城市湿地概念和功能及中国城市湿地保护

随着城市化进程加快,城市湿地保护问题日益突出。城市湿地是存在于城市区域之内的湿地,其生态服务功能与乡野湿地有着明显不同。受人为活动干扰强烈,中国城市湿地存在面积缩小、功能退化、污染严重,特别是富营养化现象突出。而由于长期对城市湿地研究薄弱,对湿地功能与价值认识存在偏差,以及城市湿地保护较高的机会成本,使得中国城市湿地保护面临诸多困难。本文在分析中国城市湿地存在的问题基础上,提出中国城市湿地保护对策,并就当前中国城市湿地研究与保护问题进行探讨。     

湿地生态环境影响评价初步探讨

探讨了湿地生态环境影响评价的理论框架 ,指出由于湿地生态环境的特殊性 ,应将非污染型生态环境影响评价放到重要位置。应重视工程项目对湿地水文条件、植物区系、动物种群改变以及移民和诱导开发的影响分析。从湿地分类开始 ,以湿地功能为核心建立评价指标体系 ,把湿地潜在的生态环境效益和工程项目可能产生影响有机结合在一起 ,评价建设项目的急性和慢性影响 ,提出减缓影响的措施和替代方案。着眼于维持现存的生态过程和自然系统 ,保护湿地的生态效益和功能 ,为湿地可持续利用服务     

三江平原湿地保护区内外的生态功能差异

湿地保护区是一类特殊的陆地保护区,其保护效果不仅取决于内部的管理强度,还受到其周边地区水文状况的强烈影响,因此保护区内外生态功能的差异程度是评价其保护效果的一个综合性指标.根据三江平原建三江管局2004年Landsat-TM影像解译的土地利用图以及2002年1∶50000数字高程(DEM)数据,利用基于Arcview3.2软件的SWAT水文模型获得各湿地保护区的汇水区作为其水文敏感区.在此基础上,利用专家咨询和有关湿地生态系统服务功能价值的研究结果,计算出各湿地保护区及其水文敏感区的湿地生态功能指数.结果表明,国家级保护区的湿地生态功能普遍优于地方级保护区,而其水文敏感区的湿地生态功能则并不一定优于地方级保护区的水文敏感区.通过对各保护区及其水文敏感区的湿地生态功能指数相对值进行聚类分析和相关分析可知,位于浓江-别拉洪河流域且毗邻的几个保护区的湿地生态功能相对状况较为接近,地方级保护区与其水文敏感区的湿地生态功能指数之间存在高度正相关.这充分说明湿地保护区的管理强度很大程度上决定了其保护效果.     

湿地退化研究进展

受经济发展、城市扩张、气候变化的影响,湿地退化已经成为全球性现象,是当前国际湿地科学前沿领域的热点。从湿地退化标准、退化特征、退化分级、退化过程、退化机理、退化监测体系、退化评价指标与指标体系、退化监测新技术及其生态恢复理论与技术9个方面系统地介绍了当前湿地退化研究进展。结果表明湿地退化过程、退化机理、退化评价指标体系和退化湿地监测、恢复与重建研究是当前研究的重点,在未来相当长的时间内,全球气候变化、湿地退化的微观过程与机理、湿地生态系统的可持续利用将会是重要的研究方向。最后就我国当前湿地退化研究存在的问题进行了分析,并提出近期湿地退化研究亟待开展的11项研究工作,供我国湿地退化研究工作者参考。     

孤立湿地研究进展

孤立湿地作为湿地的重要组成部分,在人类社会发展中作用逐渐凸显。对术语"孤立湿地"的定义国外进行较早,美国官方将孤立湿地定义为与可流动水体不相邻或不通过地表水相联系的湿地,而我国仅提出了与孤立湿地相关的概念,如"环型湿地"、"碟型洼地"、湿地的"景观破碎化"等。孤立湿地的类型与特征研究相对较少,没有形成完整的理论体系,仅提出孤立性、水文连通性、生物连通性等特征。孤立湿地的功能研究是孤立湿地研究的重点,从孤立湿地的气候、水文和水质、生境等功能进行阐述。对于孤立湿地的保护,国外已有明确的法律和相应的措施,而我国在此方面需要进一步完善。通过对孤立湿地的定义、类型、特征、功能和保护进行了综述,并对未来我国孤立湿地研究的热点和方向进行了初步展望。     

南京东郊城市湿地水质多尺度空间分异

对南京市东郊的17个城市湿地进行水质监测和植物群落调查,从生态系统、集水区和景观功能区3个尺度揭示城市湿地水质的分异特征.结果表明:湿地类型和植物群落特征是生态系统尺度上影响湿地水质的主要因素;原生湿地的水质普遍优于改造湿地,而改造湿地的水质则普遍优于次生湿地;湿地植物的盖度越大,水质越好.土地利用类型是集水区尺度上影响湿地水质空间分异的主要因素,建设用地对流域湿地营养盐影响程度较大,而林地对溶解氧影响程度较大.人类活动是功能区尺度上影响湿地水质空间分异的主要因素,而其对不同水质指标的影响程度不同.     

不同形状城市湿地对周边环境温湿度的影响

2015年春、夏、秋季选择大庆市区5种不同形状特征的城市湿地及周边环境作为研究对象,利用小尺度定量测定的方法,分析城市湿地形状特征对周边环境温、湿效益的影响.结果表明: 不同形状特征的城市湿地均具有增湿降温效应.其中,夏季的增湿降温效应最强,春季其次,秋节最差.形状特征对湿地的降温增湿能力具有显著影响,不规则形状湿地>规则形状湿地(近圆形湿地、近矩形湿地)>长条形状湿地;增湿降温日变化受环境温度影响较大,即早晚弱、中午强,春、秋季增湿降温幅度最大的时段为12:00—14:00,夏季增湿降温幅度最大的时段为14:00—16:00.     

基于协同发展的北方湿地公园生态修复技术研究——以琉璃河湿地公园为例

以北京房山区琉璃河湿地公园为例, 针对该区水质污染严重、水生态退化及景观单一等问题, 统筹考虑区域生态环境特征及历史文化底蕴, 以水质改善、水生态健康稳定、水景观协调为目标, 基于水环境水生态、水景观“三位一体+”的生态综合治理理念, 采用水系廊道连通、人工湿地及构建水生态系统等一系列适合区域环境特点的关键技术, 逐步实现河流湿地水系连通、河湖水质提升、恢复水生态、打造水景观, 建设成集水文调蓄、生物多样性保护、水质净化及休闲娱乐为一体的城市湿地公园, 协同湿地保护与城市发展战略需求。湿地公园生态修复方案可为北方湿地公园的生态修复提供相应的借鉴。     

国内外湿地生态系统研究进展

湿地生态系统具有重要的生态功能和社会经济价值。由于诸多因素的影响,目前全球范围内相当一部分湿地生态系统已经丧失或正在遭受不同程度的威胁,湿地生态系统已经成为近年来相关领域研究的热点之一。近年来,国内外湿地生态系统的研究主要集中在湿地生态系统生物多样性本底资料的调查、湿地生态系统的动态以及湿地生态系统胁迫因子研究、退化湿地生态系统的重建和管理,以及恢复湿地有效性的评估体系等4个方面。一些新方法、新技术也不断应用于湿地生态系统研究中。除了自然湿地外,人工湿地的构建和评价体系的建立也成为该领域研究的热点方向。影响湿地生态系统的因素涉及到自然、社会经济、文化等多个方面,加之湿地类型多样性,因此开展更为广泛的湿地生态系统结构、功能和动态的研究是十分必要的。同时,对特定区域内的湿地生态系统修复过程中的关键技术(包括物种的选择等)的研究、新方法和新手段的应用研究也应该在湿地生态系统研究中给予特别关注。     

湿地水环境质量时空分异的影响因子

湿地生态系统水环境质量时空演化及其影响因素分析,是湿地理论和应用研究的热点领域.本文在总结国内外研究工作现状的基础上,探讨并构建了湿地水环境质量时空分异的影响因子分类体系,并对不同因子的湿地水环境效应研究特征进行了初步的归纳和总结.结果显示,自然因子是湿地水环境演化的背景约束因子,人为活动主导下的生产和消费过程是湿地水环境劣化的主导因子.采用工程和管理措施,遏制湿地水环境劣化趋势,是湿地管理的核心任务,但其衍生的负面效应应当引起关注.现阶段湿地生态系统水环境时空演化特征及成因研究工作缺乏整体性和集成性,综合影响因子构建和景观生态特征的湿地水环境效应研究是该领域研究工作逐步走向综合和集成的重要环节.     

湿地生态单元定义及其在湿地恢复中的应用

生态单元的概念在生态系统的环境保护和生物保护中被广泛应用。通过阐述湿地生态单元的定义、内涵和外延，分析了湿地生态单元的特征，介绍了湿地生态系统的内部生态单元、湿地"外援"生态单元和人工重建湿地生态单元等在湿地恢复中的应用案例，并对湿地生态单元未来需要关注的研究方向进行了总结，以期为湿地保护与精细化管理提供理论基础和科学依据。     

新集水电站对谷城汉江国家湿地公园生态影响分析

汉江是长江中游最大的支流之一，新集水电站位于汉江中游河段湖北省襄阳市内，坝址位于襄城区白马洞，谷城汉江国家湿地公园位于拟建新集水电站的库区，距离坝址约32.2 km。水电站建成后湿地公园水位上升影响面积为349.23 hm²（其中洲滩36.84 hm²，其他均为水域），生态保育区受水位上升影响面积为327.60 hm²，生态恢复区受水位上升影响面积为21.63 hm²。水电工程建设将显著改变原有的河流水文情势，直接或间接地影响鱼类等湿地生物的生存，产生一系列的生态效应，需对谷城汉江国家湿地公园生态影响进行评价。通过外业实地调查、资料收集和内业实验分析，现已基本查明了评价区域的生态环境现状，对项目建设对谷城汉江国家湿地公园的影响程度和方式进行了评价，并提出了减免生态影响的具体措施。     

Vegetation,Invertebrate, and Wildlife Community Rankings and Habitat Analysis of Mitigation Wetlands in West Virginia

Numerous efforts have been made in West Virginia to construct and restore compensatory wetlands as mitigation for natural wetlands destroyed through highway development, timbering, mining, and other human activities. Because such little effort has been made to evaluate these wetlands, there is a need to evaluate the success of these systems. The objective of this study was to determine if mitigation wetlands in West Virginia were adequately supporting ecological communities relative to naturally occurring reference wetlands and to attribute specific characteristics in wetland habitat with trends in wildlife abundance across wetlands. Specifically, avian and anuran communities, as well as habitat quality for eight wetland-dependent wildlife species were evaluated. To supplement this evaluation, vegetation and invertebrate communities also were assessed. Wetland ranks were assigned based on several parameters including richness, abundance, diversity, density, and biomass, depending on which taxa was being analyzed. Mitigation wetlands consistently scored better ranks than reference wetlands across all communities analyzed. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed no correlations between environmental variables and community data. However, trends relating wetland habitat characteristics to community structure were observed. These data stress the need to maintain specific habitat characteristics in mitigated wetlands that are compatible with wildlife colonization and proliferation.     

中国南中国海海岸湿地的保护和管理

中国南中国海湿地是中国各类生态系统中生物多样性最为丰富的地区之一,也是中国人口稠密、经济发达的地区。范围包括广东省、香港特别行政区、澳门特别行政区、广西壮族自治区和海南省等5个行政区。该区海岸湿地总面积约为1.54×104km2。海岸湿地处于海陆的交错地带,是脆弱的生态敏感区。由于受人口增加和经济发展的巨大压力,中国南中国海湿地破坏严重,退化趋势明显。本文在对中国南中国海地区海岸湿地的现状、类型及湿地退化的主要原因进行分析的基础上,提出中国南中国海地区海岸湿地资源保护与管理的建议,以便切实保护中国南中国海沿海多样化的湿地类型,持续发挥其生态服务功能。     

Vertical characteristics of the Hani terrace paddyfield ecosystem in Yunnan, China

The Hani terrace paddyfield in Yunnan Province, China is categorized as a ‘constructed wetland’ under the Lamsar Convention classification. The Hani terrace paddyfield ranges from an altitude of 144 to 2000 m above sea level (ASL) in the southern slopes of the Ailao Mountains, angling down at a range of 15° to 75°. In this study, we investigated the ecosystem of the terrace paddyfields in the Mengpin and Quanfuzhuang administrative villages located at the center of the cultural heritage conservation district in the Hani terrace paddyfield. The Hani terrace paddyfield ecosystem structure is “forest-village-terrace paddyfield-river” in the order of descending altitude. Soil and water samples were sequentially taken from forests, villages and the terrace paddyfields to be able to study the vertical characteristics of Hani's terrace paddyfields. PO₄-P and NH₃-N in water were measured to test for water contamination. Seven soil nutrient factors were tested, including organic material (OM), char and nitrogen ratio (C/N), pH, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK). Soil quality was also evaluated using the characteristics of the soil nutrient factors. Vertical changes in the landscape, wetland types, wetland plants, hydrology and soil nutrients were characterized. Results showed that: (1) Hani's terrace paddyfield can be divided into five types of wetlands; the rice varieties and cultivation patterns vary in each type of wetland. (2) Hani's terrace paddyfield has a great capacity for water conservation and a strong ability to purify contaminants. The impoundage of Hani's terrace paddyfield is about 5050 m³/hm². Contaminants in the terrace paddyfield soils decrease exponentially with the decline in altitude. (3) Comparison of soil quality in five different land use types indicates decreasing soil quality from forest to terrace land to terrace paddyfield to water source. Except for headwater soil, single factors such as OM, TN and TP, and the comprehensive soil quality in individual sampling zones tend to increase with altitude elevation. Comprehensive soil quality in the Quanfuzhuang sampling zone is better than in the Mengpin sampling zone. Finally, a comparison of Hani's terrace paddyfield with plain paddyfields and natural wetlands highlighted the vertical characteristics of Hani's terrace paddyfield. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(7): 2115–2124 [译自: 生态学报]     

Vertical characteristics of the Hani terrace paddyfield ecosystem in Yunnan,China

The Hani terrace paddyfield in Yunnan Province,China is categorized as a 'constructed wetland' under the Lamsar Convention classification.The Hani terrace paddyfield ranges from an altitude of 144 to 2000 m above sea level (ASL) in the southern slopes of the Ailao Mountains,angling down at a range of 15°to 75°.In this study,we investigated the ecosystem of the terrace paddyfields in the Mengpin and Quanfuzhuang administrative villages located at the center of the cultural heritage conservation district in the Hani terrace paddy-field.The Hani terrace paddyfield ecosystem structure is "forest-village-terrace paddyfield-river" in the order of descending altitude.Soil and water samples were sequen-tially taken from forests,villages and the terrace paddy-fields to be able to study the vertical characteristics of Hani's terrace paddyfields.PO4-P and NH3-N in water were measured to test for water contamination.Seven soil nutrient factors were tested,including organic material (OM),char and nitrogen ratio (C/N),pH,total nitrogen (TN),total phosphorus (TP),available phosphorus (AP),and available potassium (AK).Soil quality was also eval-uated using the characteristics of the soil nutrient factors.Vertical changes in the landscape,wetland types,wetland plants,hydrology and soil nutrients were characterized.Results showed that:(1) Hani's terrace paddyfield can be divided into five types of wetlands; the rice varieties and cultivation patterns vary in each type of wetland.(2) Hani's terrace paddyfield has a great capacity for water conservation and a strong ability to purify contaminants.The impoundage of Hani's terrace paddyfield is about 5050 m3/hm2.Contaminants in the terrace paddyfield soils decrease exponentially with the decline in altitude.(3) Comparison of soil quality in five different land use types indicates decreasing soil quality from forest to ter-race land to terrace paddyfield to water source.Except for headwater soil,single factors such as OM,TN and TP,and the comprehensive soil quality in individual sampling zones tend to increase with altitude elevation.Comprehensive soil quality in the Quanfuzhuang sam-pling zone is better than in the Mengpin sampling zone.Finally,a comparison of Hani's terrace paddyfield with plain paddyfields and natural wetlands highlighted the vertical characteristics of Hani's terrace paddyfield.     

复合人工湿地对水禽污染废水的净化效果

通过在北京市野生动物救护中心构建表流湿地与潜流湿地相结合的人工湿地来处理富营养化的水体,研究该人工湿地对TP、TN、浊度和CODcr的去除作用。研究表明:表流湿地对TP、TN、浊度和CODcr的去除率可分别达到68%,31%,93%和55%,潜流湿地对TP、TN、浊度和CODcr的去除率可分别达到75%,67%,55%和50%,复合人工湿地对TP、TN、浊度和CODcr的去除率可分别达到80%,50%,95%和90%,人工湿地不同构建类型对TP、TN的去除量没有显著差异(P>0.05),对TP的去除率、浊度和CODcr的去除量及去除率之间存在显著性差异(P<0.05),而对TN的去除率没有显著性差别(P>0.05),通过拟合进出水中不同污染物的质量浓度关系发现,表流湿地、潜流湿地和复合人工湿地进出水中TP、TN及CODcr之间存在显著的线性相关关系(P<0.05),相关系数分别为0.948、0.994、0.952,0.948、0.995、0.958和0.963、0.990、0.927,人工湿地进出水中浊度符合多项式方程规律,相关系数为分别为-0.523(R²=0.451,P>0.05),0.854(R²=0.8756,P<0.05)和-0.086(R²=0.197,P>0.05)。     

A test of vegetation-related indicators of wetland quality in the prairie pothole region

This study was part of an effort by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to quantitatively assess the environmental quality or health of wetland resources on regional and national scales. During a two-year pilot study, we tested selected indicators of wetland quality in the U.S. portion of the prairie pothole region (PPR). We assumed that the amount of cropland versus non-cropland (mostly grassland) in the plots containing these basins was a proxy for their quality. We then tested indicators by their ability to discriminate between wetlands at the extremes of that proxy. Amounts of standing dead vegetation were greater in zones of greater water permanence. Depth of litter was greater in zones of greater water permanence and in zones of basins in poor-quality watersheds. Amounts of unvegetated bottom were greater in basins in poor-quality watersheds; lesser amounts occurred in all wetlands during a wetter year. Greater amounts of open water occurred during a wetter year and in zones of greater water permanence. When unadjusted for areas (ha) of communities, plant taxon richness was higher in wet-meadow and shallow-marsh zones in good-quality watersheds than in similar zones in poor-quality watersheds. Wet-meadow zones in good-quality watersheds had greater numbers of native perennials than those in poor-quality watersheds. This relation held when we eliminated all communities in good-quality watersheds larger than the largest commnities in poor-quality watersheds from the data set. We conclude that although amounts of unvegetated bottom and plant taxon richness in wet-meadow zones were useful indicators of wetland quality during our study, the search for additional such indicators should continue. The value of these indicators may change with the notoriously unstable hydrological conditions in the PPR. Most valuable would be indicators that could be photographed or otherwise remotely sensed and would remain relatively stable under various hydrological conditions. An ideal set of indicators could detect the absence of stressors, as well as the presence of structures or functions, of known value to major groups of organisms.     

5种湿地植物对生活污水净化效果研究

选择芦苇、水葱、千屈菜、扁秆藨草、长苞香蒲5种常见湿地植物分别构建人工湿地小试系统,测试它们对生活污水的净化作用,分析污水净化过程中氮磷元素在植物体内和土壤中的动态分布,以明确各湿地植物对污水的综合净化能力。结果表明:（1）5种湿地植物对生活污水中的CODcr、铵态氮、总氮和总磷的去除效果显著高于无植物对照;随处理时间延续,污水中CODcr、铵态氮、总氮和总磷浓度均呈下降趋势,定植土壤中的总氮和总磷含量呈先上升后下降的变化趋势。（2）5种植物能够吸收污水中89.7%～97.9%的磷元素,污水中剩余的磷元素量较少（2.1%～10.3%）;污水中氮元素在植物体、污水和土壤中分布因植物种类不同有很大差别,芦苇、水葱和长苞香蒲可吸收污水中76.1%～83.4%的大部分氮元素,而千屈菜和扁秆藨草对氮元素吸收量较少（分别为45.0%和46.8%）,在污水和土壤中滞留的氮元素较多（21.7%～31.6%）。（3）5种植物对氮元素的积累能力显著大于对磷元素的积累能力;5种湿地植物对生活污水的综合净化能力差异较大,从强到弱依次为芦苇＞长苞香蒲＞水葱＞扁秆藨草＞千屈菜。