桂林岩溶石山青冈群落植物功能多样性和环境因子与坡向的关联研究

研究群落水平上的植物功能多样性和环境因子与不同坡向（阴坡、阳坡）的关联,有助于理解不同坡向上植物群落的形成过程及其构建机制。本研究以桂林岩溶石山不同坡向上的青冈群落为研究对象,分析阴坡、阳坡植物功能多样性指数和环境因子的变化规律及植物功能多样性指数与环境因子的相关性。研究结果表明：（1）不同坡向上的功能丰富度、功能均匀度、功能离散度和功能分离度指数均具有显著的差异,且均表现为阴坡大于阳坡。（2）不同坡向上的土壤全磷含量、岩石裸露率和土壤有效磷含量均具有显著的差异,土壤全磷含量表现为阴坡大于阳坡,而岩石裸露率和土壤有效磷含量表现为阳坡大于阴坡。（3）多元逐步回归分析结果表明,在阴坡上功能离散度和功能分离度分别与岩石裸露率呈显著的负相关,而在阳坡上其相关性不显著;在阳坡上功能均匀度与土壤全磷含量、功能分离度与土壤有效磷含量呈显著的正相关,而在阴坡上其相关性不显著。     

甘南高寒草甸坡向梯度对植物群落功能多样性的影响

植物群落功能多样性对于维持生态系统功能具有十分重要的意义。该研究以青藏高原高寒草甸植物群落为研究对象,运用R软件程序包(FD、Vegan)与单因素方差分析法,分析高寒草甸不同坡向植物群落功能多样性的变化及其与环境因子的关系,以揭示微生境梯度上植物对环境的适应策略以及群落种间功能特征及生态系统内部结构和功能的变化机制。结果显示：(1)青藏高原高寒草甸的北坡和西北坡的物种丰富度、植物株高、比叶面积、叶片有机碳、叶片氮以及叶片磷显著高于其他坡向,且坡向间差异显著(P<0.05)。(2)在北坡到南坡的变化中,功能丰富度差异比较明显(P<0.05),株高、比叶面积、叶片有机碳、叶片氮及叶片磷等功能丰富度均呈递减趋势。(3)北坡的株高功能均匀度、西北坡比叶面积、叶片有机碳、叶片氮及叶片磷等功能均匀度均显著高于南坡,且多元性状功能均匀度在坡向间差异显著(P<0.05)。(4)北坡的比叶面积、叶片氮功能离散度及西北坡的株高、叶片有机碳、叶片磷等功能离散度均高于南坡,且坡向间差异显著(P<0.05)。(5)植物群落功能多样性与土壤含水量、土壤有机碳、土壤全氮、土壤全磷呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),与坡度、土壤pH、土温、照度呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。     

南四湖沉水植物物种多样性和功能多样性对水深梯度的响应

从物种多样性和功能多样性探讨沉水植物群落对水深的响应可深刻揭示水深对群落构建的影响机制。以南四湖不同水深沉水植物群落为研究对象,对比分析了群落的9个加权功能性状（株高、茎分支数、茎节数、茎直径、根长、根围直径、生物量分配比、比叶面积、植物体磷含量）、5个物种多样性指数（Berger-Parker生态优势度指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Simpson多样性指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数）和5个功能多样性指数（功能丰富度FRic指数、功能均匀度FEve指数、功能离散度FDiv指数、功能分散度FDis指数和二次熵Rao指数）以及物种多样性和功能多样性关系对水深的响应规律。研究结果表明：（1）水深可显著改变群落株高、根长、根围直径、比叶面积、生物量分配比和植物体磷含量6个加权功能性状;群落茎分支数、茎节数和茎直径3个加权功能性状对水深变化无显著响应;（2）水深可显著影响群落物种多样性和功能多样性,中等水深处沉水植物群落具有较高的Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Berger-Parker生态优势度指数、Pielou均匀度指数以及功能丰富度FRic指数、功能均匀度FEve指数、功能离散度FDis指数、二次熵Rao指数;（3）水深可改变5个物种多样性指数与功能丰富度FRic指数、功能均匀度FEve指数、功能离散度FDiv指数3个功能多样性指数间的相关关系,但对5个物种多样性指数与功能离散度FDis指数、二次熵Rao指数2个功能多样性指数间的相关关系无显著影响。研究结论为：群落不同测度的物种多样性和功能多样性指数及其相关关系对水深变化的响应迥异,在探讨水深对沉水植物群落构建的影响机制时应从多个方面综合考量。     

坡向和坡位对四川夹金山灌丛群落结构与物种多样性特征的影响

研究不同坡向、坡位夹金山灌丛群落结构和物种多样性特征。结果表明: 在 24 个样地中,共有维管植物 186 种,隶属于 50 科 127 属。其中,灌木层有 32 种,隶属于 14 科 22 属,阴坡下坡位物种数最多;草本层有 154 种,隶属于 43 科 109 属,阴坡物种数最少。灌木层的平均高度表现为阳坡>半阳坡>阴坡,平均密度则相反;草本层平均高度表现为阴坡>半阳坡>阳坡,平均密度无显著变化。坡位仅对阳坡草本层平均高度有显著影响,灌木层物种多样性在阴坡较高,草本层物种多样性在阳坡下坡位和阴坡中坡位较高。坡向对灌木层和草本层 Shannon多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数、物种丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数影响显著(除草本层 Simpson 指数),坡位对灌木层和草本层物种多样性指数均无显著影响,坡向和坡位的交互作用对草本层物种多样性的影响大于灌木层。冗余分析(RDA)表明,物种多样性不仅与坡向正弦值、坡向余弦值相关,也与群落结构特征相关性较大。     

桂林岩溶石山植物群落植物功能性状对不同坡向环境因子的响应

该研究以桂林岩溶石山不同坡向的植物群落为对象,探讨植物功能性状(比叶面积、叶绿素含量、木材密度和环境因子随坡向的变化规律。结果表明:比叶面积和叶绿素含量为阴坡>半阴坡>阳坡,阴坡和半阴坡分别与阳坡差异性显著;木材密度为阴坡<半阴坡<阳坡,阴坡、半阴坡分别与阳坡差异性显著。土壤有机质含量表现为阴坡大于阳坡,且阴坡与阳坡差异性显著;土壤全磷、土壤有效磷均表现为阳坡含量最高,且阴坡与阳坡差异性显著;土壤有效钾、土壤全钾则分别为阴坡、半阴坡含量最高,土壤全钾含量在各坡向上差异均显著,而土壤有效钾则为阴坡、半阴坡与阳坡均差异性显著。回归分析表明群落水平比叶面积在阴坡和半阴坡上与土壤有机质含量呈显著负相关;群落水平叶绿素含量与土壤全磷含量和土壤有效钾含量在阴坡上呈显著正相关;在不同坡向梯度上群落水平木材密度与环境因子无相关性。群落水平上植物功能性状随坡向的变化规律,反映了岩溶石山植物群落构建过程中环境对功能性状的筛选效应。     

开垦对阿拉善荒漠啮齿动物群落功能多样性的影响

开垦会导致荒漠化的加剧,并对动物群落产生严重的影响。而功能多样性恰恰能体现环境或干扰胁迫导致的群落结构差异。但有关啮齿动物群落功能多样性的研究并不多见,为此,我们在2018至2020年的4月、7月和10月利用铗日法对开垦区和未开垦区的啮齿动物群落进行调查,选择并量化了与其营养、生活史、生理、形态及活动节律等相关的5个功能性状,以探讨开垦对啮齿动物群落组成的影响,以及性状组成和功能多样性变化。研究结果表明：(1)开垦区群落的丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数均低于未开垦区,开垦改变了啮齿动物群落性状组成;(2)阿拉善荒漠啮齿动物群落组成与蛰眠、繁殖周期和食性等功能性状显著相关;(3)开垦区春、秋季群落功能丰富度和功能均匀度高于未开垦区,各季节群落功能离散度显著高于未开垦区;而未开垦区夏季群落功能丰富度高于开垦区,秋季群落功能均匀度高于开垦区;(4)开垦区和未开垦区群落功能丰富度最高值均出现在夏季,二者在不同季节间差异较大;开垦区群落功能均匀度最高值出现在春季、功能离散度最高值出现在秋季,二者在季节间差异均较小;未开垦群落功能均匀度最高值出现在秋季、功能离散度最高值出现在夏季,二者在季节间差异均较大。上述结果说明,阿拉善荒漠区啮齿动物群落功能多样性变化与土地开垦和季节相关联,开垦会从啮齿动物群落的生态空间利用程度、资源利用、种间竞争及生态位等方面影响群落功能多样性。     

不同坡向人工油松林生长状况与林下物种多样性分析

采用野外调查的方法,研究了绥德地区28年生不同坡向人工油松林林木个体生长、植物种类、相似系数和林下物种多样性特征,以明确坡向对人工油松林生长和群落结构的影响.结果显示,(1)阴坡油松的胸径、树高、冠高和冠幅均显著大于阳坡;(2)阴坡与阳坡林下分别有植物21和19种,共有种11种.群落相似系数为55%,说明坡向对人工油松林林下物种组成影响较大.(3)阴坡物种丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数均表现为草本层＞灌木层;而阳坡的Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数(Jsw)则与阴坡相反,为灌木层＞草本层;群落总体多样性表现为丰富度指数和多样性指数均是阴坡稍大于阳坡,而均匀度指数表现为阳坡稍大于阴坡.研究表明,绥德地区人工油松林的生长状况阴坡显著优于阳坡,但与陕北南部地区人工油松林相比,该地区人工油松林林木生长各项指标还是较低,群落结构配置不合理.     

高寒草甸不同坡向植物群落物种多样性与功能多样性的关系

植物群落物种多样性与功能多样性是生态学研究的热点问题之一,研究其对于保护生物多样性和维持生态系统功能具有重要意义。采用野外群落调查方法,探讨了物种多样性与功能多样性在坡向梯度上的变化格局及其关联性。结果显示：（1）从北坡到南坡,土壤含水量、有机碳呈递减趋势;坡度、照度、土温、pH呈递增趋势;土壤全氮、全磷在西坡明显低于其他各坡向;（2）物种多样性指数均由北坡向南坡依次递减;（3）一元性状功能多样性在各坡向间的差异显著（P<0.05）,除LDMC_FDrao外,其他功能性状均为北坡大于南坡;（4）多元性状功能丰富度与功能均匀度均由北坡向南坡呈递减的趋势,各坡向的功能均匀度差异性不显著。通过相关分析与通径分析发现,功能多样性指数的主要环境决定因子与限定因子均存在差异：功能丰富度、功能均匀度主要环境限定因子为pH,功能离散度主要环境限定因子为土温;功能离散度主要环境决定因子为土壤含水量;（5）物种多样性指数与功能丰富度呈正线性相关,与功能离散度呈负线性相关,而与功能均匀度不相关。     

博斯腾湖湖滨湿地植物多样性对季节变化的响应

研究生物多样性对季节的响应对于维持生态系统稳定、保护生物多样性、解析群落构建机制具有重要意义。本文以博斯腾湖湖滨湿地为研究对象,探究不同季节植物群落的物种多样性与功能多样性的变化规律。结果显示：(1)物种多样性指数随季节变化没有显著改变;功能多样性指数中,功能丰富度由春季到夏季逐渐减小,功能离散度逐渐增大;不同季节的功能均匀度差异性不显著;(2)植物功能性状在不同季节间差异显著;春季叶绿素含量显著低于夏季;夏季比叶面积和叶干物质含量显著高于秋季;叶片含水量和厚度由春季到秋季呈递增趋势;(3)影响Pielou指数和功能丰富度的主要环境因子分别为土壤铵态氮和速效磷;影响Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和功能均匀度的主要环境因子为土壤有机质;影响功能离散度的主要环境因子为土壤含水量;(4)影响最大株高的主要环境因子为土壤 pH值;影响叶干物质含量的主要环境因子为土壤速效钾;影响叶片厚度和比叶面积的主要环境因子为土壤总磷;而影响叶片含水量的主要环境因子为土壤硝态氮;叶绿素含量与土壤因子无显著相关关系。     

甘南高寒草甸植物功能性状和土壤因子对坡向的响应

研究甘南高寒草甸不同坡向植物功能性状和土壤因子及二者的关系.结果表明:禾草是阳坡的优势功能群,杂草和灌木是阴坡的优势功能群.阴坡植物群落生物量显著大于阳坡,但叶片氮磷比显著小于阳坡.不同坡向上,除叶片氮含量变化不显著外,叶片磷含量、比叶面积和物种平均高度大小均为阴坡＞偏阴坡＞阳坡.植被的生存策略在阴阳坡发生了很大变化,这种变化可以从不同坡向植物叶性状的差异和优势功能群的改变反映出来.土壤温度大小为阳坡＞偏阴坡＞阴坡;土壤含水量大小为阴坡＞偏阴坡＞阳坡;除了全磷含量自阳坡到阴坡出现递增趋势外,土壤全氮、有机质和速效氮的大小均为阴坡＞阳坡＞偏阴坡.比叶面积、物种平均高度与土壤全磷、有机质和土壤含水量均呈显著正相关,与土壤pH呈显著负相关.土壤水分和土壤pH共同影响着高寒草甸不同坡向植物功能性状和土壤养分的分布.     

植物群落功能多样性计算方法

以性状为基础的功能多样性指数在预测生态系统功能中起到越来越重要的作用.本文对近年来陆续出现的植物群落功能多样性指数进行综述.依据物种多样性指数的组成,功能多样性指数分为功能丰富度、功能均匀度和功能离散度指数.介绍了这3类指数的计算方法,有助于更好、更准确地理解“生物多样性-环境-生态系统功能”的关系.     

山西五鹿山森林群落木本植物功能多样性

通过选取群落中木本植物种子的扩散方式、传粉方式、植株高度和盖度等13个功能性状,计算出群落的6个功能多样性指数:功能性状距离、功能性状平均距离、功能体积、功能均匀度、功能分散指数和Rao二次熵指数,结合群落物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和物种均匀度指数对山西五鹿山森林群落木本植物功能多样性进行研究。结果表明:(1)功能性状距离、功能性状平均距离、功能体积与物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数显著正相关;功能均匀度与Shannon-Wiener指数、物种均匀度指数显著正相关;功能分散指数、Rao二次熵指数与物种均匀度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数显著正相关;(2)功能多样性的差异很大程度上是由于物种差异所引起的;(3)6个功能多样性指数可分为三类:功能性状距离、功能性状平均距离、功能体积为功能丰富度指数;功能均匀度为功能均匀度指数;功能分散指数和Rao二次熵指数为功能离散度指数。该分类结果符合指数的计算方法和生态学意义,以及相互独立的标准。     

The effects of human disturbance on the species composition,species diversity and functional diversity of a Miombo woodland in northern Malawi

Anthropogenic disturbances have serious impacts on ecosystems across the world. Understanding the effects of disturbance on woodlands, especially in regions where local people depend on these natural resources, is essential for sustainable natural resource management and biodiversity conservation. In this study, we evaluated the effects of anthropogenic disturbance, specifically selective logging of Brachystegia floribunda, on woodlands by comparing species composition, species diversity and functional diversity of woody plants between disturbed and undisturbed woodlands. We combined species data and functional trait data for leaves, fruits and other traits related to resource and disturbance responses to calculate functional indices (functional richness, evenness and divergence) and community‐weighted means of each trait. Shifts in taxonomic species composition were analysed using nonmetric multi‐dimensional scaling. Species composition differed significantly between disturbed and undisturbed woodlands. Tree density was greater in disturbed woodlands, whereas evenness, functional evenness and functional divergence were greater in undisturbed woodlands. In terms of forest cover, selective logging of B. floribunda appeared to have little impact on Miombo woodlands, but some shifts in functional traits, such as the shift from a deciduous to evergreen phenology, may increase the vulnerability of these ecosystems to environmental change, especially drought.     

Taxonomic and functional diversity covary in rock pool microalgal communities despite their different drivers

Local biodiversity has traditionally been estimated with taxonomic diversity metrics such as species richness. Recently, the concept of biodiversity has been extended beyond species identity by ecological traits determining the functional role of a species in a community. This interspecific functional diversity typically responds more strongly to local environmental variation compared with taxonomic diversity, while taxonomic diversity may mirror more strongly dispersal processes compared with functional metrics. Several trait‐based indices have been developed to measure functional diversity for various organisms and habitat types, but studies of their applicability on aquatic microbial communities have been underrepresented. We examined the drivers and covariance of taxonomic and functional diversity among diatom rock pool communities on the Baltic Sea coast. We quantified three taxonomic (species richness, Shannon''s diversity, and Pielou''s evenness) and three functional (functional richness, evenness, and divergence) diversity indices and determined abiotic factors best explaining variation in these indices by generalized linear mixed models. The six diversity indices were highly collinear except functional evenness, which merely correlated significantly with taxonomic evenness. All diversity indices were always explained by water conductivity and temperature–sampling month interaction. Taxonomic diversity was further consistently explained by pool distance to the sea, and functional richness and divergence by pool location. The explained variance in regression models did not markedly differ between taxonomic and functional metrics. Our findings do not clearly support the superiority of neither set of diversity indices in explaining coastal microbial diversity, but rather highlight the general overlap among the indices. However, as individual metrics may be driven by different factors, the greatest advantage in assessing biodiversity is nevertheless probably achieved with a simultaneous application of the taxonomic and functional diversity metrics.     

Environmental heterogeneity and population density affect the functional diversity of personality traits in small mammal populations

Understanding factors affecting the functional diversity of ecological communities is an important goal for ecologists and conservationists. Previous work has largely been conducted at the community level; however, recent studies have highlighted the critical importance of considering intraspecific functional diversity (i.e. the functional diversity of phenotypic traits among conspecifics). Further, a major limitation of existing literature on this topic is the lack of empirical studies examining functional diversity of behavioural phenotypes—including animal personalities. This is a major shortcoming because personality traits can affect the fitness of individuals, and the composition of personalities in a population can have important ecological consequences. Our study aims to contribute to filling this knowledge gap by investigating factors affecting the functional diversity of personality traits in wild animal populations. Specifically, we predicted that the richness, divergence and evenness associated with personality traits would be impacted by key components of forest structure and would vary between contrasting forest types. To achieve our objective we conducted a fully replicated large-scale field experiment over a 4 year period using small mammal populations as a model system. We found that greater heterogeneity in the cover of shrubs, coarse woody debris and canopy cover was associated with a greater richness, lower divergence and lower evenness in personality traits. Greater population density was associated with greater functional richness and lower functional divergence and evenness of personality traits. To maintain a behaviourally diverse population and its associated functions, managers may promote heterogeneity in vegetation and increased population density, which we found to be the most important determinants driving functional diversity of personality traits.     

Weak functional response to agricultural landscape homogenisation among plants,butterflies and birds

Measures of functional diversity are expected to predict community responses to land use and environmental change because, in contrast to taxonomic diversity, it is based on species traits rather than their identity. Here, we investigated the impact of landscape homogenisation on plants, butterflies and birds in terms of the proportion of arable field cover in southern Finland at local (0.25 km²) and regional (> 10 000 km²) scales using four functional diversity indices: functional richness, functional evenness, functional divergence and functional dispersion. No uniform response in functional diversity across taxa or scales was found. However, in all cases where we found a relationship between increasing arable field cover and any index of functional diversity, this relationship was negative. Butterfly functional richness decreased with increasing arable field cover, as did butterfly and bird functional evenness. For butterfly functional evenness, this was only evident in the most homogeneous regions. Butterfly and bird functional dispersion decreased in homogeneous regions regardless of the proportion of arable field cover locally. No effect of landscape heterogeneity on plant functional diversity was found at any spatial scale, but plant species richness decreased locally with increasing arable field cover. Overall, species richness responded more consistently to landscape homogenisation than did the functional diversity indices, with both positive and negative effects across species groups. Functional diversity indices are in theory valuable instruments for assessing effects of land use scenarios on ecosystem functioning. However, the applicability of empirical data requires deeper understanding of which traits reliably capture species’ vulnerability to environmental factors and of the ecological interpretation of the functional diversity indices. Our study provides novel insights into how the functional diversity of communities changes in response to agriculturally derived landscape homogenisation; however, the low explanatory power of the functional diversity indices hampers the ability to reliably anticipate impacts on ecosystem functioning.     

基于系统发育及功能性状的不同坡向荒漠植物群落构建研究——以博湖县沙化封禁保护区为例

荒漠植物群落构建机制的研究有助于荒漠生态系统植物资源的保护及系统平衡稳定的维持。基于系统发育与功能性状相结合的方法,以博湖县沙化封禁保护区植物群落为研究对象,在研究区内纵向沙垄的不同坡向上(丘间、阴坡、阳坡)设置样方,进行植物群落物种功能性状和土壤因子的调查与测定,通过检验植物群落物种功能性状的系统发育信号,分析不同坡向植物群落物种系统发育结构和功能结构的表现模式,利用主成分分析(PCA)和线性回归模型(Linear regression model)筛选出影响物种共存的环境因子,进而揭示研究区干旱荒漠生态系统植物群落物种共存的驱动因素。结果表明：(1)研究区植被主要以耐旱的灌木和藜科草本植物为优势种;不同坡向土壤因子具有异质性,丘间、阴坡土壤养分、水分更为丰富。(2)研究区样地植物群落物种10个功能性状指标的系统发育信号K值均小于1,说明物种功能性状受系统进化影响较小,物种功能性状未表现出系统发育保守性。(3)不同坡向系统发育结构均趋于发散,限制相似性在植物分布中占主导作用;丘间和阴坡上较丰富的土壤肥力是物种功能结构发散的主要原因,阳坡物种功能结构表现为聚集效应,生境过滤为其驱动因素...