蓄水后洪水胁迫对三峡库区消落带狗牙根幼苗生长的影响

为了进一步评估蓄水期后三峡库区消落带狗牙根的水淹耐受能力, 于蓄水期后引种库区消落带狗牙根植株, 模拟洪水发生时水下无光、淹水逆境, 探讨洪水复合胁迫持续时间对其后期生长恢复的影响。结果表明: 洪水胁迫显著抑制狗牙根分株的生长发育, 随着胁迫时间的延长其分株数、分株茎长、分株总茎长、分株茎宽、分株叶片数、分株总叶片数均显著低于对照, 仅短期(20 d)胁迫促进了分株叶片的伸长; 短期(20 d)胁迫促进了分枝数、分枝直径和分枝茎节长的生长, 分别比对照增加 20.0%(P<0.05)、15.0%(P<0.05)、18.2%(P<0.05), 但是随着洪水胁迫时间的延长, 狗牙根的分枝数、分枝长、总分枝长、分枝直径、分枝茎节长、分枝茎节数、分枝总茎节数均呈降低趋势; 随着洪水胁迫时间的延长植株叶片光合作用能力也呈降低趋势, 原初光化学效率、实际光化学效率、电子传递速率、光化学淬灭系数显著低于对照, 而非光化学淬灭系数则相反, 表明能量更多的以热的形式被耗散掉, 参与 CO2 固定的电子数显著减少, 光合产物显著降低。因此, 三峡库区消落带狗牙根幼苗对洪水复合胁迫的耐受能力较强, 胁迫时间≥40 d 后其耐受能力呈显著降低趋势, 会导致库区消落带(特别是低水位消落带)狗牙根种群衰退演替加快。     

泥沙掩埋和干旱对三峡库区消落带狗牙根生长恢复的影响

三峡库区消落带植物恢复不仅面临长期淹水逆境,还面临泥沙、干旱等环境因素的胁迫。蓄水期后引种三峡库区消落带狗牙根,掩埋于不同粒径和埋深的沉降泥沙,探讨泥沙掩埋、干旱对反季节淹水后狗牙根出苗和生长恢复的影响。结果表明:在埋深≥8cm和粒径1.25 mm条件下消落带狗牙根萌发苗不能穿透覆盖层出苗。泥沙掩埋导致狗牙根出苗率显著降低,随着埋深增加狗牙根出苗率迅速下降;并且在埋深相同的条件下随着粒径减小狗牙根出苗速率呈增大趋势。随着埋深增加和粒径减小处理组株高、叶长的增长显著被抑制,处理组的株高、叶片数、叶长显著低于对照组。随着干旱、泥沙掩埋复合胁迫时间延长狗牙根分株株高、叶片数、叶长、叶宽的生长发育显著被抑制,且随着泥沙粒径减小和埋深增加其光合电子传递速率呈显著降低趋势,热耗散量显著增大。同时,干旱、泥沙掩埋复合胁迫导致处理组分株光合电子传递速率和热耗散能力显著低于对照组,光合作用能力显著降低,易受到夏季高光伤害。因此,三峡库区周年淹水导致狗牙根对泥沙掩埋以及干旱复合胁迫的耐受能力显著降低,在泥沙掩埋以及干旱复合胁迫下消落带狗牙根的生长恢复能力随粒径减小和埋深增加呈显著降低趋势,会导致库区消落带狗牙根种群衰退演替加快。     

三峡库区泥、沙沉降对低位狗牙根种群的影响

三峡库区消落带植物恢复不仅面临长期淹水逆境,还面临泥沙、干旱等环境因素的胁迫.2009年实验、调查研究了三峡库区长寿段低位消落带的狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon L.)种群,探讨了泥、沙沉降对狗牙根种群的影响.结果表明,泥沉降和沙沉降均显著促进了狗牙根芽的萌发,而抑制了狗牙根的芽形成和萌发苗的生长,且前者的抑制作用显著大于后者.泥沉降导致总芽数、萌发苗的茎长和茎宽分别比对照低65.4%(P＜0.05)、97.0%(P＜0.05)、31.2%(P＜0.05),而沙沉降导致前述参数分别比对照低17.1%(P＜0.05)、21.2%(P＜0.05)、1.0%(P>0.05).分别将被沉降泥掩埋的狗牙根移植、掩埋于12cm厚的泥和沙中,40d后对照和S'd组(覆盖沙)狗牙根芽萌发后均能在地面上形成正常的分株,而S'1组(覆盖泥)的萌发芽无法穿透覆盖层,形成分株.S'1组狗牙根芽的萌发率显著高于对照和S'd组,但其萌发苗的茎长和茎节数均显著低于对照,分别为对照的30.3%(P＜0.05)、80.4%(P＜0.05);而S'd组分株的茎长、茎节数、叶片数、叶长和叶宽均显著高于对照组,分别比后者高87.9%(P＜0.05)、53.0%(P＜0.05)、24.2%(P＜0.05)、23.4%(P＜0.05)和24.1%(P＜0.05).S'1组萌发苗的鲜质量、干质量和干鲜质量比分别比对照组低83.3%(P＜0.05)、86.2%(P＜0.05)、15.8%(P＜0.05);而S'd组萌发苗的鲜质量、干质量和干鲜质量比分别比对照组高76.8%(P＜0.05)、110.1%(P＜0.05)、20.0%(P＜0.05).表明,低位消落带的狗牙根对沙沉降具有较强的适应能力,而对泥沉降的适应能力较低,泥沉降是库区低位消落带狗牙根种群恢复的主要影响因素之一.     

水位变化对三峡库区消落带狗牙根种群营养特征的影响

为探讨三峡库区大尺度、反季节水位变化对消落带狗牙根种养元素吸收和分配特征的影响, 分别测定了三个样带的营养元素含量。结果表明: 根、茎、叶中大量元素含量顺序为N>K>P, 中量元素含量顺序为Ca>S>Mg, 微量元素为Fe>Zn>Cu>Mn。根系对K、Mg、S、Fe、Mn、Zn 的吸收均被促进, 而对P 和Ca 的吸收被显著抑制, 低水位根系对N、Cu 的吸收也被显著促进。高水位茎和叶中N、P、K、Mg、S、Cu 的含量呈降低趋势, Ca、Fe、Mn 含量呈显著增大趋势, 且茎中Zn 含量也呈增加趋势。随着水位的降低N、P、K、Mg、S、Zn 含量显著增加, 在叶片中的含量显著大于根、茎, 而Fe、Mn、Cu 表现出主要向茎分布的趋势, 且Ca 在叶中的分配显著被抑制, 而在茎中的分配被促进。随着水位降低新叶中N、P、K、Mg、S 的含量明显高于老叶, 而Fe、Ca、Mn、Zn 和Cu 则相反。随着分枝级数增大N、P、K 的含量呈递增趋势, Ca、Cu、Fe、Zn 呈递减趋势, 而Mg、S 含量呈“∨”形变化。因此, 库区水位已导致消落狗牙根种群营养特征发生显著的变化。     

模拟沙埋对三峡库区低位消落带狗牙根恢复生长的影响

以三峡库区低位消落带的狗牙根植株为研究对象,探讨不同沙埋深度对淹水后狗牙根萌发和生长恢复的影响。结果表明:10 cm沙埋显著抑制了狗牙根的萌发,其萌发率降低15.5%,而20 cm沙埋作用相反,萌发率增加75.9%;10 cm沙埋条件下萌发苗能穿透覆盖层形成分株,而20 cm沙埋条件下无法形成分株;前者的茎长、茎宽、茎节数、总茎节数、茎节数/茎长、叶长、叶片数、鲜重、干重和干鲜重比分别比对照高19.2%、8.2%、45.4%、16.8%、42.7%、7.2%、4.0%、19.1%、35.3%、13.5%,而后者的茎长、茎节数、鲜重、干重和干鲜重比分别比对照低76.3%、20.3%、88.3%、92.6%、36.7%;10 cm沙埋条件下狗牙根萌发苗的总茎长、总叶片数、总鲜重、总干重及其与种群总生物量的鲜重比、干重比分别比对照低4.2%、36.3%、31.9%、22.7%、24.4%、12.4%,20 cm沙埋条件下萌发苗的总茎长、总鲜重、总干重及其与种群总生物量的鲜重比、干重比分别比对照低65.3%、74.5%、83.8%、76.4%、86.7%;10 cm沙埋能促进狗牙根萌发苗茎、叶的伸长以及茎节、叶片的形成,以降低逆境伤害;但是20 cm沙埋导致萌发苗无法正常生长发育。     

三峡库区172m蓄水期间泥、沙沉降对低位狗牙根种群的影响

三峡库区消落带植物恢复不仅面临长期淹水逆境,还面临泥沙、干旱等环境因素的胁迫。2009年实验、调查研究了三峡库区长寿段低位消落带的狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon L.)种群,探讨了泥、沙沉降对狗牙根种群的影响。结果表明,泥沉降和沙沉降均显著促进了狗牙根芽的萌发,而抑制了狗牙根的芽形成和萌发苗的生长,且前者的抑制作用显著大于后者。泥沉降导致总芽数、萌发苗的茎长和茎宽分别比对照低65.4%(P<0.05)、97.0%(P <0.05)、31.2%(P <0.05),而沙沉降导致前述参数分别比对照低17.1%(P<0.05)、21.2%(P<0.05)、1.0%(P>0.05)。分别将被沉降泥掩埋的狗牙根移植、掩埋于12cm厚的泥和沙中,40d后对照和S'_d组(覆盖沙)狗牙根芽萌发后均能在地面上形成正常的分株,而S'_l组(覆盖泥)的萌发芽无法穿透覆盖层,形成分株。S'_l组狗牙根芽的萌发率显著高于对照和S'_d组,但其萌发苗的茎长和茎节数均显著低于对照,分别为对照的30.3%(P<0.05)、80.4%(P<0.05);而S'_d组分株的茎长、茎节数、叶片数、叶长和叶宽均显著高于对照组,分别比后者高87.9%(P<0.05)、53.0%(P<0.05)、24.2%(P<0.05)、23.4%(P<0.05)和24.1%(P<0.05)。S'_l组萌发苗的鲜质量、干质量和干鲜质量比分别比对照组低83.3%(P<0.05)、86.2%(P<0.05)、15.8%(P<0.05);而S'_d组萌发苗的鲜质量、干质量和干鲜质量比分别比对照组高76.8%(P<0.05)、110.1%(P<0.05)、20.0%(P<0.05)。表明,低位消落带的狗牙根对沙沉降具有较强的适应能力,而对泥沉降的适应能力较低,泥沉降是库区低位消落带狗牙根种群恢复的主要影响因素之一。     

干湿循环对消落带狗牙根磷释放的影响

为探讨干湿循环对三峡消落带狗牙根磷释放的影响, 以三峡典型支流—澎溪河为例, 选取上游(渠口镇)和下游(双江镇)两个水文断面, 150、160、170 m 三个水位高程调查了狗牙根分布特征, 并于干湿循环和持续淹水两种水文情势, 15—25—35—25—15℃连续温度变化下进行培养, 测定了水—土(W-S)、水—狗牙根(W-C)和水—土—狗牙根(W-S-C) 三种体系下水中磷含量随时间变化。结果表明: 狗牙根生物量随消落带水位高程降低而下降, 表现为170 m (1.62 kg·DW·m-2) >160 m (0.85 kg·DW·m-2) >150 m (0.19 kg·DW·m-2)。在整个培养阶段, 三种体系水中磷含量均随培养时间的延长而增加, 表现为W-S-C>W-C>W-S体系, 其释放动力学过程符合y=axb幂函数模型。与持续淹水相比, 干湿循环影响下W-S-C体系中狗牙根磷释放量较低, 可见, 干湿循环有利于降低消落带狗牙根磷释放, 降低三峡支流水体富营养化风险。     

刈割与水淹对三峡库区消落带优势物种狗牙根存活及恢复生长的影响

三峡库区消落带蓄水期间植物腐烂分解释放的养分会增加库区的富营养化风险,水淹前刈割是消减水体污染风险的有效方式之一,但刈割对库区消落带适生植物恢复生长的影响尚不清楚。为探究三峡库区消落带适生植物对水淹和刈割胁迫的耐受情况,选取消落带适生植物狗牙根为研究对象,设置对照(CK)、浅淹(SF)、浅淹-对照(SFK)、全淹(TF)、全淹-对照(TFK)5种水淹处理和不刈割(NC)、留茬30 cm(S30)、留茬20 cm(S20)、留茬10 cm(S10)4个刈割强度,研究不同水淹和刈割处理对狗牙根存活、生长和光合特征的影响。结果表明：(1)狗牙根在不同水淹和刈割处理下整体可保持较高的存活率(≥83.3%)。(2)刈割和水淹处理对狗牙根的形态生长和生物量分配均存在显著影响。与对照相比,SF组狗牙根的根长、基径和生物量显著降低,TF组狗牙根的株高、基径、根长和生物量显著降低,但是SFK和TFK处理(脱离水淹胁迫)相比SF和TF组却显著增长。(3)刈割和水淹处理对狗牙根的光合速率影响显著,其中SF组狗牙根的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Ci)显著降低,TF处理叶片全部凋落无光合作用...     

三峡消落带不同坡度狗牙根及实生土壤生态化学计量特征

三峡库区消落带反季节水位波动驱使下植物的养分适应策略和内稳态特征研究对消落带植被恢复及生态功能调控有重要意义。然而,三峡消落带范围广、地形复杂,不同生境下植物适应特征仍存在不确定性。本研究以三峡消落带广泛分布的优势植物狗牙根为研究对象,选取28个地形差异较大的样地进行采样分析,重点探讨不同坡度（0-5°、5-10°、10-15°、15-20°、>20°）狗牙根及其实生土壤生态化学计量特征的变异关系,揭示坡度对狗牙根养分适应及内稳态的影响机制。结果表明：（1）坡度对狗牙根实生土壤的养分及化学计量特征具有显著影响,土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（STN）、速效氮（SAN）、全磷（STP）、速效磷（SAP）含量均随坡度增加而降低,<10°的缓坡消落带土壤养分显著高于10°以上的样地;土壤碳氮比（C ∶ N）、碳磷比（C ∶ P）均随坡度增加而降低,而氮磷比（N ∶ P）比相对稳定,表明坡度增大,土壤营养物的流失具有同步性,且流失速度较有机碳慢;（2）随坡度增加,狗牙根各营养器官C含量呈增加趋势,而氮（N）、磷（P）则呈降低趋势,且坡度变化改变了狗牙根各营养器官间的养分分配;植物根、茎C ∶ N、C ∶ P随坡度增加而增加,N ∶ P随坡度增加而降低,而叶片均没有明显变化,表明在坡度改变了土壤养分供应水平的情况下,狗牙根优先稳定其叶片化学计量比以提高适应能力;（3）坡度与土壤中SOC、STN、SAN含量呈现显著负相关,而土壤STN与狗牙根植物养分及化学计量特征均有显著相关关系,由此可见,坡度变化导致土壤氮素流失增加是影响狗牙根生态化学计量特征分异的主要机制;（4）狗牙根与实生土壤的碳氮磷元素内稳性整体表现为C>P>N,化学计量比内稳性表现为C ∶ P>C ∶ N>N ∶ P,随着坡度增加,狗牙根N、P的内稳性呈增强趋势,而C ∶ N、N ∶ P呈显著降低,表明坡度变化导致狗牙根形成了不同的适生策略。研究表明,在三峡库区复杂的地形条件下,狗牙根能有效维持体内化学计量平衡以响应不同的坡度条件,并且内稳性较好,是三峡库区消落带植被恢复与保护的优势植物物种。     

三峡库区狗牙根对深淹胁迫的生理响应

选取三峡库区自然消落带野生狗牙根(XC)和非消落带野生狗牙根(FC)为研究对象,采用三重复裂区设计试验,主区为两品种,副区为6个不同深度水淹处理(0,1,2,5,10m和15m),分析了各处理植株几种酶活性和碳水化合物含量的变化情况.结果显示:①不同生境狗牙根受深淹胁迫后,丙二醛(MDA)都呈递增趋势,表明狗牙根在深淹胁迫下受到了不同程度的膜脂过氧化伤害,且随胁迫程度的增加受伤害增大.②超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性和醇脱氢酶(ADH)活性较对照都有所增加;XC处理POD和SOD的最大值出现在5m深水淹处理,而FC出现在2m深处理,且XC 5米深淹处理GR值较对照和其他处理明显大;各受淹处理地下茎可溶性糖含量和淀粉含量都保持在较高水平.③从抗氧化酶活性和ADH活性的变化规律,以及淹水胁迫下植株的能量代谢情况,初步得出XC与FC都具有一定的耐淹性,且XC较FC具更耐深淹的能力,表明狗牙根作为禾本科植物遗传上具有一定的耐淹性,自然消落带狗牙根因长期生长于水淹胁迫环境,耐淹能力得到了进一步强化.从狗牙根对深淹胁迫的生理响应上,证明狗牙根是宜用于三峡水库消落带植被恢复的物种.     

不同水分处理对狗牙根种内相互作用的影响

以狗牙根当年生扦插苗为试验材料,根据库区河岸带水分特征设置4种水分处理方式:水分对照组(CK)、水淹与干旱交替组(FD)、土壤水分饱和组(LF)和全淹组(FL),4种密度方式:对照(1株/盆)、低密度(2株/盆)、中密度(4株/盆)及高密度(12株/盆),探究狗牙根生长及形态响应,并验证胁迫梯度假说。结果表明:(1)狗牙根各生物量随水分胁迫强度的增加显著下降(P0.001);密度处理和二者交互作用显著影响狗牙根叶干重、茎干重、根干重、地上生物量和总生物量(P0.001)。(2)水分处理显著影响狗牙根各形态指标(P0.001);密度和二者交互作用显著影响狗牙根分枝数、总茎长和节间长(P0.001)。(3)CK组和LF组狗牙根生物量相对邻体效应(RNE)均为负值,表明其种内关系为竞争关系。FL组各密度组生物量RNE值均为正值,其种内关系转化为促进关系。(4)中高密度组总茎长RNE值随水分胁迫增加而增大。研究表明:(1)狗牙根对不同的水分胁迫均表现出积极响应,可考虑将狗牙根用于库区河岸带植被重建。(2)随种植密度的增大,狗牙根生长及形态均表现出一定的负面效应。(3)本试验在一定程度上支持胁迫梯度假说,但尚需更多概念模型将其改进完善。     

新疆伊犁河谷平原狗牙根无性系构件的生长

采用随机挖掘整个无性系的方法,在新疆伊犁河谷平原2年无人工管理的葡萄园撂荒地,对狗牙根无性系进行了大样本取样,定量分析了构件生长的规律.结果表明：在30个狗牙根无性系中,分株数平均为（272.6±186.6）个,其中营养分株占总分株数的82.3%,是生殖分株的4.3倍;无性系总生物量为(45.4±40.0) g,其中根茎占总生物量的54.4%,营养分株占21.0%,匍匐茎占14.8%,生殖分株占9.4%;根茎与匍匐茎的累计长度分别为(5.1±4.7) m和(3.3±3.4) m、着生的芽数分别为(291.5±246.8)和(78.8±87.4)个.根茎和匍匐茎芽数与无性系的营养分株、生殖分株、根茎和匍匐茎的数量性状之间均呈极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01),表明在新疆伊犁河谷平原,狗牙根无性系主要以根茎芽实现其持续更新.     

不同海拔高度下淫羊藿的种群年龄结构

从3个海拔高度(568、643和790m)研究了淫羊藿种群年龄结构,并对各龄级根茎数量、根茎长度、根茎生物量、分株数量、分株生物量进行测定。结果表明:海拔643m淫羊藿根茎龄级最高达10龄,海拔568和790m根茎最高龄级有9龄;3个海拔分株龄级与根茎龄级一致;海拔643m各龄级根茎数量从1龄到10龄呈下降趋势;3个海拔各龄级根茎长度、根茎生物量、分株数量、分株生物量都是2龄占优势;海拔643m各龄级根茎数量、长度、生物量和分株数量、生物量最多。海拔643m的生境最适合淫羊藿克隆生长,可以对其进行适当的采集。     

Clonal plasticity in response to rhizome severing and heterogeneous resource supply in the rhizomatous grass Psammochloa villosa in an Inner Mongolian dune, China

In a field experiment, Psammochloa villosa plants were subjected to rhizome severing. Severing rhizomes reduced growth in the young, detached rhizome segments compared to the controls in terms of all measured clonal growth-related characters, i.e. number of rhizomes and shoots, total rhizome length and total number of rhizome nodes. In a container experiment, the control ramets received uniform water and nutrient supply but in heterogeneous treatments high and low levels of water and nutrient supply, respectively were established. The number of ramets, total rhizome length, dry weight per ramet and biomass allocation to the rhizome had higher values at high water and nutrient supply, while spacer length (length of rhizome between shoots) and rhizome internode length were not affected. The local response of ramets given low water supply was enhanced due to connection to a well watered parent ramet in terms of number of ramets, total rhizome length and dry weight per ramet. A remote effect was not observed in the other treatments or in the other measured characters.     

No evidence for nutrient foraging in root-sprouting clonal plants

Clonality is defined as vegetative reproduction via the production of ramets, which are, at least initially, connected by spacers. In general, there are three types of spacers of two origins. Whereas stolons are aboveground spacers, rhizomes are belowground spacers; however, both of stem origin. The third type of spacers are roots in root-sprouting plants. The possibility of foraging in clonal plants has attracted broad interest among ecologists but has been experimentally documented only for stoloniferous clonal plants foraging for light. Foraging for belowground resources has yet to be demonstrated, perhaps because tests of foraging have focused on clonal plants that spread laterally via stolons or rhizomes, i.e. stem organs. Lateral spread based on sprouting roots has not been considered even though, in addition to functioning as conduits between ramets, root spacers are able to sense and take up nutrients. We therefore hypothesized that root-sprouting clonal plants may be able to directly react to environmental heterogeneity and exhibit nutrient foraging. To test this hypothesis, we conducted two experiments with root-sprouters in nutrient-heterogeneous and -homogeneous environments. We found that plants produced more biomass when growing in a heterogeneous environment than in a homogeneous environment and that root biomass was greater in the nutrient-rich patches than in nutrient-poor patches. However, the number of ramets did not differ between patches in the heterogeneous environment. We conclude that plants whose clonality is based on roots, similarly as plants whose clonality is based on stolons or rhizomes, do not exhibit accumulation of ramets in nutrient-rich patches. Foraging at the organ level, i.e. by roots, seems to be more probable in this clonal group. To analyse how clonal plants with different clonal strategies perceive and react to environmental heterogeneity, researchers must account for the high variability in clonal growth forms and in scales of environmental heterogeneity.     

Morphology and growth of stolons and rhizomes in three clonal grasses,as affected by different light supply

In this paper, the hypothesis is tested that, in clonal grasses producing stolons and/or rhizomes, stolons always show a higher morphological plasticity than rhizomes in response to variation in light availability.Agrostis stolonifera (a stoloniferous grass),Holcus mollis (a rhizomatous grass) andCynodon dactylon (a grass forming both stolons and rhizomes), were grown in pots and subjected to three levels of light intensities. Both stolons and rhizomes branched more intensively under higher light levels. Irrespective of species, stolons consisted of longer internodes under lower light levels, while rhizome morphology did not respond significantly. Biomass partitioning to rhizomes was lower under lower light intensities while partitioning to stolons was not affected. Rhizomes usually had more dormant buds than did stolons. Our results suggest that stolons serve primarily as foraging organs for light, whereas the main function of rhizomes is storage of meristem and carbohydrates, irrespective of whether the grass species involved produces both rhizomes and stolons or only one type of spacer.     

Water integration patterns in two rhizomatous dune perennials of different clonal fragment size

In clonal plants, a clonal fragment is a basic unit. There may exist clonal integration that is often regarded adaptive. By definition, a larger clonal fragment comprises more interconnected ramets and/or occupies a larger area of the habitat. When the habitat is so heterogeneous in terms of essential resources that the resources the whole clonal fragment needs can be captured only in a limited number of microhabitats, a large clonal fragment may require extensive and/or intensive clonal integration. Therefore, we hypothesize that in an environment where the resources are distributed in a highly heterogeneous way, a species forming large clonal fragments possesses more extensive and/or intensive clonal integration gaining essential resources than that forming small ones.This hypothesis was tested in a field experiment with two rhizomatous species growing in inland-dune habitats with high heterogeneity of water resource, one (Psammochloa villosa) forming large clonal fragments and the other (Hedysarum laeve) forming small ones. In P. villosa, tracer-(water-soluble acid fuchsin)-labeled water could be transported along the rhizome at a velocity of about 0.93 m per hour and 4 ramets per hour, which was much faster than that in H. laeve. Similarly, the acid fuchsin-labeled water was transported to a longer length in the rhizomes (3.96 m vs. 1.12 m) and to more ramets (14 vs. 3) in P. villosa than in H. laeve. In P. villosa, the acid fuchsin-labeled water reached the ends of the rhizomes and all ramets along the rhizomes were dyed purple. In H. laeve, however, the acid fuchsin-labeled water could not reach the rhizome tips and along the rhizomes only some ramets were labeled. The results suggest that P. villosa is an extensive and intensive integrator, whereas H. laeve is a restrictive and less intensive integrator, supporting the hypothesis. The possible mechanisms and the ecological implications of the findings were discussed.     

光照强度和基质养分对匍匐茎草本金戴戴克隆生长和克隆形态的影响

在深度遮光(光照强度为高光条件的6.25%,约为自然光照的5.3%)或低养分条件下,金戴戴(Halerpestes ruthenica Ovcz.)生物量、初级分株叶面积、分株总数、匍匐茎总数和总长度均显著减小,而比节间长和比叶柄长显著增加.在低养分条件下,金戴戴匍匐茎平均节间长显著增加,而匍匐茎分枝强度和分株数显著减小.这些结果与克隆植物觅食模型相符合,表明当生长于异质性生境中,金戴戴可能通过以克隆生长和克隆形态的可塑性实现的觅养行为来增加对养分资源的摄取.在深度遮光条件下,金戴戴平均间隔子长度(即平均节间长和平均叶柄长)均显著减小.这一结果与以往实验中匍匐茎草本间隔子对中度和轻度遮光(光照强度为高光条件的13%～75%,>10%的自然光照)的反应不同.这表明,在深度遮光条件下匍匐茎克隆植物可能不发生通过间隔子可塑性实现的觅光行为.光照强度和基质养分条件的交互作用对许多性状如总生物量、匍匐茎总数和总长度、二级和三级分株数、分株总数、初级分株叶面积以及分枝强度均有十分显著的效应.在高光条件下,基质养分对这些性状有十分显著的影响;而在低光条件下,基质养分条件对这些性状不产生影响或影响较小.这表明,光照强度影响金戴戴对基质养分的可塑性反应.在深度遮光或低养分条件下,金戴戴可能通过减小匍匐茎节间粗度(增加比节间长)来增加或维持其相对长度,从而更有机会逃离资源丰度低的斑块.