西藏东部高寒草甸苔藓植物群落数量分类与排序

为探讨高寒草甸苔藓植物群落分布格局及其与环境因子之间的关系,按网格法在西藏东部的林芝市和昌都市设置了28个高寒草甸样地,采用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)、除趋势对应分析(DCA)和典范对应分析(CCA)的方法对群落进行数量分类和排序。结果显示,共记录有苔藓植物19科30属60种,均为藓类植物;其中,丛藓科和真藓科的物种数占总种数的55%。群落优势种为北地对齿藓(Didymodon fallax)、垂枝藓(Rhytidium rugosum)、山羽藓(Abietinella abietina)、厚角绢藓(Entodon concinnus)、尖叶对齿藓芒尖变种(Didymodon constrictus var.flexicuspis)和短叶对齿藓(Didymodon tectorus)。根据TWINSPAN分析结果可将西藏东部高寒草甸苔藓植物群落划分为9个群丛,分别为沙氏真藓(Bryum sauteri)群丛、细枝羽藓(Thuidium delicatulum)+狭网真藓(Bryum algovicum)+羽枝青藓(Brachythecium plumosum)群丛、尖叶对齿藓芒...     

紫金山国家森林公园苔藓植物多样性及其与环境关系研究

为深入了解紫金山国家森林公园苔藓植物资源,对南京紫金山展开苔藓植物野外调查,应用典范对应分析(CCA)研究苔藓植物分布与环境间关系。结果表明,调查中共记录苔藓植物23科37属65种,青藓科(Brachytheciaceae)、丛藓科(Pottiaceae)、羽藓科(Thuidiaceae)和绢藓科(Entodontaceae)为优势科(≥6种),绢藓属(Entodon)、青藓属(Brachythecium)、匐灯藓属(Plagiomnium)和真藓属(Bryum)为优势属(≥4种);苔藓植物生境以土生为主,树生较少;苔藓植物生活型以交织型和丛集型为主,占比分别达46.15%和35.38%;苔藓植物区系以温带和东亚成分为主,区系成分呈现明显过渡性;CCA排序结果表明,湿度、坡向和海拔是影响该区域苔藓植物分布的主要环境因子。     

不同生境对藏东南地面生苔藓多样性和生物量的影响

为解析苔藓在藏东南森林生态系统中的重要生态作用, 以及森林干扰对林内地面生苔藓的影响, 该研究以藏东南色季拉山地面生苔藓植物为调查对象, 选取林分、坡向、坡度和地势组成等相似的7块100 m × 100 m的样地, 每块样地以林窗为中心, 在其东、南、西、北4个方向选取林窗、林缘和林下3种不同生境设置50 cm × 50 cm的样方, 每块样地共12个样方, 共计168个样方。通过对每个样方进行苔藓植物调查采集, 研究了西藏色季拉山苔藓多样性和不同生境条件下地面生苔藓单位面积生物量特征。主要结果: (1)研究区共有苔藓植物24科63属110种。其中, 优势科有8个, 分别是丛藓科、曲尾藓科、金发藓科、提灯藓科、真藓科、紫萼藓科、青藓科和灰藓科。苔藓各科分布规律明显, 曲尾藓科和真藓科广泛分布于各个海拔, 金发藓科、真藓科和提灯藓科分布在海拔3 700-4 300 m, 而丛藓科多分布在4 300 m以上。(2)林窗生境较林缘和林下复杂, 它干扰了苔藓物种组成和群落结构, 其苔藓种类最多、结构最复杂, 而林下的苔藓种类最少, 群落结构最简单。林窗地面生苔藓生物量最高, 其次为林缘, 林下苔藓生物量最低。(3)地面生苔藓生物量大小不仅受其物种组成、盖度、体形和群落结构的影响, 而且是众多因子共同作用的结果, 而非某一因子起主导作用。     

浙江西天目山30年来苔藓物种多样性变化

苔藓物种多样性变化对苔藓植物保护和森林生态系统健康起着重要的预警作用.基于1977-1980年和2010-2011年对西天目山国家自然保护区苔藓植物的两次详细调查,本文比较了该地区1977-2011年间苔藓植物物种多样性的变化.结果表明:(1)在过去的30年间,该地区苔藓植物的科、属、种数均呈下降趋势,苔类植物的属、种数减少尤为显著;(2)青藓科、曲尾藓科、灰藓科和丛藓科一直为该地区的优势科;(3)科的稳定性均高于属、种;(4)缓冲区的总物种数变化最大,新增物种数最多;核心区(进山门-老殿)苔藓植物种类始终最为丰富,两个时期的物种相似性最高,且苔类占新增物种数百分比最高;核心区(老殿-仙人顶)苔藓物种数最少,相似性最低;(5)核心区的物种多样性要高于缓冲区,是该地区保护苔藓植物多样性的关键区域.     

3种苔藓植物对模拟大气氮沉降的生理响应

苔藓植物是地表生态系统的重要组分，研究苔藓植物对氮沉降的生理响应可以在机理机制上探讨如何科学合理利用苔藓指示大气氮沉降。以西北地区3种苔藓植物——齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)，真藓(Bryum argenteum)和尖叶匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum)为研究对象，设置0、2、4、6 g·m^-2 4个不同氮素处理梯度(分别计为N₀、N₂、N₄、N₆)，研究氮素增加对不同苔藓植物叶绿素、渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明(：1)4个氮素处理水平均能促进尖叶匐灯藓的叶绿素a和叶绿素b合成，尤以N₄处理的促进作用最佳，而N₂处理对齿肋赤藓和真藓的叶绿素a和叶绿素b具有明显的抑制作用(对齿肋赤藓的抑制作用更强)。(2)苔藓体内可以产生脯氨酸(Pro)，可溶性糖(SS)和可溶性蛋白(SP)来调节细胞渗透平衡。不同氮素处理均促进了真藓和尖叶匐灯藓Pro,SS和SP的含量，但N₂     

不同海拔短肋羽藓叶绿素含量与光合效率研究

以云南高黎贡山百花岭不同海拔梯度(1500～3100 m)的短肋羽藓(Thuidium kanedae)为材料,通过测定其叶绿素含量和实际光合量子产量,研究其光合特性随海拔梯度变化的规律。结果表明,短肋羽藓的实际光合量子产量Y(Ⅱ)与叶绿素总量、叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量及叶绿素a/b比值之间都呈负相关关系。随着海拔升高,其叶绿素总含量、叶绿素a及叶绿素b含量都呈先升高而后下降的“单峰”分布模式,但随着海拔进一步升高,叶绿素总含量及叶绿素a含量变化不明显,而叶绿素b含量呈现明显上升趋势。叶绿素a/b比值随着海拔升高先呈现“单峰”分布模式,然后随着海拔继续升高呈现缓慢下降的趋势。实际光合量子产量Y(Ⅱ)整体表现出随海拔升高而增加的趋势,并在高海拔处出现急剧上升的趋势。本研究为揭示苔藓植物在不同海拔梯度下适应生态环境的生理机制提供参考。     

内蒙古准格尔黄土丘陵区不同植被类型地面生苔藓植物物种多样性研究

在野外样方调查的基础上研究了准格尔黄土丘陵沟壑区9种不同植被类型地面生苔藓植物物种多样性及其与环境因子之间的相关性:(1)共发现苔藓植物8科18属35种,以丛藓科(Pottiaceae)和真藓科(Bryaceae)为优势科,优势种有真藓(Bryum argenteu)、双色真藓(Bryum bicolor)、土生对齿藓(Didymodon vinealis)、褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum)、灰藓凹叶变种(Hypnum cupressiforme var.lacunosum)等10种;(2)Alpha多样性指数中,Patrick丰富度指数在4~21种,Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson多样性指数分别在1.078 0~2.153 3和0.588 9~0.826 3,天然植被变化规律为杜松林(Juniperus rigida forest)茭蒿群落(Artemisia giraldii shrub)山桃林(Prunu davidiana forest)锦鸡儿群落(Caragana intermedia shrub)本氏针茅群落(Stipa bungeana steppe)百里香群落(Thymus serpyllum steppe),而人工杨树林(Populus simonii forest)、侧柏林(Platycladus orientalis forest)与锦鸡儿灌丛以及人工油松林(Pinus tabulaeformis forest)与杜松林上述3个指数相近;(3)影响物种多样性的主要环境因子有土壤水分、空气湿度和光照强度;(4)Bata多样性指数在0.240 0~0.857 1,本氏针茅群落与人工杨树林物种相似性最大,百里香群落与杜松林物种相似性最小,群落之间物种组成相似性和差异性能够揭示各样地生境差异性和相似性。杜松林下的苔藓植物物种多样性为最高,是该地区地面生苔藓植物物种多样性保护的主要地区。     

石漠化程度对苔藓植物多样性及其结皮土壤化学性质的影响

以研究区域不同石漠化等级为代表,分析苔藓多样性特征及其结皮土壤化学性质变化规律,探索其对石漠化进程的响应机制。结果显示:(1)苔藓物种多样性:含苔藓14科29属84种,其中苔类2科2属2种;(2)多样性指数表现为:重度石漠化阶段中度石漠化轻度石漠化极重度石漠化无石漠化;其均匀度为:中度石漠化阶段轻度石漠化重度石漠化极重度石漠化无石漠化;(3)随着石漠化程度加剧,苔藓群落组成中混合群落比重下降而纯群落比重上升;群落生活型则呈现交织型递减而丛集型递增的规律。(4)结皮土壤中全氮、全磷和微生物量碳随石漠化加剧均都呈递减趋势。(5)通过Partial RDA分析发现密枝青藓(Brachythecium amnicolum)、褶叶藓(Palamocladium nilgheriense)和美灰藓(Eurohypnum leptothallum)等可用于石漠化生态修复。石漠化程度对苔藓多样性影响不显著,但对其群落特征和生活型影响显著。因此可以结合苔藓群落和生活型特征监测石漠化,同时也可使用苔藓作为先锋植物引进用于石漠化早期修复。     

北京东灵山主要森林植被中苔藓植物的物种多样性

通过对北京东灵山地区32个样地植被及苔藓植物的调查,对主要森林植被中苔藓植物物种多样性进行分析。结果表明:东灵山主要森林植被中共有苔藓植物16科33属79种,优势科为青藓科(Brachytheciaceae)和绢藓科(Entodontaceae)等。密叶绢藓(Entodoncompressus)、小牛舌藓(Anomodon minor)等为优势种。地面生苔藓植物物种丰富度以落叶阔叶混交林中最大,白桦林中最小,苔藓植物群落相似性以辽东栎林与落叶阔叶林之间最高,以山杨林与油松林之间最低。树附生苔藓植物物种丰富度以落叶阔叶混交林中最大,油松林中最小;苔藓植物群落相似性以油松林和山杨林之间最高,华北落叶松林与白桦林之间最低。地面生和树附生苔藓植物多样性与林型、树种及其所形成的林内微环境相关。     

重庆主城区住宅小区苔藓组成与多样性

目前对于人造生活环境中的苔藓植物组成与多样性所知甚少。本文报道了城市住宅小区中的苔藓植物多样性, 以丰富重庆市苔藓植物区系资料, 为小区环境质量评估提供依据, 为认识苔藓植物对新环境的适应能力提供科学基础。通过对重庆主城九区23个住宅小区进行详细调查, 报道苔藓植物19科33属84种。种类组成以土生的丛藓科和真藓科为主。常见种类包括小凤尾藓(Fissidens bryoides)、大叶石灰藓(Hydrogonium majusculum)、细叶小羽藓(Haplocladium microphyllum)、鳞叶藓(Taxiphyllum taxirameum)和绿片苔(Aneura pinguis)共5种。各住宅小区苔藓物种数介于5-25种之间。物种相似性程度非常低, 群落间差异较为显著, 多样性较高。苔藓生活型以丛集型为主。典范对应分析排序结果显示, 住宅小区居住户数对其苔藓物种多样性影响最大, 其次是绿地面积。研究结果表明, 住宅小区是城市苔藓植物的重要分布区域之一。地理环境差异、城市化水平、小区内部小生境条件和人为干扰程度可能是造成各住宅小区苔藓组成差异的原因。     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Monovalent Cation Permeation through the Connexin40 Gap Junction Channel : Cs,Rb, K,Na, Li,TEA, TMA,TBA, and Effects of Anions Br,Cl, F,Acetate, Aspartate,Glutamate, and NO3

The unitary conductances and permeability sequences of the rat connexin40 (rCx40) gap junction channels to seven monovalent cations and anions were studied in rCx40-transfected neuroblastoma 2A (N2A) cell pairs using the dual whole cell recording technique. Chloride salt cation substitutions (115 mM principal salt) resulted in the following junctional maximal single channel current-voltage relationship slope conductances (γ_j in pS): CsCl (153), RbCl (148), KCl (142), NaCl (115), LiCl (86), TMACl (71), TEACl (63). Reversible block of the rCx40 channel was observed with TBA. Potassium anion salt γ_j are: Kglutamate (160), Kacetate (160), Kaspartate (158), KNO₃ (157), KF (148), KCl (142), and KBr (132). Ion selectivity was verified by measuring reversal potentials for current in rCx40 gap junction channels with asymmetric salt solutions in the two electrodes and using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation to calculate relative permeabilities. The permeabilities relative to Li⁺ are: Cs⁺ (1.38), Rb⁺ (1.32), K⁺ (1.31), Na⁺ (1.16), TMA⁺ (0.53), TEA⁺ (0.45), TBA⁺ (0.03), Cl⁻ (0.19), glutamate⁻ (0.04), and NO₃− (0.14), assuming that the monovalent anions permeate the channel by forming ion pairs with permeant monovalent cations within the pore thereby causing proportionate decreases in the channel conductance. This hypothesis can account for why the predicted increasing conductances with increasing ion mobilities in an essentially aqueous channel were not observed for anions in the rCx40 channel. The rCx40 effective channel radius is estimated to be 6.6 Å from a theoretical fit of the relationship of relative permeability and cation radius.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Caprine blood groups. 2. The C,G, H,I, J,K, L,N, and Q systems

Nine blood group systems of goats were identified using 12 caprine reagents produced by absorption of alloimmune antisera. The caprine C blood group system, possibly homologous to the ovine C blood group system, was characterized by two reagents and shown to be controlled by three alleles,C ¹²,C ²⁵, andC ⁻. A more complex blood group system of goats, designated G, was identified using three reagents and shown to be controlled by six codominant alleles (G ^10.19.20,G ^10.19,G ^10.20,G ¹⁰,G ¹⁹,G ²⁰) and a recessive allele (G ⁻). A further seven one-factor two-allelic systems were identified by seven reagents. The nine genetic systems provided exclusion probabilities of 0.479, 0.492, 0.548, and 0.572 in Australian Angora, Dairy, Cashmere, and Texan Angora goat breeds, respectively. This work was supported by a grant from the Australian Stud Book, Alison Road, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia.