吉林蛟河42 hm2针阔混交林样地植物种-面积关系

 种-面积关系是生态学中的基本问题, 其构建方式对种-面积关系的影响以及最优种-面积模型的选择仍然存在争议。该文利用吉林蛟河42 hm²针阔混交林样地数据, 分别采用巢式样方法和随机样方法建立对数模型、幂函数模型和逻辑斯蒂克模型, 并通过赤池信息量准则(AIC)检验种-面积模型优度。结果表明, 种-面积关系受到取样方法的影响, 随机样方法的拟合效果优于巢式样方法。采用随机样方法构建的幂指数模型(AIC = 89.11)和逻辑斯蒂克模型(AIC = 71.21)优于对数模型(AIC = 113.81)。根据AIC值可知, 随机样方法构建的逻辑斯蒂克模型是拟合42 hm²针阔混交林样地种-面积关系的最优模型。该研究表明: 在分析种-面积关系时不仅应考虑尺度效应, 还需注意生境变化及群落演替的影响。     

小兴安岭阔叶红松林木本植物种-面积关系

种-面积关系研究是了解植物群落结构的重要途径,是群落生态学的基本问题。不同的研究方法对种-面积关系影响很大。利用黑龙江省小兴安岭两个10.4 hm2样地和5个1.0 hm2样地的调查数据,采用移动窗口法确定各样地的最小取样面积,避免了巢式取样法及随机样方法的不足。并采用4种种-面积关系模型进行拟合,评价各关系模型的适合度。在此基础上,基于最小面积进行模拟随机取样,探讨取样大小对物种数估计精度的影响。研究结果表明:由于拟合曲线模型的适用性及曲线外推可靠性问题的存在,采用拟合曲线的方法所估计的最小面积与实际值偏差较大。实际调查得到的各样地最小面积40 m×40 m—45 m×45 m,说明小兴安岭地区阔叶红松林群落所需的最小面积基本一致,但各样地群落结构的差异却在对取样数量的要求上体现出来。其中丰林与大亮子河样地物种数分布相对均匀,所需最小样方数量较少;而方正与胜山样地物种数分布异质性较大,差异的机理还有待于进一步研究。     

海南橡胶林植物多样性特征

为探讨人工林物种多样性维持机制及人为干扰后人工林群落的多样性恢复机制, 作者依据自然林的核心理论建立了一个1 ha的橡胶(Hevea brasiliensis)林固定样地, 通过研究近自然管理后样地内植物物种组成与分布来探讨近自然管理后橡胶林生物多样性的特征。结果表明: 近自然管理后橡胶林群落物种多样性较高, 1 ha样地内共有植物69科155属183种。在面积为4,000 m²、3,000 m²和2,000 m²时分别包含了样地内大约90%的种、属和科; 逻辑斯蒂模型拟合拟合种-面积曲线效果较好(R²=0.997), 证明了1 ha取样尺度可以满足橡胶林群落物种多样性研究的需要。多度-面积曲线和丰富度-面积曲线与随机分布模型有明显的差异, 表明橡胶林群落内个体数及物种分布呈非随机性。(4)对数级数模型和对数正态模型拟合橡胶林群落的种-多度分布都不理想, 相比而言后者拟合效果稍好。     

取样方式对喀斯特和非喀斯特混合分布区森林种—面积关系的影响

种—面积关系是生态学研究中的基本格局之一,是生物多样性保护实践和生物地理学研究的重要工具之一。不同区域最优种—面积关系模型的选择和取样调查方式对种—面积关系的影响目前仍未十分明确。广西北热带是喀斯特和非喀斯特混合分布的区域,生物多样性丰富,其中保护较好的有喀斯特区的弄岗国家级自然保护区和非喀斯特区的十万大山国家级自然保护区。依据典型性和代表性的原则,分别在两个保护区中建立典型群落的调查样地,对所有胸径大于2 cm的木本植物进行取样调查。为了明确该区域典型森林的优选模型,探讨取样方式对种—面积关系的影响,采用组合样方法建立对数模型、逻辑斯蒂克模型和幂函数模型,用赤池信息准则(AIC)检验模型的拟合优度,并用秩相关分析检验最小取样单元和起测胸径对不同模型的影响。结果表明:逻辑斯蒂克模型在两种区域均为优选模型,最小取样单元和起测胸径对种—面积关系的模型均有影响,但不同模型对取样方式变化的敏感性不一致;逻辑斯蒂克模型是一种较为稳健的模型,可用于描述广西北热带喀斯特区和非喀斯特区森林树种种—面积关系;在种—面积关系研究和模型的应用时,需要特别注意取样方式的影响。     

吉林蛟河阔叶红松林物种多度分布模型研究

以吉林蛟河阔叶红松林的木本植物为研究对象,将30hm²的样地面积划分为5m×5m,10m×10m,20m×20m,25m×25m的连续取样单元,在4个不同尺度下分别统计各物种在每个取样单元中的有无,得到每个物种在不同尺度下的取样单元数。利用随机分布模型和负二项分布模型分析物种的多度分布,对比预测多度与观测多度讨论两个模型的科学性与实用性。结果表明：对于阔叶红松林而言,负二项分布模型在所有研究尺度上的预测精度都要优于随机分布模型。随机分布和负二项分布的模型预测误差随着研究尺度的增大而增大,因此选取较小的取样单元可以切实提高物种多度的预测精度。利用随机分布和负二项分布模型对多度较小的物种进行预测的效果要优于多度较大的物种。负二项分布模型适合用来模拟阔叶红松林的物种多度分布格局,并且模型的拟合效果受取样单元大小影响。     

鄱阳湖湿地典型草洲植物群落种-面积关系

为了解鄱阳湖湿地草洲植物群落的结构,对其3种典型草洲植物群落种-面积关系进行了研究。采用巢式样方法调查植物物种数量,并用3种非饱和曲线拟合种-面积方程。结果表明,基于实测数据,3个草洲物种数随着取样面积的增加先快速增加后趋于平稳;群落最小取样面积均为30 m~2。幂函数模型对3个草洲群落的种-面积关系拟合效果均为最佳,3个草洲群落的RSE分别为0.35、0.35和0.56,AAD分别为0.23、0.17和0.35,AARD分别为0.06、0.02和0.07,而指数模型、Fisher模型的拟合效果一般。指数模型计算得到的不同比例因子下3个草洲最小取样面积与实际情况最为吻合。这为鄱阳湖区进行植物群落数据采集的样方设置提供了理论参考。     

鄂西南亚热带山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种多度分布格局

基于七姊妹山自然保护区内6 hm~2监测样地多度数据,通过累计经验分布曲线(ECDF)表征该样地内不同生活型功能群的物种-多度分布格局,并采用6种模型对各功能群不同取样尺度物种等级-多度曲线进行拟合并检验其拟合效果,分析多度格局与模型拟合在不同尺度间的差异,探讨其背后的生态学过程与机制。结果表明:(1)各尺度下落叶种比常绿种的物种数多,物种多样性指数更大,但个体数相对较少;不同功能群稀有种比例排序为:落叶种所有种常绿种。(2)6种模型中的断棍模型的拟合效果较差;中大尺度(50 m×50 m、100 m×100 m)上不同生活型树种多度分布能接受的模型较少,除大尺度的常绿树种外,拟合最优模型均为对数正态分布模型,大尺度的常绿树种拟合最优模型为中性模型;小尺度上(20 m×20 m)常绿树种的最优模型为对数正态分布模型,落叶树种最优模型为生态位优先模型,所有树种在小尺度最优模型为Zipf-Mandelbrot模型。研究认为,随着尺度逐渐扩大,中性过程较生态位过程对物种-多度格局的解释力度更大,落叶树种物种多度格局的形成机制较常绿树种更接近于样地所有树种物种-多度格局的形成机制。     

长白山不同演替阶段针阔混交林群落物种多度分布格局

为解释长白山温带森林群落构建和物种多度格局的形成过程, 该文以不同演替阶段的针阔混交林监测样地数据为基础, 采用中性理论模型、生物统计模型(对数正态分布模型)和生态位模型(Zifp模型、分割线段模型、生态位优先模型)拟合森林群落物种多度分布, 并用χ ²检验、Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S)检验和赤池信息准则(AIC)选择最佳拟合模型。结果显示: 中性模型能很好地预测长白山温带森林不同演替阶段植物群落的物种多度分布。在10 m × 10 m尺度上, 5种模型均可被χ ²检验和K-S检验接受, 但中性模型拟合效果不如对数正态分布模型、Zifp模型、分割线段模型和生态位优先模型, 表明小尺度上中性过程和生态位过程均能解释群落物种多度分布, 但生态位过程的解释能力相对较大。而在中大尺度上(30 m × 30 m、60 m × 60 m和90 m × 90 m), 中性模型为最优拟合模型, 并且随着研究尺度增加, 生态位模型和生物统计模型逐渐被χ ²检验拒绝, 表明中性过程在长白山针阔混交林群落物种多度分布格局形成中的作用随着研究尺度增加而逐渐增大。该文证实了中性过程在长白山温带针阔混交林群落结构形成中具有重要作用, 但未否认生态位机制在群落构建中的贡献。因此, 温带森林群落构建过程中中性理论和生态位理论并非相互矛盾, 而是相互融合的。在研究森林群落物种多度分布时, 应重视取样尺度和演替阶段的影响, 并采用多种模型进行拟合。     

取样尺度对亚高寒草甸物种多样性与生产力关系的影响

植物物种多样性与生产力之间的关系是群落生态学的一个热点问题, 目前仍存在着很多争议。为探究自然群落中二者之间的关系, 对青藏高原亚高寒草甸3个样地的自然植物群落分别进行了不同取样面积的抽样调查。结果显示, 取样样地和取样尺度均对物种丰富度有显著影响, 取样样地而非取样尺度对群落地上生物量有显著性影响。在某一时刻对某一样地进行取样, 其单位面积生产力并不因取样面积的增加而提高, 而是保持恒定的, 尽管物种数随取样面积的增加而有明显增多。物种多样性与生产力之间的回归关系因样地与取样尺度不同而不同, 有U型、单峰型、正线性相关和无相关性, 其中无相关性出现的最多。据此推测, 亚高寒草甸群落物种多样性与生产力之间不存在某种确定性关系, 或者说, 亚高寒草甸物种多样性和生产力之间不存在必然的因果联系。     

林窗模型的几个基本问题的研究:I.模拟样地面积的效应

以中国东北长白山阔叶红松林为例,应用林窗模型NEWCOP探索了不同模拟样地面积对林窗模型输出结果的影响.结果表明,模拟样地面积大小变化可影响模拟出的森林群落的树种组成和模拟样地的林窗出现周期,通过应用这一特点确定了阔叶红松林的林窗面积为400～800m².     

Magic bullets and golden rules: data sampling in molecular phylogenetics

Data collection for molecular phylogenetic studies is based on samples of both genes and taxa. In an ideal world, with no limitations to resources, as many genes could be sampled as deemed necessary to address phylogenetic problems. Given limited resources in the real world, inadequate (in terms of choice of genes or number of genes) sequences or restricted taxon sampling can adversely affect the reliability or information gained in phylogenetics. Recent empirical and simulation-based studies of data sampling in molecular phylogenetics have reached differing conclusions on how to deal with these problems. Some advocated sampling more genes, others more taxa. There is certainly no ‘magic bullet’ that will fit all phylogenetic problems, and no specific ‘golden rules’ have been deduced, other than that single genes may not always contain sufficient phylogenetic information. However, several general conclusions and suggestions can be made. One suggestion is that the determination of a multiple, but moderate number (e.g., 6–10) of gene sequences might take precedence over sequencing a larger set of genes and thereby permit the sampling of more taxa for a phylogenetic study.     

Variance estimation for systematic designs in spatial surveys

Summary In spatial surveys for estimating the density of objects in a survey region, systematic designs will generally yield lower variance than random designs. However, estimating the systematic variance is well known to be a difficult problem. Existing methods tend to overestimate the variance, so although the variance is genuinely reduced, it is over‐reported, and the gain from the more efficient design is lost. The current approaches to estimating a systematic variance for spatial surveys are to approximate the systematic design by a random design, or approximate it by a stratified design. Previous work has shown that approximation by a random design can perform very poorly, while approximation by a stratified design is an improvement but can still be severely biased in some situations. We develop a new estimator based on modeling the encounter process over space. The new “striplet” estimator has negligible bias and excellent precision in a wide range of simulation scenarios, including strip‐sampling, distance‐sampling, and quadrat‐sampling surveys, and including populations that are highly trended or have strong aggregation of objects. We apply the new estimator to survey data for the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, and find that the reported coefficient of variation for estimated density is 20% using approximation by a random design, 17% using approximation by a stratified design, and 11% using the new striplet estimator. This large reduction in reported variance is verified by simulation.     

Evaluation of different observational sampling regimes for use in zoological parks

Observational sampling methods provide clearly-defined guidelines for collection and analysis of behavioral data. In some situations, use of formal sampling regimes may be impractical or impossible. A case in point is data collection conducted by animal care staff at zoological parks and aquaria. Often, time is sufficiently limited that data collection is perceived as a task that cannot be accomplished given the normal constraints of the day. Here, we explore the efficacy and validity of using more variable and abridged sampling regimes in an effort to identify the appropriateness of such observation schemes for systematic monitoring of behavior. We describe the results of studies on three species (two polar bears, an Atlantic bottlenose dolphin calf, and two brown bears), conducted over a period of several years at the Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, Illinois, USA. Data collection schemes varied both within and across groups in order to provide a basis of comparison. In all cases, there were significant differences based on sampling regime for rare behaviors (those that individually comprised <15% of the activity budget), but not for common behaviors. Subsampling from larger data sets indicated that data reliability increases with increasing observation number. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of such sporadic sampling methods, and suggest that, in many instances such limited data collection may yet yield an accurate picture of animal activity and should not be overlooked as a viable management tool.     

A dispersal-limited sampling theory for species and alleles

The importance of dispersal for biodiversity has long been recognized. However, it was never advertised as vigorously as Stephen Hubbell did in the context of his neutral community theory. After his book appeared in 2001, several scientists have sought and found analytical expressions for the effect of dispersal limitation on community composition, still in the neutral context. This has been done along two relatively independent lines of research that have a different mathematical approach and focus on different, yet related, types of results. Here, we study both types in a new framework that makes use of the sampling nature of the theory. We present sampling distributions that contain binomial or hypergeometric sampling on the one hand, and dispersal limitation on the other, and thus views dispersal limitation as ubiquitous as sampling effects. Further, we express the results of one line of research in terms of the other and vice versa, using the concept of subsamples. A consequence of our findings is that metacommunity size does not independently affect the outcome of neutral models in contrast to a previous assertion (Ecol. Lett., 7, 2004, p. 904) based on an incorrect formula (Phys. Rev. E, 68, 2003, p. 061902, eqns 11-14). Our framework provides the basis for development of a dispersal-limited non-neutral community theory and applies in population genetics as well, where alleles and mutation play the roles of species and speciation respectively.     

油松毛虫(Dendrolimus labulaeformis)幼虫抽样技术的研究

本文在测定油松毛虫幼虫静态格局和动态格局的条件下,全面而系统地进行了株抽样、轮抽样和“枝”抽样的研究。根据幼虫在各轮垂直分布的特征和喜食二年生针叶的特性,建立回归模型,从轮抽样发展到“枝”抽样,通过检验,预报精度在91—98％之间。轮抽样比株抽样平均提高效率6倍,“枝”抽样比轮抽样又平均提高1.5倍。如费用以每株0.20元计,轮抽样比株抽样每株平均减少0.16元,“枝”抽样每株又减少0.032元。     

Ranked set sampling for replicated sampling designs

In practical ecological sampling studies, a certain design (such as plot sampling or line-intercept sampling) is usually replicated more than once. For each replication, the Horvitz-Thompson estimation of the objective parameter is considered. Finally, an overall estimator is achieved by averaging the single Horvitz-Thompson estimators. Because the design replications are drawn independently and under the same conditions, the overall estimator is simply the sample mean of the Horvitz-Thompson estimators under simple random sampling. This procedure may be wisely improved by using ranked set sampling. Hence, we propose the replicated protocol under ranked set sampling, which gives rise to a more accurate estimation than the replicated protocol under simple random sampling.     

A comparison of pump sampling systems for live zooplankton collection

Simultaneous and sequential tests of pump sampling equipment showed that sampling mortality of Lake Michigan zooplankton collected from the cooling water intake of a nuclear power plant was dependent on the sampling method used. Two sampling devices and two pump types were tested to determine which combination resulted in the lowest sampling mortality. An in-line filter trap located on the suction side of the pump provided the lowest sampling mortality. Higher sampling rates were achieved with a centrifugal pump without increasing sampling mortality.     

A floatable,benthic corer for use with scuba

A diver-operated corer to sample benthic macroinvertebrates is described. Removable drive-handles allow the 9-cm (ID) barrel to be driven into substrates too firm to be sampled by line-held or conventional diver-operated corers. The sampler is emptied underwater using compressed air and its buoyancy can be controlled by filling a rubber inner tube.This study was supported by the Pennsylvania Power and Light Company     

不同采样设计评估鱼类群落效果比较

鱼类群落生态学研究结果的准确性很大程度上依赖于采样设计的合理性和准确性,正确的采样调查设计不仅可以降低调查成本,其结果也对渔业资源的评估或者管理起到相当重要的作用.本文利用计算机模拟定点采样、简单随机采样和分层采样,比较了3种采样设计的采样效果、相对误差及相对偏差.结果表明： 定点采样设计的采样效果 (采样效果平均值为3.37)要弱于简单随机采样和分层随机采样 (采样效果平均值为0.961).3种采样设计中,分层采样设计在鱼类群落丰富度评估时表现最好,其采样效果、相对误差和相对偏差表现最佳.随着采样数的增加,分层采样设计的采样效果有所下降,但其采样精度提高.