松花江流域大型底栖动物群落结构与水质评价

【目的】松花江流域是中国最早的工业基地之一,其水生态环境遭到严重破坏,环境保护工作面临巨大挑战。开展松花江流域水质评价及典型生物类群多样性状况调查,可为松花江流域生态系统的保护和修复提供依据。【方法】于2016年7月调查整个松花江流域近岸的大型底栖动物群落组成和测定水质理化指标,开展其水质理化特征评价和生物指数评价,并探讨底栖动物群落分布与水环境因子间的关系。【结果】理化指标评价结果显示,南源松花江水质状况最差,处于中度污染;北源松花江处于轻度污染;梧桐河水质最好,处于良好状态。松花江流域3个河段的底栖动物群落结构存在空间差异性。另外,梧桐河的物种多样性最高,北源松花江次之,南源松花江最低。溶解氧和营养元素K的浓度是驱动底栖动物群落组成发生显著性差异的主要环境因子。生物指数评价结果显示,3个河段水质均处于轻度污染状态。【结论】松花江流域水质处于轻度到中度污染状态。有机污染是松花江流域面临的主要水质环境问题,对松花江流域底栖动物群落结构产生了显著影响。因此,控制有机质的输入是维持松花江流域水生态系统平衡的重要举措之一。     

沿江地区土地利用生态风险评价——以长江三角洲南京地区为例

基于改进的相对生态风险模型,从风险源强度、受体暴露度以及风险效应三方面构建土地利用生态风险评价指标体系,以子流域为单元分析南京地区土地利用生态风险空间分异及影响因素,结果表明:综合生态风险值总体分布较分散,高风险区位于江北八百河流域、老山北坡及南坡河系、石臼湖流域,风险源强和受体暴露度较高,风险效应值较低,潜在生态风险很高,应重点实施环境治理,强化土地生态环境建设;较高风险区位于一干河、二干河、句容河、秦淮中游、江宁河、向阳河、固城湖、境外常州太湖流域,风险源强和受体暴露度中等,应加强环境治理,强化土地利用规划引导与集约利用;较低和低风险区包括境外沿江八卦洲、沿江靖安板块、沿江秦淮河、沿江汤水河、沿江滁河、横溪河、牛首河、前进河、马鞍山长江流域,风险源强和受体暴露度较低,风险效应值低,主要分布于沿江以及山地丘陵河流上游地区,沿江流域近年排污治理力度较大有效保证了低风险源强值,而山地丘陵河流上游植被覆盖度一般较高,人为影响相对较弱,应注重生态环境维护和土地集约利用;其他流域综合生态风险中等,应加强生态环境监测,防止生态环境恶化。     

东江下游流域突发性重金属复合污染生态风险评价

流域突发性重金属污染事件发生不确定性较高，难以预测和防控，严重威胁流域生态安全、人群健康乃至社会稳定。本研究以东江下游流域为研究区开展生态风险评价，基于“多风险源(危险性)-多胁迫因子(联合暴露)-多风险受体(脆弱性)-生态风险”的风险传递框架，运用贝叶斯网络，计算东江下游流域突发性Cr⁶⁺-Hg²⁺复合污染生态风险，概率化表征风险不确定性，进而提出流域风险防控与管理措施。结果表明：(1)东江下游深莞惠地区67家涉重金属风险源均会对其子流域造成生态风险，惠州市的生态风险明显高于深圳市和东莞市；(2)东江下游西枝江子流域的生态风险最为显著，其次是东江下游干流子流域和东江下游河网区子流域；(3)基于敏感性分析，“河流水体脆弱性”是造成东江下游流域生态风险的主导因子。研究结果可为东江下游流域生态风险防控与管理提供理论支持。     

拉萨河干流城市段水环境容量

拉萨河流域是西藏自治区的政治、经济和文化中心,拉萨河生态环境保护状况对维持流域生态安全至关重要。近年来,拉萨河流域内经济快速发展,工业废水和生活污水排放量增加,成为威胁河流水质的潜在因素。明确拉萨河河流水质现状,核定水域的水环境承载力,对于未来拉萨河河流管理和经济规划均具有重要意义。基于河流断面、流量、水位和水质现场监测,污染物排放、水文和水质历史资料收集等工作,利用MIKE11模型,对拉萨河城市段干流水动力和水质进行了模拟,依据国家标准和规范计算了拉萨市干流河段水环境容量。计算结果表明:(1)拉萨市干流河段化学需氧量COD容量较小,氨氮NH+4-N具有较大容量:上游达孜断面按照地表水II类水体要求的浓度标准限值输入时,拉萨市干流段COD容量约为3461 t/a、NH+4-N容量约为602 t/a;若上游达孜断面按照2017年5月1日—2017年5月30日连续30日测定月均值输入,则拉萨市干流河段COD容量约为797 t/a、NH+4-N容量约为1145 t/a。(2)对拉萨市干流河段水环境容量影响较大的因素主要有气候变化、水利水电工程运行调度、上游来水水质和河流自净能力:2014年以后拉萨河流域的暖干化趋势,很可能带来枯水期流量降低,从而改变水环境容量计算中的设计水文条件,使水环境容量降低;拉萨河沿岸灌区取水,旁多水利枢纽、直孔电站运行调度也是影响下游水环境容量的重要因素;流域内草甸、湿地生态系统有机质和养分在气候暖干化背景下加速矿化,可能是造成上游水体中COD浓度较高的重要原因。(3)为加强拉萨河流域水环境管理,应加强上游草甸和湿地水环境效应监测、完善城市污水处理厂及配套设施。     

广州市水环境中喹诺酮类抗生素的污染特征

采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱法(HPLC),分析了4种喹诺酮类抗生素在广州市水环境(珠江、污水厂、湖泊和自来水)中的污染特征.结果显示,珠江广州河段(出广州市)和污水厂喹诺酮类抗生素污染严重,最高含量达349 ng·L-1,珠江水样中大部分抗生素含量明显高于瑞士河流中药物含量,污水厂(出水)中抗生素含量比国外污水厂(出水)含量水平高.受城市污水和养殖业废水污染的影响,广州市不同区域的自来水也受到一定程度抗生素药物污染,含量在O～231 ng·L-1水平.仅在一个区域的水样中,有较低含量的喹诺酮类抗生素检出.城市污水和河流周边养殖废水的排放成为水环境中抗生素污染的重要来源之一.     

三江平原湿地生态风险评价及空间阈值分析

湿地生态风险评价对区域自然资源保护及规划管理具有重要意义。以三江平原湿地为研究区域,基于2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年4期土地利用数据,以城市扩张导致的土地利用变化、道路建设等人类活动为风险源,景观生态格局、生态系统服务价值为风险受体构建了三江平原湿地生态风险综合评价体系,分析三江平原湿地生态风险时空变化特征。进而,利用距离阈值确定空间距离权重,采用双变量空间自相关模型揭示了不同时间尺度下生态风险的空间集聚分布特征。结果显示：从风险源角度,人类活动风险源强度呈增加趋势,松花江、穆棱河、倭肯河地区一直处于中高风险水平;从风险受体角度,景观生态风险的中高风险地区重点集中在湿地与水体分布区,生态系统服务低价值区主要分布在中部水田、旱田、建设用地以及东北部与东南小范围的湿地区域。综合生态风险结果显示,三江平原生态风险在时间上呈增加趋势,空间上由松花江河滩型湿地区与穆棱河地区逐渐向四周蔓延。此外,生态风险的强弱受到空间距离的影响显著,选取5km为自相关分析的距离阈值,土地利用与综合生态风险的空间格局存在显著的空间正相关关系,高-高地区集中分布在研究区内的松花江流域及周围滩地地区,随着土地利用变化及转移,空间关联逐渐增强且区域分布不断扩大。研究结果可从人类活动控制、景观格局优化、生态服务价值提升等方面为三江平原生态风险防控分区管理提供理论依据。     

松辽流域河流表层沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特征

利用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(gas chromatography-electron capture detector,GC-ECD)对松辽流域重点污染河流22个表层沉积物样品的13种有机氯农药进行了分析.结果表明,大辽河流域有机氯农药含量为3.06～23.24 ng·g^-1,松花江流域为4.26～18.45 ng·g^-1.松辽流域沉积物中主要有机氯农药为六六六(HCH),松花江流域和大辽河流域表现出了不同的污染趋势.松花江沉积物中也有较高的滴滴涕(DDT)残留量.整个松辽流域都有较高含量的丙体六六六(γ-HCH),超过了其初始效应浓度,可能对该地区水生生物产生毒性效应.     

流域水环境污染模型及其应用研究综述

流域水环境污染模型是研究流域水环境问题的重要工具,通过对整个流域系统及其内部发生的复杂污染过程定量化描述,识别污染物主要来源和迁移途径,估算污染负荷,评价其对流域水环境的影响,可为流域规划与管理提供决策依据.本文对当前国内外广泛应用的流域水环境模型,尤其是模拟污染负荷的模型进行了系统总结,主要包括污染负荷模型(GWLF与PLOAD)、受纳水体水质模型(QUAL2E与WASP)、以及集成污染负荷与水体水质的综合流域模型(HSPF、SWAT、AGNPS、AnnAGNPS、SWMM),着重介绍各模型的结构原理与主要特点,讨论模型实际应用的局限性.此外,还对其他水质模型(CE-QUAL-W2、EFDC和AQUATOX)与综合流域模型(GLEAMS和MIKE SHE)进行了简要的总结.最后,通过对单个模型独立运用和多个模型联合运用的案例分析,探讨了流域水环境污染模型的发展趋势与应用前景.     

水环境中药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)的污染现状及对藻类的毒性研究进展

药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)因持续排放到水环境且对水生态环境和人类健康造成潜在威胁而受到广泛关注.藻类作为水体重要的初级生产者,对水体的生态平衡和稳定起着重要的作用.本文围绕地表水PPCPs污染,介绍了不同国家和地区地表水体中PPCPs的浓度分布和污染特征,并从毒性效应、生物累积及潜在的生态风险等方面,综述了PPCPs对藻类的污染生态学研究进展,阐述PPCPs对藻类的毒性效应及机制,PPCPs在藻类中的生物累积,以及地表水体PPCPs的生态风险,为地表水体PPCPs的相关标准制定和修订,以及水体生态环境健康风险评价提供参考.     

江苏省太湖流域产业结构的水环境污染效应

通过研究太湖流域(江苏部分)的产业结构污染负荷和水环境的空间分布特点,得出了产业结构污染负荷的水环境空间响应状况.根据小流域划分技术,得出该区域水环境质量空间分布特点:劣于Ⅴ类水质的区域占32％,Ⅴ类水质的占30％,仅有27％的区域水质低于Ⅳ类.另一方面,对应水环境质量空间分布研究,构建了综合反映产业结构水环境污染负荷的经济社会指标体系,分析了流域农田污染因子和工业污染因子的空间分布特点.通过主成分分析,提取了水环境污染因素的四个主成分,分别为土地利用强度、三次产业结构、农业面源和工业点源.基于主成分载荷,解析了四个水环境污染因素的贡献率.在产业结构方面,研究得出工业化仍是区域水环境污染最大影响因素,但区域水环境恶化是各种因素共同交织的结果.又对工业点源污染和农业面源污染等级进行分区,对各区的空间分布特点做了详细的分析.研究了流域水环境综合污染的空间分布和市县区域分解特点,发现县级市比市区在产业发展上对水环境影响更大,主要是由于县级市工业发展相对较为粗放,水环境监管的区域差异性.为控制流域产业结构的水环境污染,综合提出了在流域内整合产业结构调整和产业优化布局,调整重污染工业结构和控制农业面源污染的对策,及相应的产业结构污染负荷区域差别化削减的建议.     

Genotoxic activity of organic contamination of the Songhua River in the north-eastern region of the People's Republic of China

The Songhua River is one of the biggest rivers in China and is the major freshwater source for industry and agriculture, as well as the source of the drinking water for millions of residents living along it. Heavy contamination of the Songhua River is due to domestic sewage and industrial wastewater. Thus, we set out to determine the carcinogenic potential of water samples taken from drinking water source of Harbin city in the Songhua River. Short-term genotoxic bioassays using Ames, SCE, and cell transformation assays were employed to examine the genotoxic activity of the ether extracts of water samples taken from the Songhua River. The results of the Ames test indicated that there were frame shift mutagens in the water samples, which were both direct and indirect. A dose–response relationship for the SCE assay was obtained, and the SCE cumulative frequency moved obviously to the right with increasing doses of water samples. Typical transformed foci were formed in NIH3T3 cells induced by ether extracts of water samples and the transformation frequency showed a dose–response relationship. The transformed cells showed the characteristics of malignant cells. All of the results indicated that the ether extracts of water samples taken from the Songhua River showed genotoxic activity.     

Suitability for developing riverside groundwater sources along Songhua River,Northeast China

Riverbank filtration is a natural water treatment technology that consists of extracting water from rivers by pumping wells located in the adjacent alluvial aquifer. It is vital to choose the most appropriate from multiple potential candidate sites, which is a complex procedure and seldom paid attention to. In this study, a method system including multicriteria evaluation indexes was developed with which the suitability of bank filtration along the Songhua River of China for developing riverside groundwater sources was assessed. The system was comprised of main suitability indexes for water quantity, water quality, interaction intensity between surface water and groundwater, and the exploitation condition of aquifer condition, weights of which were determined by specialist marking methods. Based on this assessment system, the suitability of the study area was divided into five grades. Results show that riversides along Lalin River, Hulan River, and the middle part of Songhua River are suitable for developing riverside groundwater sources.     

长白山水生昆虫的研究

作者于1983年至1992年在发源于长白山的松花江、鸭绿江、图们江及牡丹江等水体上游,对水生昆虫进行了调查。共获取标本一万多个,166种,隶属于7目40科86属。本文还对长白山水生昆虫的生态习性及区系分布特点进行了探讨。     

Risk assessment of heavy metals contamination in sediment and aquatic animals in downstream waters affected by historical gold extraction in Northeast China

To assess the risk of heavy metals contamination on the aquatic ecosystem in downstream waters of a gold field in Northeast China, samples of sediment, fish, shrimp, and mussels were collected to determine heavy metals concentrations. According to I_geo, more attention should be given to Hg, Pb, and Cu pollution in sediment of Weisha River. For aquatic animals, the greatest contents of Hg, Cu, and Pb were found in samples collected from Weisha River, while the maximum values of Zn, Cd, and Cr were found in Hongshi Reservoir, Banmiao River, and Songhua Lake, respectively. The Hg and Pb contents in fish were found in the order of predatory fish > omnivorous fish > herbivorous fish, although for other metals no significant difference was observed among the three trophic levels. The contents of metals in Oriental river prawn and Chinese pond mussel were greater than that in fish, except for Pb. The Target Hazard Quotient and Hazard Index of metals showed that the Carnivorous and Omnivorous fish from Songhua Lake and Hongshi Reservoir, as well as all fish from Banmiao River and Weisha River, were not suitable for consuming in the view of the combined risk of all metals.     

抚顺市工业废水生物毒性评价

潜在毒性效应指数(PEEP)综合了多种生物测试及生态毒性测试结果,是一种新的评价和比较工业废水潜在毒性的指标,是理化分析评价法的一个重要补充。用蚕豆微核试验、发光细菌急性毒性试验、鱼类急性毒性试验逐一单项分析评价了抚顺市10家典型企业11个排水口废水的生物毒性。结果表明,抚顺工业废水大部分处于中度污染,农药厂、啤酒厂废水的毒性较高,而且这些企业的污水量相对少,迫切需要治理。并采用PEEP综合分析了废水的生物毒性程度,根据控制排放标准规定,PEEP>6时,要对企业排放废水实施控制措施。抚顺市10家典型污染企业废水PEEP均大于6,说明这10家企业都需要进一步控制废水排放及污染问题。     

Mercury Contamination and Dynamics in the Sediment of the Second Songhua River,China

The Second Songhua River (SSR) was subjected to a large amount of mercury discharge from petrochemical industries in Jilin City from the 1960s to 1980s. The objectives of this study were to investigate the spatial and temporal change of mercury concentration in the sediments of the river and to assess Hg pollution in sediment employing enrichment ratio. Bottom sediments sampled in 2005 were digested with various acids followed by analysis by atomic fluorescence spectrometry for Hg, ICP-MS for Cd, Pb and Sc, and ICP-OES for Co, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Ti, V, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, and K, in order to measure the total concentrations of these elements in the sediments. Results indicated that mercury concentrations in the sediments were strongly related with distance from the historic industrial point source, decreasing at an exponential rate from 1.27 mg kg^?1 at Jilin City to 0.01 mg kg^?1 at downstream Haerbin City. In addition, mercury concentration decreased from 16.8 mg kg^{? 1} y^?1 in 1974 to 0.09 mg kg^?1 y^?1 in 2005 in the sediments at effluent discharge site, and from 0.006 mg kg^?1 y^?1in 1974 to 0.004 mg kg^?1 y^?1 in 2005 at Songyuan City 257 km downstream. In the sedimentary sections of the river, deeper sediments contained higher concentrations of mercury as compared to the surface sediments, suggesting discharges of higher levels of mercury in the past and its subsequent burial over the years by less polluted sediments. Background concentrations of mercury in the surface sediments, reconstructed by tracer Sc, were 0.011 to 0.018 mg kg^?1. Enrichment ratios of Hg in the sediments of SSR was 5 to 75, indicating moderate to extreme pollution, while the sediment of Songhua River is less contaminated, with enrichment ratios of 0.9 to 1.5. At present, the previously accumulated and buried mercury in sediments may not significantly affect water quality of the SSR, but might pose a potential ecological risk to aquatic and amphibian animals. Natural attenuation seems to be an economic remedial choice for these sediments.     

乌苏里江洪泛湿地蜻蜓目幼虫对水文连通阻断的生态响应

大型底栖动物的群落组成完整性能够指示和预测水生态环境的健康程度和变化趋势,已经在大量研究中得到验证。然而,群落水平的全部样品采集过程的复杂性并不利于它们的便捷应用。蜻蜓目幼虫是大型底栖动物中相对易于捕捉和识别的类群,并且拥有特别的两栖生命周期,它们的多样性特征以及对水体性质变化的敏感反应,使其成为湿地生态系统中非常广泛且适宜的指示生物。本研究通过比较乌苏里江人工堤坝内外两侧不同河段的河滨湿地中蜻蜓目幼虫的群落组成,分析堤坝阻隔对河滨湿地的生态影响,评估蜻蜓目幼虫对河滨湿地的环境指示特征。结果表明,随着乌苏里江由上游至下游,河滨湿地蜻蜓目幼虫的多样性愈加丰富;阻隔水文连通对蜻蜓目幼虫的生存繁育产生负面的作用,且越趋近下游,蜻蜓目幼虫受到人工堤坝的影响程度越显著;堤坝两侧不同物种的密度变化差异较小,主要区别在于直接与河流水文连通的样点多样性指数值的波动范围相对较大。     

The effects of water pollution on the phylogenetic community structure of aquatic plants in the East Tiaoxi River,China

1. Water pollution is one of the most serious aquatic environmental problems worldwide. In China, recent agricultural and industrial development has resulted in rapid changes in aquatic ecosystems. Here, we reveal the effects of water pollution on the phylogenetic community structure of aquatic macrophytes in the Tiaoxi River, China.
2. We placed a rectangular plot at 47 sites within the Tiaoxi River from the mouth of the river to 88.5 km upstream, in which we recorded species abundance and measured 22 physico-chemical variables. Bayesian phylogeny using the rbcL and matK gene sequences was employed to quantify phylogenetic α- and β-diversity, and test the phylogenetic signal in four growth forms: emergent, floating-leaved, free-floating, and submerged.
3. Within communities, water contamination and phytoplankton abundance decreased species richness and phylogenetic diversity, which resulted in phylogenetic clustering; species within communities were more closely related to each other than expected. Between communities, differences in geographical distance and phytoplankton abundance resulted in phylogenetic dissimilarity among plots. Aquatic macrophytes showed phylogenetic signals in which related species responded more similarly to disturbance.
4. Thus, the observed patterns could be explained by environmental filtering and suggested that water pollution by human activity has added more filters to the existing environmental filters that drive the species assembly of macrophyte communities.

     

海河流域面源污染风险格局识别与模拟优化

面源污染是海河流域面临的主要水生态环境问题,如何通过流域景观格局优化实现对面源污染的控制一直是研究的热点问题。通过最小累积阻力模型,以海河流域为研究对象,将流域景观要素及影响流域景观过程的外部因子相结合,对海河流域面源污染风险格局进行了识别,并将阻力格局与海河流域实测水环境指标进行相关性分析及验证,在此基础上对流域污染风险进行识别与优化模拟。结果表明海河流域有40%以上(130380 km2)区域面临高污染风险,集中分布在中南部平原地区以及山区河谷地带;对此设置河流植被缓冲带进行格局优化模拟分析,通过比较不同措施格局优化阻力值变化趋势表明,对于二级河流水系,加强河流两岸600—1600 m范围的人类活动管控,可以有效降低污染物输出,显著降低流域面源污染发生的风险。在面源污染风险等级较高的平原地区,设置300—400 m植被缓冲带,可将风险等级降低50%,设置700—800 m岸边植被缓冲带即可达到最佳效果;而在山区地区因风险较低,设置400—500 m的植被缓冲带即可达到最佳效果,能够将污染风险在现有基础上降低30%—40%。这一研究结果对海河流域景观格局优化和面源污染风险控制提供科学参考。