1 m×1 m,2 m×2 m)的农田、农田-草地边界、草地的土壤水分空间异质性大小存在显著差异且表现为农田-草地边界>草地>农田(P < 0.05),同时每种类型不同采样粒度间的空间异质性大小存在差异但无线性关系(P > 0.05);农田-草地镶嵌体内部的农田-草地边界土壤水分分布格局异质程度高,呈明显斑块状,而农田内部土壤水分较草地更加破碎匀质化,同时土壤水分在农田-草地边界处表现为伴有突然升高随即降低剧烈变化的界面效应。     

青藏高原芨芨草型温性草原不同土地利用方式的理论碳增汇潜力比较

于2009年7~8月对青藏高原芨芨草(Achnatherumsplendens)型温性草原主要分布区的4种土地利用类型──原生草地、退化草地、农田耕种和退耕还草区的土壤容重、土壤有机碳含量和植物地上、地下生物量进行对比研究,以探讨土地利用方式对青藏高原草地生态系统碳储垂向分布的影响.结果表明,土地利用方式显著影响着浅层(0~20 cm)土壤容重和地下生物量(P<0.05);农田耕种和退耕还草对土壤有机碳含量的影响程度可深达60cm;农田耕种区和退耕还草区的地上生物量极显著高于原生草地区和退化草地区(P<0.01);原生草地、退化草地、农田耕种区和退耕还草区的系统(植物+0~40 cm土壤)碳储分别为122.84、108.82、130.68和108.99 t?hm-2;以原生草地区地下系统碳储为参照,退化草地、农田耕种区和退耕还草区的增汇潜力分别为14.05、-6.38和14.88 t?hm-2,但增汇的时间效益和经济效益区别较大.     

火烧和放牧影响下羊草草地微气候的比较研究

对羊草草地火烧、未火烧、过度放牧和禁牧区植物群落温度、土壤温度、土壤湿度、大气温度、相对湿度进行了测定．结果表明,白天火烧区群落温度比未火烧区低２．５～５℃,而夜晚则高于未火烧区０．１～１℃．白天火烧区土壤温度比未火烧区高５～７,５℃,夜晚为１～２．５℃．过牧区群落温度与禁牧区差异不显著,但过牧区土壤温度基本高于禁牧区,土壤湿度小于禁牧区．同一区中,白天群落温度变化为低处大于高处,夜晚则相反,而白天土壤温度为表层大于深层,夜晚则基本为深层大于表层．     

黄土丘陵区林草景观界面雨后土壤水分空间变异规律

对黄土丘陵区刺槐林-草地景观界面上雨后土壤表层(0～10 cm)和亚表层(10～20 cm)水分的空间变异规律进行了研究.经典统计学分析表明,草地两层的土壤含水量分别高于林地;林草界面两层的土壤含水量均为弱变异程度,并具有明显的生态梯度.移动窗口法分析表明,林草界面对土壤表层和亚表层的水分影响范围为边界两侧4 m、3 m,影响域分别为8 m、6m.地统计学分析表明,草地两层土壤含水量空间分布均表现为纯块金效应,林地两层均可拟合成线性模型,而林草界面两层均可拟合成球状模型;林草界面土壤表层、亚表层水分空间依赖性和空间自相关较强,其空间结构异质性明显高于林地和草地.克立格制图描述的林草界面土壤水分的空间分布格局为从边界处向两侧的一定距离范围内,土壤含水量呈条带状分布,而在较远的距离,水分的空间分布呈现出几个明显的斑块状.     

基于NDVI绿洲-荒漠过渡带宽度识别——以河西走廊中部荒漠绿洲为例

绿洲-荒漠过渡带是荒漠与绿洲之间的生态缓冲区,在维持绿洲能量流动、物质循环和景观稳定方面具有重要作用。过渡带宽度和属性直接影响到了其在整个绿洲系统中的功能发挥。以河西走廊中部张掖绿洲的Landsat(OLI)NDVI(归一化植被指数,Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)数据为基础,结合野外调查将过渡带类型划分为绿洲与石质裸山、砾质荒漠、沙质荒漠和人工固沙区4类。采用缓冲分析、分段线性趋势分析和尺度分别为30 m、90 m、210 m、330 m焦点分析等方法研究了不同类型过渡带宽度和尺度依赖特征。结果表明,在不同尺度上绿洲外缘NDVI变化存在二种线性回归趋势,趋势线交点至绿洲边界距离可确定为过渡带宽度。不同尺度分析表明,绿洲-石质裸山过渡带宽度为165—220 m,在其内NDVI线性变化趋势显著(P0.05)。绿洲-砾质荒漠过渡带宽度保持在330 m,在其内NDVI变化趋势极显著(P0.001)。绿洲-沙质荒漠过渡带宽度变化在230—290 m,NDVI变化趋势也为极显著(P0.001)。绿洲-人工固沙区过渡带宽度变化在570—580 m,与其它类型不同地是在过渡带内存在二种变化趋势,在210—240 m范围内变化趋势极显著(P0.001),超出此范围线性回归趋势不显著(P0.05)。     

岷江上游森林景观边界效应

应用地理信息系统和遥感技术对岷江上游森林景观在景观尺度上的边界效应进行了分析.结果表明:人工形成的林-农边界较清晰、其植被过渡明显,林地边缘的生物量低于林地内部,影响域为60m,农田边缘的生物量高于农田内部,边界效应范围为60～90m;自然形成的林-草边界过渡缓和,林地边缘的生物量低于林地内部,而草地边缘的生物量高于草地内部,边界效应对林地的影响范围为60m、对草地的影响范围为45～75m;林-灌边界的边界效应类似林-草边界,对林地影响域为60m,对灌木林地的影响域在45～75m之间.     

黄河中下游典型河岸缓冲带植被格局时空动态

河岸缓冲带的植被结构特征是维持其多种生态服务发挥的重要因素。本研究以黄河中下游由丘陵向平原过渡区域的典型河岸缓冲带为研究对象,基于2003、2009和2015年Google Earth高分辨率遥感影像,通过景观格局分析、缓冲分析和回归分析,探讨研究区植被景观格局的时空动态及其驱动因子。结果表明,农田为黄河中下游典型河岸缓冲带景观基质,林地和草地呈逐年增加趋势,受黄河游荡和农业开垦种植与弃耕影响,水体和河漫滩相互转化频繁,农田与其他景观类型转化频率较高,林地的主要转化方向为草地、居民区和农田,草地的主要转化方向为农田和林地,不同时段植被变化的空间分布差异明显。研究区植被景观连通性较高,景观破碎化程度呈逐年增加趋势,景观斑块形状整体趋于复杂化,但不同植被类型存在差异,其中林地斑块的几何形状逐渐复杂,而草地斑块的几何形状逐渐规则,林地的空间连通性高于草地。草地和林地斑块沿居民区、河岸、沟渠、坑塘和道路缓冲具有明显的梯度分布特征,两者在2003—2015年的变化率受河岸和道路缓冲驱动较小,受居民区缓冲驱动显著,而对沟渠和坑塘的响应则存在差异,其中草地变化受沟渠驱动显著,林地变化受坑塘驱动显著。     

A Note on Maritime Delimitation in a Multizonal Context: The Case of the Mediterranean

This article points out some of the issues that may arise during the delimitation of maritime boundary in a sea area where coastal states have proclaimed various maritime zones. Issues considered include delimitation in the presence of overlapping or coincident zones, the role of existing boundaries, use of all-purpose maritime boundaries, and the delimitation of future zones. Special reference is made to the Mediterranean Sea where coastal states have advanced various claims consisting of zones sometimes different from the ones provided for in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.     

Bioturbational disturbance of the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K-Pg) boundary layer: Implications for the interpretation of the K-Pg boundary impact event

Detailed field observations across and along the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K-Pg) boundary interval in the Caravaca section, SE Spain, together with laboratory analyses reveal a well-developed lowermost Danian dark-colored trace fossil assemblage. The trace fossils range continuously from the bioturbated horizons in the dark boundary layer (lowermost Danian), to the uppermost Maastrichtian sediments. The rusty boundary layer at the base of the dark boundary layer, usually related to the K-Pg boundary impact, is traditionally considered as undisturbed. However, ichnological analysis at the Caravaca section shows that this rusty boundary layer is cross-cut vertically by Zoophycos and Chondrites, but also penetrated laterally by Chondrites, revealing an important colonization of the substrate. Stereomicroscope analysis shows sharp burrow margins of dark-colored Chondrites directly against the surrounding red sediment of the rusty layer. Colonization of unfavorable substrates by Zoophycos and Chondrites tracemakers, as that represented by the rusty boundary layer, was possible because of constructing of open, probably of actively ventilated burrows that facilitate colonization of sediments poor in oxygen and food. Significant bioturbational disturbance of the rusty layer can cause vertical and horizontal redistribution of the components related to the K-Pg boundary impact and, in consequence, to induce erroneous interpretations. A detailed ichnological analysis of the K-Pg boundary interval, with special attention to the rusty layer, reveals an essential tool to avoid misinterpretations.     

气孔表面上边界层阻力的进一步计算

把气孔截面看作椭圆面,把每个气孔表面上的边界层区域看作棱柱形区域,在该区域内建立一个三维气体扩散模型。通过应用计算机对模型中的气体扩散方程进行迭代计算,获得比以往更为精确的计算气孔表面上边界层阻力的公式。而该公式与Brown和Escombe的以及Cooke的公式比较,发现在气孔开度变化相当大的范围内,用后面两公式计算气孔外端效应阻力引起的相对误差为10～20％左右。     

The Near-bottom Layer as an Ecological Boundary in Marine Ecosystems: Diversity, Taxonomic Composition and Community Definitions

The near-bottom layer of the ocean represents a boundary between two oceanic biotopes (pelagial and benthal), and as a result, the animal populations living in this habitat belong to various diverse ecological groups. There is a profusion of terms to designate the organisms which live near the sea bottom, both in relation to their behaviour and to boundary-layer hydrodynamics. Do the fauna living above the sea bottom form a true community? Should the fauna in this habitat be considered as a true community or a mixed assemblage comprised of benthic and pelagic organisms? Between 1988 and 1996, more than 500 suprabenthic hauls were taken with a modified Macer-GIROQ sledge at 15 sites in the English Channel and the Seine Estuary (5–70 m), at 13 sites on the southern edge of the Cap Ferret Canyon (Bay of Biscay, 350–1100 m), and at 8 sites on the Atlantic seamounts south of the Azores (260–2235 m). This intensive sampling permitted the collection of more than several hundred species and will serve to facilitate discussion concerning the biodiversity of the fauna collected near the sea bottom. This paper proposes that in the estuary, the near-bottom layer is colonized by a mixed assemblage of both pelagic and benthic organisms, while in the coastal and in the bathyal zones, the response to the gradual extinction of light and the decreasing benthic resuspension at near-bottom depths leads to an ecocline.     

The Ordovician-Silurian boundary stratotype: consequences of its approval by the IUGS

Lespérance, Pierre J., Barnes, Christopher R., Berry, William B. N., Boucot, Arthur J. & Mu En-zhi 1987 07 15: The Ordovician-Silurian boundary stratotype: consequences of its approval by the IUGS.
The Ordovician-Silurian stratotype at Dob's Linn, Scotland is the second systemic boundary approved by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). A review of the internationally accepted criteria required of a stratotype shows that few of these are possessed by the Dob's Linn section. The strongest attribute of the section is the presence of zonal graptolites, although the boundary is recognized primarily on a single biological event (base of acuminatus Zone) for which the evolutionary relationships of the taxa are not established. In approving this boundary proposal in 1985, which received only simple majority support within the Ordovician-Silurian Boundary Working Group (OSBWG) and which fails to meet most of the accepted prerequisites for a stratotype, the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) and the IUGS have established an unfortunate precedent. It follows that future systemic boundaries need not meet the accepted standards. It raises serious questions on the assessment and voting procedures of the International Commission on Stratigraphy and on the credence accorded the recommendations developed by the International Subcommission on Stratigraphic Classification of IUGS.     

基于景观可达性的广州市林地边界动态分析

林地边界是景观边界中一种特殊类型,受综合因素的影响而呈现动态变化,其发生位移的位置和方向能清晰地反映出该地段的土地利用过程和强度。通过对广州市1985年、1995年和2007年的土地利用数据进行分析,基于市内主要公路的分布进行景观可达性分区,提取林地边界并根据边界性质进行分类分析,着重研究了林地边界的动态变化特征。结果表明,研究时段内广州市林地面积相对稳定,而林地斑块数量和林地边界总长度持续增加,林地呈现出边界复杂化和景观破碎化的趋势。广州市林地的邻接景观以耕地为绝对优势的局面因建设用地和水域的增加而打破,表现为林地与耕地邻接边界长度迅速减少,而林地与水域、林地与建设用地邻接边界显著增加。从1985年到2007年,林地与耕地邻接边界的减少速度随着与主要公路距离的增加而变缓;林地与建设用地邻接边界增速最快的区域逐渐远离主要公路;林地与水域邻接边界更多分布于主要公路1km以外的区域,且随着时间推移逐渐靠近主干道路。     

Influence of boundary conditions on computed apparent elastic properties of cancellous bone

High-resolution finite element models of trabecular bone can be used to study trabecular structure–function relationships, elasticity, multiaxial strength, and tissue remodelling in more detail than experiments. Beside effects of the model size, scan/analysis resolution, segmentation process, etc., the type of the applied boundary conditions (BCs) have a strong influence on the predicted elastic properties. Appropriate BCs have to be applied on hexahedral digital finite element models in order to obtain effective elastic properties. Homogeneous displacement BCs as proposed by Van Rietbergen et al. (J Biomech 29(12):1653–1657, 1996) lead to “apparent” rather than to “effective” elastic properties. This study provides some answers concerning such differences by comparing various BC types (uniform displacement, mixed BCs, periodic BCs), different volume element definitions (original and mirrored models), and several bone volume fractions (BVTV ranging from 6.5 to 37.6%). First, the mixed BCs formulated by Hazanov (Arch Appl Mech 68(6):385–394, 1998) are theoretically extended to shear loading of a porous media. Second, six human bone samples are analyzed, their orthotropic Young’s moduli, shear moduli, and Poisson’s ratios computed and compared. It is found that the proposed mixed BCs give exactly the same effective elastic properties as periodic BCs if a periodic and orthotropic micro-structured material is used and thus denoted as “periodicity compatible” mixed uniform BCs (PMUBCs). As bone samples were shown to be nearly orthotropic for volume element side lengths ≥5 mm the proposed mixed BCs turn out to be the best choice because they give again essentially the same overall elastic properties as periodic BCs. For bone samples of smaller dimensions ( < 5 mm) with a strong anisotropy (beyond orthotropy) uniform displacement BCs remain applicable but they can significantly overestimate the effective stiffness. In Memoriam, Prof. Christian Huet.     

景观边界研究概况

景观边界指在特定时空尺度下 ,相对均质的景观之间所存在的异质景观[6 9] 。过去 ,生态学家的注意力往往集中在景观边界两侧的同质区域来研究生态系统的结构和过程 ,忽视生态系统间的异质区域 ,它们在地图上往往被忽视或缩成一条线。但是 ,景观边界是一个客观存在的空间实体 ,有自己特定的结构和功能。由于景观边界包含有不同类型和不同尺度上的均质景观和异质景观 ,因而它具有等级结构[13] ,同时景观边界都有长度和宽度 ,在此范围内 ,相邻景观单元的小斑块交叉出现 ,因此景观边界是相邻景观单元相互转化的发生区。从景观的演替过程可以看出…