喀斯特坡地2种地埂篱根-土复合体抗剪和抗冲性能综合评价

分析喀斯特地区不同地埂篱根系的形态和力学特性，量化其根-土复合体抗剪和抗冲性能的强弱，探寻该地区地埂篱根系固土抗蚀性能的评价因子，为喀斯特坡地水土流失治理中植被恢复措施的科学应用提供参考。选取重庆酉阳龙潭槽谷为研究区，分上、中、下坡分别布设拉巴豆和光叶苕子2种地埂篱，采用根系扫描仪和电子万能试验机测定其根系形态和力学参数，应变控制式直剪仪测定复合体抗剪强度，原状土冲刷水槽法测定复合体抗冲指数。结果表明：(1)抗剪复合体中，拉巴豆平均根长密度和根表面积密度分别高出光叶苕子59.32%和16.86%;抗冲复合体中，拉巴豆平均根长密度、根表面积密度和根体积密度较之光叶苕子高出30.48%、57.78%、92.98%;拉巴豆根系极限抗拉力和抗拉强度均显著高于光叶苕子。(2)2种地埂篱根系均能增强土壤的抗剪和抗冲性能，其中拉巴豆和光叶苕子复合体粘聚力较之对照土体分别增强了113.06%—124.37%和51.56%—87.12%,抗冲指数最高达到对照土体的2.81倍和2.45倍。(3)不同坡位，下坡2种植物的根长密度显著高于上、中坡；拉巴豆根系抗拉特性在下坡表现最优，光叶苕子在上坡表现更好；拉巴...     

植物篱对紫色土区坡耕地水土流失及土壤肥力的影响

植物篱的水土保持效果已得到广泛的认可，并在世界很多地方推广应用，然而，到目前为止，植物篱对坡耕地土壤肥力的影响规律研究却很少。利用长期定位小区试验，研究了植物篱对坡耕地土壤肥力的影响规律，旨在弄清植物篱提高土壤肥力的作用与效果，不断完善植物篱技术。研究发现，坡耕地在建立植物篱后，土壤粘粒在篱前富积，篱下加剧侵蚀，粘粒的富积与侵蚀沿等高线成水平带状分布;土壤有机质、N、P等主要营养元素出现与土壤颗粒相同的分布规律;对K来说，其分布不受植物篱的影响，表现出较为均一分布的特点。从土壤养分的绝对数量来看，P呈高度富积，而有机质和K则是高度耗竭。因此，坡耕地施肥时可以适当减少P的施用量，增加有机物和K的施用量。针对植物篱带对坡耕地肥力影响的特点，即篱前肥力升高，篱下肥力下降，在坡耕地管理上应特别加强篱下土壤带的培肥，以提高坡面整体生产能力。     

植物篱-农作坡地土壤团聚体组成和稳定性特征

基于植物篱控制水土流失的长期定位试验,研究植物篱-农作坡地土壤团聚体组成和稳定性特征.结果表明： 与常规等高农作模式相比,植物篱-农作复合农业模式下土壤>0.25 mm机械稳定性和水稳性团聚体含量分别显著增加13.3%~16.1%和37.8%~55.6%,明显提高了各坡位粒级>0.25 mm土壤水稳性团聚体含量,改善了粒级>0.25 mm土壤水稳性团聚体在下坡位的相对富集和上坡位相对贫乏的状况.植物篱显著提高了土壤团聚体平均质量直径和几何平均直径,降低了土壤团聚体分形维数和>0.25 mm土壤团聚体破坏率,进而增强了土壤团聚体的稳定性和抗蚀性.坡度与植物篱类型对土壤团聚体组成、稳定性和坡面变化无显著影响.     

植物篱-农作坡地土壤团聚体组成和稳定性特征

基于植物篱控制水土流失的长期定位试验,研究植物篱-农作坡地土壤团聚体组成和稳定性特征.结果表明： 与常规等高农作模式相比,植物篱-农作复合农业模式下土壤>0.25 mm机械稳定性和水稳性团聚体含量分别显著增加13.3%~16.1%和37.8%~55.6%,明显提高了各坡位粒级>0.25 mm土壤水稳性团聚体含量,改善了粒级>0.25 mm土壤水稳性团聚体在下坡位的相对富集和上坡位相对贫乏的状况.植物篱显著提高了土壤团聚体平均质量直径和几何平均直径,降低了土壤团聚体分形维数和>0.25 mm土壤团聚体破坏率,进而增强了土壤团聚体的稳定性和抗蚀性.坡度与植物篱类型对土壤团聚体组成、稳定性和坡面变化无显著影响.     

陡坡地毛竹林多花黄精种群生长和生物量分配的坡位效应

为了给毛竹（Phyllostachys edulis（Carr.） H. de Lehaie）林下多花黄精(Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua.)复合经营提供理论依据,以林分结构基本一致的陡坡地粗放经营毛竹纯林为对象,调查分析了同一面坡的上坡位、中坡位、下坡位毛竹林下多花黄精种群生长状况和生物量积累与分配规律。结果表明：不同坡位毛竹林下多花黄精种群密度、叶片叶绿素值和叶、根生物量积累及叶、根、地下块茎生物量分配比例均无显著差异。多花黄精株高下坡位、上坡位差异不显著,均显著地高于中坡位。地径下坡位、中坡位差异不显著,均显著地低于上坡位。地上茎生物量中坡位、上坡位无显著差异,均显著地低于下坡位。地下块茎生物量、总生物量积累下坡位显著地高于中坡位,均与上坡位差异不显著。地上茎生物量分配比例下坡位显著地高于上坡位,均与中坡位差异不显著。不同坡位毛竹林下多花黄精生物量分配格局均为地下块茎>根>叶≈地上茎,地下块茎生物量分配比例占70%以上,显著大于生物量分配较为均匀的其它器官。毛竹林下多花黄精种群生长和生物量积累与分配存在着较为明显的坡位效应,在试验毛竹林林分结构和经营水平条件下,宜选择下坡位进行毛竹多花黄精复合经营。     

喀斯特坡地拉巴豆地埂篱根及根-土复合体力学特性

为探索地埂篱在喀斯特坡地水土保持中的价值,在重庆市酉阳县喀斯特顺层坡种植拉巴豆地埂篱,通过对根系灰度扫描、化学成分(木质素、纤维素、半纤维素)测定,单根抗拉试验和根-土复合体抗剪/冲试验,分析拉巴豆地埂篱根及根-土复合体的力学特性及影响因素。结果表明:(1)拉巴豆根系全根指标根长、根表面积、根体积、根重均表现为中坡下坡上坡,优势径级为0.0d≤1.0 mm径级。全根根系纤维素的平均含量较木质素、半纤维素高,且与根系直径呈显著负相关。(2)根系平均极限抗拉力6.77 N、平均抗拉强度29.57 MPa。极限抗拉力与木质素含量呈对数函数正相关、与木质素/纤维素(木纤比)呈线性正相关,抗拉强度与纤维素含量、木纤比分别为对数函数正相关和负相关。(3)上坡位抗剪土样的根体积密度、根重密度和木纤比显著大于中、下坡;而抗冲土样的根体积密度、根重密度、纤维素和半纤维素含量则中坡较优,但不显著。(4)根系能有效提高土体抗剪性能,根-土复合体的内摩擦角与粘聚力均较对照裸地高,但仅上坡粘聚力存在显著性差异(较对照增大45.67%)。内摩擦角和抗冲指数均中坡、下坡较优,粘聚力最优值位于上坡位。根-土复合体的力学特性主要受根体积、根重、根表面积密度和纤维素的影响。综上,拉巴豆根及根-土复合体的力学特性主要贡献径级为0.0d≤1.0 mm径级,中、下坡细根量大且根-土复合体抗冲性能表现较优,上坡根-土复合体抗剪切能力最强,但抗冲性能较弱。在推广拉巴豆地埂篱时,尽量种植于地势较低缓的中、下坡,更能凸显水土保持效益。     

北京山区侧柏林坡面土壤水分时空动态及其影响因素

研究基于自然坡面土壤水分高密度观测方法,明确北京山区侧柏林自然坡面土壤水分动态变化特征、时间稳定性及其影响因素,提升对北京山区坡面土壤水分时空动态及其影响因素的认识,为华北土石山区生态恢复对水文水资源影响评估提供依据。研究以北京鹫峰国家森林公园人工侧柏林地坡面（40 m×50 m）为研究对象,用Diviner 2000测量该自然坡面中30个测点,于2014年8月至2016年3月对坡面观测砾石层以上的土壤含水量（SWC）进行了观测。结果表明：观测期间土壤蓄水量（SWS）具有明显的季节变化特征且与降水量的变化趋势基本保持一致;不同土层SWC均处于中等变异,SWC较高时,SWC的变异性较低;研究区的土壤水分在整个观测期间都具有较高的时间稳定性,位于上坡水平阶的2号测点最能代表研究区的平均土壤水分;随着离树距离的增加SWS逐渐增加,春、夏、秋季离树距离0.5 m与1.5 m处SWS差异显著（P<0.05）;水平阶SWS显著大于陡坎（P<0.05）,夏、秋季下坡位土壤SWS显著低于上坡位（P<0.05）,水土保持工程措施对坡面SWC的分布格局有重要的影响。     

黄土区露天煤矿排土场不同微地貌土壤种子库特征

黄土区露天煤矿排土场边坡水力冲刷强烈，不同植被恢复模式与水力作用耦合形成的不同微地貌可通过对种子的不同拦截作用而影响植被的恢复及发展。为了探讨排土场不同微地貌对种子的拦截效益及不同植被恢复模式的恢复潜力，选取不同恢复模式下形成的细沟、丛岛和草带三种微地貌为研究对象，以邻近裸坡为对照，研究不同微地貌土壤种子库特征及其拦截力。结果表明：（1）在不同微地貌中土壤种子库均以一年生藜科和禾本科植物为主；丛岛微生境的土壤种子库中有较丰富的物种和较高的多样性指数。（2）各微地貌的土壤种子库均具有表层聚集现象；草带微地貌中的土壤种子库总储量最大，且草带的0-2 cm土层处的土壤种子库密度显著高于各微地貌的各个土层（P<0.05）。（3）细沟和丛岛在上坡位对种子的拦截效果更好，草带在下坡位对种子的拦截效果更好。综上所述，沙蒿恢复模式形成的丛岛有利于增加土壤种子库的物种多样性，草带有利于增加土壤种子库的储量，故在黄土区排土场进行植被恢复时可以利用不同微地貌对土壤种子库分布特征的优势构建适宜的复合植被恢复模式。     

毛红椿人工林树干液流动态变化对坡位的响应

2012年7-10月,采用液流测定系统监测了位于浙江省开化县的毛红椿人工林上下坡位的树干液流,并同步监测生态环境因子,分析了毛红椿人工林树干液流与土壤含水量、温度和水势等环境因子的关系.结果表明: 研究区上、下坡位树干液流日变化均呈典型的“昼高夜低”单峰曲线;下坡位毛红椿树干液流速率平均值显著高于上坡位;上坡位土壤温度显著高于下坡位,而下坡位土壤含水量和土壤水势显著高于上坡位;下坡位土壤含水量和土壤水势是影响毛红椿树干液流速率的主要因子,而上坡位土壤温度和土壤水势对毛红椿树干液流速率有较大影响.     

极端降雨下黄土高原草被沟坡浅层滑坡特征及其对产流产沙的影响

植被恢复作为黄土高原防治水土流失的重要措施,但极端降雨诱发的浅层滑坡在植被恢复的沟坡上频繁发生,影响流域的产流产沙过程。基于野外原位模拟降雨试验,在60 mm/h降雨强度下,研究草被沟坡浅层滑坡发生特征及其发生前后的产流产沙差异。结果表明：（1）极端降雨所诱发的草被沟坡上的浅层滑坡深度为14-36 cm,与自然强降雨所导致的浅层滑坡深度相贴合,均是低于50 cm。（2）植被根系与土壤容重、孔隙度等土壤性质显著相关（P<0.05）,致使滑坡面上、下层土壤物理性质差异显著（P<0.05）。由于土壤性质的差异,在极端降雨下滑坡面上层土壤水分更快达到饱和（饱和度>90%）,导致浅层滑坡的发生。（3）草被坡面浅层滑坡后的径流与产沙均显著增大（P<0.05）。三个小区的平均径流率在滑坡后增大了4.0-13.1倍,其平均含沙量和产沙率在滑坡后分别增大了9.9-54.9倍和70-841倍。研究结果有助于加深了解植被沟坡的侵蚀产沙机理,并为浅层滑坡防治提供科学依据。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

Cross-reactivity between storage and dust mites and between mites and shrimp

Many patients have sensitivities to multiple species of storage and house dust mites. It is not clear if this is because patients have multiple sensitivities to species-specific mite allergens or if these mites share many cross-reacting allergens. Our objective was to further define the cross-allergenicity between several species of storage and house dust mites using crossed-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed-radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), immunoblotting, and ELISA. CIE and CRIE reactions revealed that storage mites shared two cross-antigenic molecules and one of these bound IgE in a serum pool from mite allergic patients. Antibody in anti-sera built to each species of mite recognized many SDS–PAGE resolved proteins of other mite species and this suggested the potential for other cross-reactive allergens. Among patient sera, IgE bound to many different proteins but few had IgE that bound to a protein with common molecular weights across the mite species and this suggested mostly species-specific allergens. Antiserum built to each mite species precipitated one protein in shrimp extracts that bound anti-Der p 10 (tropomyosin) and IgE in the serum pool. Anti-Der p 10 showed strong binding to shrimp tropomyosin but very little to any of the mite proteins. ELISA showed the mite extracts contained very little tropomyosin. The storage and dust mites investigated contain mostly species-specific allergens and very small amounts of the pan-allergen tropomyosin compared to shrimp and snail.