北京城市森林不同天气状况下PM2.5浓度变化

基于北京市环境保护监测中心植物园空旷地和市区非植被区的PM_(2.5)实时监测数据,结合植物园林内PM_(2.5)监测站数据,分析了2013年3月—2014年2月不同天气状况下的PM2.5质量浓度变化。结果表明:1降雨天气和大风天气下PM_(2.5)质量浓度变化无滞后性,雨前和雨中变动较大,雨后变化较小,雨后1天PM_(2.5)质量浓度降低到最低值((14.88±7.34)μg/m~3,下降了(89.36±4.78)%),雪后第2天达到最低值((13.76±6.73)μg/m~3,下降了(88.53±5.59)%);2大风天气下PM_(2.5)质量浓度波动较小,在东北风和西南风影响下PM_(2.5)质量浓度值较高(80.61μg/m~3),在东南风影响下PM_(2.5)浓度值较低(54.22μg/m~3);3高温高湿天气下PM_(2.5)质量浓度市区非植被区滞后1—2h到达峰值,植物园林内监测站和植物园空旷地高峰无滞后性,植物园林内监测站变动剧烈、消减作用强,市区非植被区和植物园空旷地较为平缓;4不同天气下PM_(2.5)质量浓度均表现为市区非植被区植物园林内植物园空旷地;5城市森林具有强大的净化大气污染物和吸滞PM_(2.5)等颗粒物的功能,森林环境的空气质量优于非植被区,森林空旷地的空气质量优于森林内部。     

北京西山不同海拔油松林PM2.5浓度及叶片吸附量变化规律

以北京西山不同海拔梯度油松人工林为研究对象,对油松林PM_(2.5)浓度变化和叶片PM_(2.5)吸附量进行分析,并应用电子显微镜对不同海拔油松叶表面微形态特征进行观察,阐释叶片吸附PM_(2.5)差异。结果表明:随着海拔升高PM_(2.5)质量浓度逐渐降低,不同海拔油松林PM_(2.5)质量浓度日变化均呈典型的双峰曲线,7:00和19:00是一天的两个峰值,最小值出现在13:00—15:00左右;从不同月份看,不同海拔油松林PM_(2.5)质量浓度最高值出现在冬季的2月,最低值在8月;不同海拔油松林PM_(2.5)质量浓度全年均值为84 m((102.28±18.44)μg/m~3)110 m((94.18±18.34)μg/m~3)160 m((81.53±19.23)μg/m~3)230 m((75.39±15.71)μg/m~3);随着海拔升高单位叶面积PM_(2.5)吸附量逐渐减小,每升高50 m,单位叶面积PM_(2.5)吸附量降低23.25%,每公顷PM_(2.5)吸附量下降26.43%,不同海拔油松林每公顷PM_(2.5)吸附量全年均值为84 m((8.61±1.08)kg/hm~2)110 m((7.30±0.94)kg/hm~2)160 m((6.35±0.99)kg/hm~2)230 m((4.34±1.14)kg/hm~2);处于低海拔的油松叶表面较粗糙,气孔内部和周围聚集大量颗粒物,在叶面形态上更有利于吸附PM_(2.5),高海拔则相反。高海拔空气质量优于低海拔,低海拔的植物吸附颗粒物多于高海拔。研究结果可为城市造林和森林净化大气提供数据支持。     

冬季PM2.5的气象影响因素解析

气象因素能够显著影响PM_(2.5)浓度,可减轻或加剧城市空气污染,尤其是在雾霾严重的冬季。同时由于城市间污染物排放强度和扩散条件的差异,雾霾的发生往往具有较强的区域性。选择了石家庄、西安、北京、太原、广州5个不同污染区域的典型城市,首先分析多个气象因子与PM_(2.5)浓度的关系,进而研究气象因素对PM_(2.5)浓度变异解释度的差异,以及气象因子对PM_(2.5)浓度影响的相对重要性,进一步对比分析气象因素对PM_(2.5)浓度影响在不同污染程度的城市之间的差异,解析了不同城市的主要气象影响因素和气象因素的综合影响程度。研究结果表明:(1)气象条件与PM_(2.5)日浓度显著相关,且在不同污染程度的城市与PM_(2.5)浓度相关的气象因子不同。与石家庄冬季PM_(2.5)浓度相关的气象因素为相对湿度、平均风速;与西安PM_(2.5)浓度相关的主要气象因素为相对湿度、平均风速和最大持续风速;与北京PM_(2.5)浓度相关的主要气象因素相对湿度、日均温度、平均风速、最大持续风速和最低温;与太原PM_(2.5)浓度相关的主要气象因素为日均温、相对湿度、平均风速、最高温、最低温和最大持续风速;与广州PM_(2.5)浓度相关的主要气象因素为相对湿度、平均风速、最高温和降雨量。(2)PM_(2.5)浓度越高的地区,气象因素能够解释的PM_(2.5)浓度变异越小。严重污染区的石家庄气象因素多元回归分析的R~2为0.27,重污染区的西安气象因素多元回归分析R~2为0.29,中污染区的北京气象因素多元回归分析R~2为0.46,污染地区的太原气象因素多元回归分析R~2为0.67。研究结果揭示了不同城市的主要气象影响因素及其综合影响程度,可为城市PM_(2.5)控制和预测精度提高提供理论参考,并为区域生态环境规划和城市协调发展提供科学依据。     

北京市PM2.5化学组分特征

对2012年8月至2013年7月期间北京市定陵、车公庄、房山和榆垡4个站点的15种PM_(2.5)化学组分进行分析,探讨各组分的时空分布特征以及有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)的污染特征。结果表明,4个站点PM_(2.5)组分中OC、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+的含量较高,年均浓度分别为(22.62±21.86)、(19.39±21.06)、(18.89±19.82)、(13.20±12.80)μg/m3。各组分浓度在时间分布上多为冬季最高,夏季最低;在空间分布上多为南部高,北部低;另外NH+4浓度水平明显高于早年间的监测结果。受燃煤的影响,冬季OC和EC平均浓度分别为夏季浓度的3倍和2.5倍。春、夏、秋、冬季4个站点平均OC/EC比值分别为4.9、7.0、8.1和8.4,表明北京市全年均存在较严重的SOC污染。采用OC/EC比值法估算得出全年定陵、车公庄、房山和榆垡站二次有机碳(SOC)占OC的比例分别为57.7%、60.0%、45.6%和57.6%。定陵、车公庄、房山和榆垡站年均[NO_3~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]比值分别为1.01、1.25、1.08和1.12,表明目前北京市排放源表现出固定源和移动源并重的特征。     

大气颗粒物(PM2.5、PM10)对地表景观结构的响应研究进展

颗粒物PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)是近年来我国大气首要污染物,威胁环境和人类健康。地表景观结构直接或间接影响PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度,了解其影响过程和机理对于改善生态环境具有重要意义。系统总结了国内外关于PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)对地表景观结构响应的研究成果,指出研究中出现不确定性的可能影响因素,并对今后的发展方向进行展望。得出基本结论:(1)地表景观类型的构成及其格局显著影响大气颗粒物浓度,对PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)起到"源"和"汇"的作用。(2)地表景观结构引起局地气候变化并影响颗粒物的迁移转化,但其影响过程和机理复杂,研究结论并不明确。(3)颗粒物浓度和地表景观数据主要通过实际监测或遥感处理方法获得,但因为获取方法、监测点微观环境及遥感影像等因素影响,导致数据具有不确定性,加上时空尺度相对应的复杂性,大大限制了地表景观结构与PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)响应关系的研究进展,是未来要突破的难点。(4)PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)对地表景观结构响应的区域时空差异及过程,局地小气候变化对颗粒物浓度的影响过程和强度,主要景观类型尤其是水体、湿地景观对大气颗粒物浓度的影响过程、机理与贡献程度等是未来需要关注的方向。     

城市空气污染对周边区域空气质量的影响

京津冀地区是全球以PM_(2.5)为首要污染物的空气污染最严重的区域之一,并已严重制约区域发展。大区域尺度上(例全国尺度)开展城市与其周边区域的PM_(2.5)的研究通常直接比较二者的浓度差异,以定量地评估城市PM_(2.5)污染对周边区域的影响,但这种方法在小区域较难精细地刻画城市对周边区域的影响的方向性和距离性差异。利用京津冀地区13个城市2000年,2005年,2010年,2015年PM_(2.5)浓度和土地覆盖类型数据,以城市重心到城市边界的平均距离为基本距离,建立每个城市的一级(一倍基本距离)和二级(二倍基本距离)缓冲区,然后将缓冲区分成8个象限,以定量分析城市PM_(2.5)污染对周边区域影响的方向性和距离差异。结果发现:(1)2000—2015年,京津冀城市群各地级市与周边区域空气质量时空分布分为以下两种模式:第一种模式是城区浓度高,周边区域低;第二种模式是城区浓度低,周边区域高且浓度差异很小。(2)各地级市对周边区域影响程度和范围呈上升趋势,并且这种影响具体表现在距离性和方向性两方面:(1)大部分城市距离城区越远,受城市PM_(2.5)污染的潜在影响越大。(2)2000—2015年,除天津、廊坊、衡水和沧州,其余城市空气污染对周边影响的方向性特征差异显著。通过建立城市空气污染对周边区域定量化方法并在京津冀开展实证研究,拓展了城市空气污染对周边区域空气质量影响研究的方法体系,为定量地开展城市化的生态环境效应研究提供了方法和实证拓展。     

基于城市绿地滞尘模型的上海市绿色空间滞留PM2.5功能评估

绿色空间对大气颗粒物有一定吸收滞留作用,是改善空气环境质量与维护城市生态安全的重要区域。该文基于高分2号卫星影像识别2017年上海市绿色空间,并利用城市绿地滞尘模型,结合上海市降水、风速等气象数据与空气质量监测数据,评估了绿色空间滞留PM_(2.5)功能及其差异。结果表明:2017年上海市绿色空间面积3354 km~2,可滞留PM_(2.5) 3533 t,约合单位面积滞留PM_(2.5) 10.5 kg hm~(-2) a~(-1)。从绿色空间类型来看,林地滞留PM_(2.5)能力最强,可达20.2 kg hm~(-2) a~(-1),远高于草地9.1 kg hm~(-2) a~(-1)和农田8.7 kg hm~(-2) a~(-1)的滞留能力。从季节差异来看,绿色空间夏季滞留PM_(2.5)能力最高,然后依次为秋季、春季和冬季。从植被分布格局来看,林草地和农田吸滞PM_(2.5)的能力随植被盖度的增加而提高。在区域差异上,崇明区绿色空间滞留PM_(2.5)能力最高,其余地区呈现出中心城区低、周边高的趋势。为此建议上海市重点优化中心城区的绿色空间格局,增植立体绿化与高滞尘能力树种。     

基于ENVI-met的城市道路绿地植物配置对PM2.5的影响研究

随着城市化的快速发展,大气污染尤其细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))已成为制约城市环境的重要因素,相关研究表明,在众多的PM_(2.5)来源中道路交通是在其中的重要来源之一,而道路绿地植物群落能够消减来自道路的PM_(2.5)。运用场地观测和ENVI-met模拟相结合的方法探讨城市道路绿地植物群落对PM_(2.5)的影响,分析仅有乔木(i)、乔木+树篱(ii)、乔木+树篱+灌木(iii)3种模式下的植物群落配置对PM_(2.5)的影响,揭示绿地植物群落的长度、宽度、高度和LAI对PM_(2.5)的影响。结果表明:(1)场地观测中的道路绿地植物群落的3种配置模式对PM_(2.5)的消减率分别是iii(14.2%)ii(12.9%)i(9.2%)。(2)绿地中植物的种类、绿地宽度、绿地植物的叶面指数等要素对消减作用起正面作用,高度和长度起负面作用。(3)绿地的长度的一定量的减少可以在绿地后方形成一个宽度约为绿地长度80%的、随着与绿地的距离的增加而宽度递减的较绿地长度更长环境PM_(2.5)浓度更低的低谷区,但其他没有绿地的空间的PM_(2.5)浓度会加重。(4)绿地高度的增加会迫使PM_(2.5)向更高的空间运动。     

基于实地监测的城市林木调控PM2.5能力研究

随着城市的不断扩张,PM_(2.5)污染凸显,引起广泛关注。研究表明,城市林木为城市环境提供了重要的生态保障,在调控、缓解、降低城市PM_(2.5)污染危害等方面发挥极其重要的作用,通过筛选树种、优化配置结构、提高林木质量等方面进行城市林木前瞻性布局。然而,结合前期研究基础如何进一步深入研究并研究突破城市林木调控PM_(2.5)污染机制与机理,实现调控PM_(2.5)效应的最大化、最优化,依然是一个亟待解决的难题,这迫切需要在多尺度、多维度进行调控PM_(2.5)效应研究,并在不同尺度、不同维度进一步进行结合、延伸。对基于实地监测的城市林木调控PM_(2.5)能力研究现状相关文献进行归纳总结,并从林木单位叶面积与形态特征、配置结构特征、气象条件以及其他因素等方面归纳城市林木调控PM_(2.5)机制,同时从城市林木调控PM_(2.5)效应的时间变化特征、水平距离和垂直变化特征、内外变化特征等方面总结城市林木调控PM_(2.5)时空特征。最终提出研究城市林木调控PM_(2.5)效应目前存在的主要问题以及未来研究展望。     

不同污染程度下毛白杨叶表面PM2.5颗粒的数量及性质和叶片气孔形态的比较研究

选择了北京市环境PM_(2.5)浓度不同的两个采样点的毛白杨(Populus tomentosa Carr.)作为研究对象,利用环境扫描电镜及X-射线能谱仪对杨树叶片表面滞留的PM_(2.5)颗粒进行了观察、统计和成分分析,并研究了叶片气孔对环境颗粒物污染的适应性变化。结果表明:夏秋两季西直门叶片样品上下表面的PM_(2.5)数量均多于森林公园样品这说明环境PM_(2.5)浓度是影响叶片表面滞留颗粒物数量的主要原因;其中叶片上表面是滞留PM_(2.5)颗粒的主要区域。森林公园样品中PM_(2.5)颗粒性质比较单一,硅铝酸盐颗粒和石英颗粒占很大比例,二者的主要来源均为天然源,如土壤扬尘、矿物颗粒等;而西直门采样点叶片样品滞留的PM_(2.5)颗粒的元素组成更为复杂,其中50%以上的硅铝酸盐颗粒检测出了明显的铜、钾、氯、钠等元素的谱峰其来源主要是工业排放;西直门样品PM_(2.5)的含硫量高于森林公园样品,且夏季明显高于秋季。研究还发现有少数PM_(2.5)颗粒进入了毛白杨叶片的气孔而且不同污染程度下气孔的形态特征存在差异。与森林公园毛白杨叶片的气孔相比,西直门处的毛白杨叶片气孔的长度、宽度、面积和气孔密度均较小,说明较高的PM_(2.5)污染程度对毛白杨叶片的形态发育有一定影响。研究结果可以为揭示植物叶片阻滞、吸收大气颗粒污染物的机制、合理选择和优化城市绿化树种从而改善空气质量提供一定的科学理论依据。     

Sn-S and Ru-Ru bonds cleavage reactions between [Ph3SnS(CH2)3SSnPh3] and Ru3(CO)12: X-ray crystal structures of [Ph3SnS(CH2)3SSnPh3] and trans-[Ru(CO)4(SnPh3)2]

The organotin complex [Ph₃SnS(CH₂)₃SSnPh₃] (1) was synthesized by PdCl₂ catalyzed reaction between Ph₃SnCl and disodium-1,3-propanedithiolate which in turn was prepared from 1,2-propanedithiol and sodium in refluxing THF. Reaction of 1 with Ru₃(CO)₁₂ in refluxing THF affords the mononuclear complex trans-[Ru(CO)₄(SnPh₃)₂] (2) and the dinuclear complex [Ru₂(CO)₆(μ-κ²-SCH₂CH₂CH₂S)] (3) in 20 and 11% yields, respectively, formed by cleavage of Sn-S bond of the ligand and Ru-Ru bonds of the cluster. Treatment of pymSSnPPh₃ (pymS = pyrimidine-2-thiolate) with Ru₃(CO)₁₂ at 55-60 °C also gives 2 in 38% yield. Both 1 and 2 have been characterized by a combination of spectroscopic data and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.     

Purification and Properties of the Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) Lactate Dehydrogenase LDH-B4 and LDH-C4 Isoenzymes

In the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27) is encoded by three loci, Ldh-A, Ldh-B, and Ldh-C. LDH-B₄ isoenzyme restricted its function to eye and brain, while LDH-C₄ isoenzyme functions in the eye. In the Dead Vistula stickleback population, none of LDH loci is polymorphic. The LDH-B₄ and LDH-C₄ isoenzymes from the eye were purified to homogeneity to specific activity of 186 and 229 μmol NADH min⁻¹mg⁻¹, respectively, at 30°C. Some physico-chemical and kinetic properties revealed that eye LDH-C₄ isoenzyme was more thermostable and had a higher affinity to pyruvate than LDH-B₄ isoenzyme. Lower Km for pyruvate of eye LDH-C₄ isoenzyme distinguishes it from fish LDH-C₄ isoenzyme isolated from liver.     

Kinetic studies of the reduction of hexaaquacobalt(III) perchlorate by a cobaloxime, [Co(dmgBF2)2(H2O)2]

The reaction of with Co(dmgBF₂)₂(H₂O)₂ in 1.0 M HClO₄/LiClO₄ was found to be first-order in both reactants and the [H⁺] dependence of the second-order rate constant is given by k_2obs = b/[H⁺], b at 25 °C is 9.23 ± 0.14 × 10² s⁻¹. The [H⁺] dependence at lower temperatures shows some saturation effect that allowed an estimate of the hydrolysis constant for as K_a = 9.5 × 10⁻³ M at 10 and 15 °C. Marcus theory and the known self-exchange rate constant for Co(OH₂)₅OH^2+/+ were used to estimate an electron self-exchange rate constant of k₂₂ = 1.7 × 10⁻⁴ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ for .     

Formation and stabilization of five-coordinate iron(II) verdoheme analogues by axial weakly coordinating anion ligation. X-ray crystal structures of [(OEOPFe)2O](X)2 (X = AsF6, SbF6)

The effect of weakly coordinating anions, , as axial ligands on the formation and coordination chemistry of verdoheme analogues have been examined. Two new five-coordinate and stable iron(II) verdoheme analogues, [OEOPFe^IIX], where OEOP is the monoanion of octaethyloxoporphyrin and X = AsF₆ and SbF₆, have been isolated. The compounds have been characterized by different spectroscopic methods as well as elemental analysis. ¹H NMR spectroscopy and magnetic moment measurements show that the [OEOPFe^IIX] are paramagnetic and iron is five-coordinate. Exposure of dichloromethane solutions of [OEOPFe^IIX] (X = AsF₆ (2), SbF₆ (3)) to dioxygen result in their transformation into the μ-oxo bridged compounds, [(OEOPFe)₂O](X)₂ (X = AsF₆ (4), SbF₆ (5)). The structures of 4 and 5 have been determined by X-ray diffraction analysis, both are structurally similar with a P2₁/c space group in the monoclinic crystal system.     

1-D coordination chains of Cu(hfac)2 and Mn(hfac)2 bridged by phenyl-nitronylnitroxide derivatives

Two alternating 1-D metal-radical linear [L:Cu(hfac)₂]_n and zig-zag [L:Mn(hfac)₂]_n chains (where L = 4-trimethylsilylethynyl-1-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-3-oxylimidazoline-1-oxide)benzene) and hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate) are described and characterized by X-ray diffraction of their crystals. Bulk magnetic measurements of L:Cu(hfac)₂ indicated a ferromagnetic interaction with J = 6 cm⁻¹ and L:Mn(hfac)₂ yielded ferrimagnetic interactions with J = −95 cm⁻¹. For the latter, a strong increase of their magnetic moment at lowest temperatures was observed only at very low static magnetic field, while for H_dc > 0.05 T saturation effect led to a downward slope after reaching a maximum.     

C4作物FACE(free-air CO2 enrichment)研究进展

持续迅速上升的大气二氧化碳浓度([CO₂])是全球变暖最大的驱动因子,但其作为光合作用底物直接增加了作物的生产力。相比C₃作物,人们对未来高浓度CO₂情形下C₄作物的响应规律认识较少。与封闭或半封闭气室研究相比,FACE(free-air CO₂ enrichment)试验在空气自由流动的大田条件下对作物表现进行研究,它提供了对未来作物生长环境的真实模拟,因此提供了评估CO₂肥料效应以及揭示植物响应机制的最好机会。作为人类重要的粮食和饲料来源,高粱和玉米是最重要的C₄作物。在简介美国玉米和高粱FACE系统的基础上,综述了FACE情形下高浓度CO₂(模拟本世纪中叶大气CO₂浓度,即550 μmol/mol)对两大作物生理、生长和产量以及土壤特性等方面的影响,同时比较了与气室研究结果的异同点。(1)FACE使干旱条件下两作物光合作用显著增强,但湿润条件下没有影响;FACE条件下高粱出现光合适应现象,而玉米没有;(2)FACE使两作物气孔导度大幅下降,导致叶温升高、蒸腾速率下降、蒸发蒸腾总量减少或没有变化、叶片总水势和水分利用效率增加或没有变化;(3)FACE对两作物物候期和化学组分影响很少;(4)FACE使干旱条件下两作物生长和产量略有增加,但湿润条件下没有影响;(5)FACE使高粱田土壤丛枝状菌根真菌的长度和易提取胶状物质浓度显著增加,导致水稳性土壤团聚体增加;FACE对高粱田N₂O或含氮气体(N₂O+N₂)的排放没有影响;(6)高浓度CO₂对两作物气孔导度的影响FACE试验明显大于气室试验,而对生长和产量的影响呈相反趋势。阐明CO₂与基因型、土壤湿度和大气温度间的互作效应及其机制是下一轮C₄作物FACE研究优先考虑的方向,技术的不断进步已为利用大型FACE系统来研究这些互作效应提供了可能。     

Transesterification of sunflower oil to biodiesel on ZrO2 supported La2O3 catalyst

ZrO₂ supported La₂O₃ catalyst prepared by impregnation method was examined in the transesterification reaction of sunflower oil with methanol to produce biodiesel. It was found that the catalyst with 21 wt% loaded La₂O₃ and calcined at 600 °C showed the optimum activity. The basic property of the catalyst was studied by CO₂-TPD, and the results showed that the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield was related to their basicity. The catalyst was also characterized by TG–DTA, XRD, FTIR, SEM and TEM, and the mechanism for the formation of basic sites was discussed. It was also found that the crystallite size of support ZrO₂ decreased by loading of La₂O₃, and the model of the solid-state reaction on the surface of La₂O₃/ZrO₂ catalyst was proposed. Besides, the influence of various reaction variables on the conversion was investigated.     

Study on the heterogeneous degradation of chitosan with H2O2 catalyzed by a new supermolecular assembly crystal: [C6H8N2]6H3[PW12O40]·2H2O

A new supermolecular assembly crystal, [C₆H₈N₂]₆H₃[PW₁₂O₄₀]·2H₂O (DMB-PWA), was synthesized with phosphotungstic acid (PWA) and 1,2-diaminobenzene (DMB) under hydrothermal conditions and was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. DMB-PWA could effectively catalyze oxidative degradation of chitosan with H₂O₂ in the heterogeneous phase. The optimum degradation conditions were determined by orthogonal tests as follows: amount of chitosan 1.00 g, 30% (wt %); H₂O₂, 3.0 mL; dosage of catalyst, 0.06 g; reaction temperature, 85 °C; and reaction time, 30 min. The water-soluble chitosan with a viscosity-average molecular weight (M_v) of 4900 was obtained under the optimum degradation conditions and was characterized by FTIR, ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflection spectra (UV-vis DRS), and X-ray powder diffraction analysis.     

Regulation of sperm motility by PIP2(4,5) and actin polymerization

Actin polymerization and development of hyperactivated (HA) motility are two processes that take place during sperm capacitation. In previous studies, we demonstrated that the increase in F-actin during capacitation depends upon inactivation of the actin severing protein, gelsolin, by its binding to phosphatydilinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate (PIP₂). Here, we showed for the first time the involvement of PIP₂/gelsolin in human sperm motility before and during capacitation. Activation of gelsolin by causing its release from PIP₂ inhibited sperm motility, which could be restored by adding PIP₂ to the cells. Reduction of PIP₂ synthesis inhibited actin polymerization and motility, and increasing PIP₂ synthesis enhanced these activities. Furthermore, sperm demonstrating low motility contained low levels of PIP₂ and F-actin. During capacitation there was an increase in PIP₂ and F-actin levels in the sperm head and a decrease in the tail. In sperm with high motility, gelsolin was mainly localized to the sperm head before capacitation, whereas in low motility sperm, most of the gelsolin was localized to the tail before capacitation and translocated to the head during capacitation. We also showed that phosphorylation of gelsolin on tyrosine-438 depends on its binding to PIP₂. Activation of phospholipase C by Ca²⁺-ionophore or by activating the epidermal-growth-factor-receptor inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation of gelsolin. In conclusion, the data indicate that the increase of PIP₂ and/or F-actin in the head during capacitation enhances gelsolin translocation to the head. As a result the decrease of gelsolin in the tail allows keeping high level of F-actin in the tail, which is essential for the development of HA motility.     

Na_2SeO_4对蛹虫草子实体生长的影响

蛹虫草是一种药食两用真菌,具有与冬虫夏草相似的功能,且富硒能力较强。本研究通过大量的人工栽培试验,旨在探究不同浓度Na_2SeO_4对新疆本地蛹虫草子实体生长的影响。试验表明,质量浓度为20 mg/L的Na_2SeO_4对蛹虫草的生长不产生显著影响,但蛹虫草各项生物学指标均随着培养基中外源Na_2SeO_4浓度的增加而呈下降趋势,说明随着外源Na_2SeO_4浓度的增加会对蛹虫草的生长产生抑制效应,当外源Na_2SeO_4质量浓度达到200 mg/L时,生产的蛹虫草已不具备商品价值。由此可见,20 mg/L的质量浓度是以Na_2SeO_4为硒源进行蛹虫草富硒研究的安全浓度。该研究为富硒产品开发寻找新的硒源开辟了新思路,为新疆地区进一步大规模栽培富硒蛹虫草提供一定的参考,但是对以Na_2SeO_4为硒源的最佳富硒浓度还有待于进一步研究。