东北老工业区矿业城市产业生态系统演化与重构——以辽宁大石桥为例

基于演化经济地理学与产业生态学理论,以辽宁省大石桥市为例,阐明了镁产业的演化过程与特征,建立了镁产业生态系统的结构与功能模型。结果表明:大石桥市镁产业系统演化过程分为起步期、快速期、成熟期、转型期和优化期5个阶段,各个阶段受不同因素的影响呈现出不同的演化特征;基于产业生态学视角的大石桥市镁产业生态系统结构模型包括原生产业子系统、资源环境子系统、外生产业子系统、共生产业子系统和产业创新子系统5个子系统,各子系统之间相互影响与作用,通过系统耦合和物质能量的多级利用形成复杂网络结构,与一般生态系统相似,两者具有同构性与差异性;通过优化调控镁产业生态系统的演化路径与过程,才能实现大石桥市镁产业的生态、经济和社会效益的最大化,以促进生态文明建设。     

秦岭大熊猫冬春季节对巴山木竹竹林生长指标的选择

2004~2005年冬季的12月、1月和春季的4月、5月,在秦岭山系南坡佛坪自然保护区内就大熊猫对构成其主要栖息地和食物来源的巴山木竹竹林的选择进行研究后的结果表明:在冬季,大熊猫栖息地多为幼竹与死竹比例基本持平、密度稳定的巴山木竹竹林,主要取食老竹;在春季,大熊猫更偏好选择竹子密度和盖度略低、竹子粗壮高大、幼竹与竹笋比例高的竹林活动,主要取食幼竹。大熊猫春季栖息地幼竹比例通常高过死竹比例,竹林密度处于增长期。竹林进入发笋期后,稀疏、高大的竹林下的粗大竹笋成为大熊猫的主要食物来源。     

竹子扩张生态学研究:过程、后效与机制

竹子是竹亚科植物的总称,在人类文化与经济活动中扮演着重要角色,然而竹子也会向其邻近的生态系统不断入侵扩张,引发一系列生态环境问题。该综述试图从竹子扩张过程、扩张后效、扩张机制等方面,总结竹子扩张生态学方面取得的研究进展,以期为生态系统保护提供参考。综述认为:(1)竹子扩张过程主要包括地下渗透、地上成竹、竞争排斥和优势维持4个阶段;(2)竹子扩张不同程度地会影响邻近生态系统的群落组成与结构、生物多样性、土壤性质、生态过程与功能,并造成生态景观的破坏;(3)竹子扩张既与其生长快速、繁殖力强、形态多样、集团协同等内禀优势有关,也与邻近生态系统可入侵性有关;竹子可通过遮光、机械损伤、凋落物抑制、养分竞争与化感作用等直接或间接的竞争方式排斥其他植物,且自然或人类干扰有利于竹子扩张。因此,竹子扩张机制符合"内禀优势-资源机遇-干扰促进"的生物入侵假说。建议在未来环境变化背景下,加强竹子对环境变化的响应与适应、竹林-阔(针)叶林界面特征、竹子扩张过程与格局、扩张生态效应评价、竹子扩张防控与合理利用等领域的研究。     

竹子生态化学计量学研究:从生物学基础到竹林培育学应用

竹子生态经营与养分管理需要一个系统化的理论做指导。该文试以多重元素含量及比率为线索,归纳近年竹子生物学、生态学、培育学等领域的研究成果,以期形成竹子生态化学计量学,为竹林可持续发展提供有力支持。综述认为:(1)竹子具有独特的化学计量内平衡特征,其叶片C:N:P平均值为380:16:1;(2)竹子器官、年龄、发育阶段等内在因素和土壤、气候、采伐等外部环境都会影响竹子化学计量内平衡;(3)竹子生态化学计量变化会影响开花结实、发笋成竹、养分吸收、光合作用、克隆扩张、群落发展等生理生态学过程,也影响到竹材(笋)数量与品质的形成;(4)生态化学计量学原理已初步用于指导竹林养分诊断、平衡施肥和优质高产培育等生产实践。可见竹子生态化学计量学可将竹子生物特性、生态过程和生产经营紧密联系起来,然而这方面的工作才刚开始,建议今后应加强多竹种多重元素内平衡维持机制、竹材(笋)品质形成原理、竹子-土壤互作过程、养分诊断与平衡施肥、竹林生态系统养分优化管理等方面的研究,以促进竹林生产和环境保护。     

热消散液流测定系统研究竹子蒸腾的问题和解决思路

旺盛的蒸腾是竹子迅速生长的重要代谢保障,对林区生态系统水循环和水量平衡发挥关键作用,如何准确估测竹林的蒸腾耗水是迫切需要解决的方法难题。目前研究树木水分生理和森林水文广泛采用的热消散液流测定方法(TDP)却少有在竹林中应用,而仅有的几项研究报道由于缺乏严谨的实验验证,结果误差较大而缺少说服力。作者认为,竹壁结构异质性和竹竿中央空腔造成热量的不均匀分布是基于热通量交换的液流测定系统测量竹子蒸腾不准确的主要原因,提出以自行设计的注水变压液流特性测定法和传统的整树容器称重法,验证热消散液流测定系统估测竹子水分利用的适用性。本文还结合竹子的种群结构和无次生生长的特点,提出竹株借助相互连接的地下茎进行水分再分配,异株补偿水力限制,蒸腾主要受年龄而不是竹形大小影响的观点,建议通过分析竹子蒸腾的年龄效应,研究不同种植密度竹林水分利用的变化规律,为竹林生产和集水区水源管理提供有效的林型设计和措施。     

赏心悦目的竹

<正>竹子秆形挺拔脱俗,枝叶秀丽多姿,四季常青,清新秀雅,独具风韵,是景区、庭院绿化观赏之佳品。竹子的秆形、叶型、色彩等具有不同的视觉效果,可形成不同的视觉景观,在庭院观赏和园艺配置中有不同的审美价值。如作为主景(竹林、竹径、竹篱、竹栏等),作为配景(配景树、点缀树、隐蔽树等),制作盒景或作花坛绿化等。秆形变化秆形高大,可作竹林。秆高可达20~30米,抬头看不见竹梢,有直插云天之感。如龙竹、巨龙竹、碧玉龙竹、小叶龙竹、云南龙竹等。     

竹子种类大观

<正>竹子的种类由于竹子不常开花,笋期短而发笋时间不一,很难把各种器官标本都同时采集,给研究工作带来了困难,竹亚科分类系统研究也因此成为植物系统学研究中分歧较大的一个部分。全世界竹亚科植物有70~80属1 000余种,中国是世界上竹类资源最丰富、竹类栽培和利用历史最悠久的国家,在竹类研究、竹林培育和产品开发上均居于国际领先行列,被称为"世界竹业大国"。     

大熊猫对冷箭竹更新竹林与残存竹林的选择利用及微生境结构的比较

在四川卧龙国家级自然保护区大熊猫Ailuropoda melanoleuca活动密集的"五一棚"区域,设置固定监测样线,定期收集大熊猫在冷箭竹更新竹林和残存竹林中的活动痕迹和生境数据。通过路线监测和样地调查,"五一棚"区域拐棍竹和冷箭竹为海拔梯度分布,2700 m以下为拐棍竹林,2300~3600 m之间为冷箭竹林;冷箭竹的更新竹林和残存竹林呈镶嵌耦合分布,从而有利于大熊猫的季节迁徙、食物转换和面对冷箭竹的开花枯死和自然更新。2012年9月—2013年11月的监测数据表明野生大熊猫主要生活于更新竹林中,利用率达到91.94%,且不同月份之间具有波动性(P<0.05)。比较更新竹林和残存竹林的微生境结构,发现两者之间除小部分变量之外(坡度、灌木层盖度、草本层盖度、竹笋密度、成竹密度、种群密度和枯死竹密度),其余各变量之间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),且竹子质量(地径、株高和生物量)达到大熊猫选择利用的标准。     

不同土壤雷竹盆栽苗地下茎分枝数量特征及其分布格局

为了探究竹子分株系统构建过程及其与人工经营的关系,本文对雷竹(Phyllostachys praecox C. D. Chu et C. S. Chao 'Prevernalis’)不同年龄母竹、不同覆盖年限竹林进行土壤盆栽实验,比较了各处理竹苗地下茎分枝生长差异。结果显示：在盆栽竹苗分株系统构建过程中,地下茎以竹鞭分枝为主;2年生母竹盆栽苗地下茎分枝数量普遍高于1年生盆栽苗,且地下茎分枝表现出随竹林土壤覆盖年限增加而减少的趋势;盆栽苗地下茎分枝主要分布于第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ分枝的鞭中位置;1年生母竹盆栽苗地下茎分枝以第Ⅱ分枝级别的鞭中、鞭梢部位为多,而2年生母竹盆栽苗则以第Ⅲ分枝级别的鞭中、鞭梢部位为多;随土壤覆盖年限增加,地下茎分枝偏向分布于较为靠前的分枝级别。研究发现,母竹盆栽苗分株系统的构建主要采取了扩大地下分枝的策略,其2年生母竹与竹鞭中部着生侧芽的分枝生长对分株系统拓展贡献率较大;竹林土壤覆盖时间越久越不利于地下茎分枝。由于竹子分株系统具有时空拓展性,其地下茎分枝生长特征尚需持续观察。     

基于Ecopath模型的胶州湾生态系统结构和能量流动分析

根据2015—2016年在胶州湾进行的渔业资源与生态环境调查数据,利用Ecopath with Ecosim 6.5(Ew E)软件构建了胶州湾生态通道模型,分析了现阶段该海湾生态系统营养结构、能量流动过程和生态系统总特征。结果表明:胶州湾生态通道模型共由21个功能组组成,各功能组营养级范围为1~4.383,渔获物平均营养级为2.023,以菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)为主;胶州湾生态系统的能量流动主要以牧食食物链为主,占系统能量来源的59%。生态网络分析表明:系统能量主要分布在6个营养级,来源于初级生产者的能量转化效率为16.22%,来自碎屑的转化效率为15.76%,系统平均转化效率16.35%。胶州湾生态系统总初级生产力与总呼吸量的比值为2.518,系统处于不成熟状态。     

Industrial Symbiosis in China: A Case Study of the Guitang Group

The Guitang Group (GG), which operates one of China's largest sugar refineries, has been developing and implementing an internal and external industrial symbiosis strategy for more than four decades. The GG first invested in developing its own collection of downstream companies to utilize nearly all byproducts of sugar production. This strategy has generated new revenues and reduced environmental emissions and disposal costs, while simultaneously improving the quality of sugar. Internally, the GG's complex consists of interlinked production of sugar, alcohol, cement, compound fertilizer, and paper and includes recycling and reuse. Externally, the GG has established a strong customer base as a result of its product quality, has worked to maintain and expand its supply base through technological and economic incentives to farmers (and even to competitors), and has had to react to a strong government presence that fundamentally affects its operations. Operations to date support some of the fundamental concepts of industrial symbiosis. Significant challenges exist, though, if the company is to continue to prosper in the volatile globalized sugar market.     

Modeling and Optimization of a Coal‐Chemical Eco‐industrial System in China

China is coal dependent, and this situation will persist for a long time. Because more and more attention has been paid to energy security, the coal‐chemical industry has become a hot topic and has developed quickly. To improve efficiency and reduce emissions, industrial symbiosis (IS) can be introduced when establishing a coal‐chemical eco‐industrial system to achieve harmonious development between nature, industry, and society. In order to learn the influence of IS on the current industrial system, a model of coal‐chemical eco‐industrial systems was built. Using scenario optimization and linear programming, the behaviors and optimal industrial structures of the system under different scenario settings were compared, and industrial ecological analysis was performed. By comparative analysis, results showed that the greatest proportional decrease in the use of coal for coking was 15% compared with actual data for 2005. The resource‐productivity and eco‐productivity were 828 yuan/ton and 2.51, which are much higher than the values of 548 yuan/ton and 1.23 in 2005. The symbiosis index and the link density were found to be 0.675 and 1.67, compared with 0.588 and 0.94 in 2005. Research results showed that the coal‐chemical eco‐industrial system achieved a high value‐added utilization of coal and an updated product profile. Such systems will constitute the main direction and the inevitable trend of China's coal utilization in the future, which will reduce the harm to the environment from increased coal use and benefit the energy industry, the economy, and society.     

Industrial Symbiosis in the Australian Minerals Industry: The Cases of Kwinana and Gladstone

The realization of regional synergies in industrial areas with intensive minerals processing provides a significant avenue toward sustainable resource processing. This article provides an overview of past and current synergy developments in two of Australia's major heavy industrial regions, Kwinana (Western Australia) and Gladstone (Queensland), and includes a comparative review and assessment of the drivers, barriers, and trigger events for regional synergies initiatives in both areas. Kwinana and Gladstone compare favorably with well‐known international examples in terms of the current level and maturity of industry involvement and collaboration and the commitment to further explore regional resource synergies. Kwinana stands out with regard to the number, diversity, complexity, and maturity of existing synergies. Gladstone is remarkable with regard to unusually large geographic boundaries and high dominance of one industry sector. Many diverse regional synergy opportunities still appear to exist in both industrial regions (particularly in Kwinana), mostly in three broad areas: water, energy, and inorganic by‐product reuse. To enhance the further development of new regional synergies, the Centre for Sustainable Resource Processing (CSRP), a joint initiative of Australian minerals processing companies, research providers, and government agencies, has undertaken several collaborative projects. These include research to facilitate the process of identifying and evaluating potential synergy opportunities and assistance for the industries with feasibility studies and implementation of selected synergy projects in both regions. The article also reports on the progress to date from this CSRP research.     

A Spatial Analysis of Loop Closing Among Recycling,Remanufacturing, and Waste Treatment Firms in Texas

Industrial ecology has emerged as a key strategy for improving environmental conditions. A central element of industrial ecology is the concept of closing the loop in material use (cycling) by directing used material and products (wastes) back to production processes. This article examines the issue of geographic scale and loop closing for heterogeneous wastes through an analysis of the location and materials flows of a set of recycling, remanufacturing, recycling manufacturing, and waste treatment (RRWT) firms in Texas. The results suggest that there is no preferable scale at which loop closing should be organized. RRWT firms are ubiquitous and operate successfully throughout the settlement hierarchy. The cycling boundaries of RRWT firms are dependent primarily upon how and where their products are redirected to production processes rather than the firm's location in the settlement hierarchy. In other words, loop closing is dominated by the spatial economic logic of the transactions of the firm involved. These results suggest that we cannot assign loop closing to any particular spatial scale a priori nor can we conceive of closing the loop via RRWT firms in terms of monolithic networks bounded in space or place with internal material flows.     

城市废弃物资源化共生网络:概念、特征及体系解析

挖掘城市废弃物中有价值的资源,已经成为世界各国开展废弃物开发与管理的共同选择。产业共生是推动经济绿色发展和提高资源效率的战略工具,已经成为探讨废弃物资源化利用问题的重要视角。将产业共生理论引入城市废弃物资源化利用领域,提出城市废弃物资源化共生网络的概念,并将其典型特征概括为"四个统一",即价值网络与责任网络的统一,集聚共生与虚拟共生的统一,稳健型与脆弱性的统一以及自组织性与主体建构性的统一。借鉴超网络理论构建城市废弃物资源化共生网络体系的结构模型,并从共生单元、共生模式、共生界面和共生环境4个层面对该模型进行详细解析。城市废弃物资源化共生网络可分为核心网络和外围网络,两者之间存在全方位、多层次的合作机制。在城市废弃物资源化共生网络中,共生单元具有多层次性和多样性特征,它们之间存在着不同类型、效率各异的共生关系,推动共生模式向对称互惠一体化共生进化是破解城市废弃物资源化利用难题的关键;共生界面具有物质交换、能量传递、信息共享、知识传播及利益协调等多样化功能,而共生关系的进化以及共生界面功能发挥又依赖于优越的共生环境。此外,城市废弃物资源化共生网络有依托型、平等型、嵌套型和虚拟型等4种运作模式,国内典型案例分析表明这4种运作模式将长期并存。     

Eco-efficiency of Advanced Loop-closing Systems for Vehicles and Household Appliances in Hyogo Eco-town

The closing of material loops is a critical challenge in industrial ecology. It relies mainly on the utilization of recovered materials/parts/products in the original and principal production system while their original function is retained at the highest level possible. In this study, advanced loop-closing systems for the recycling of end-of-life vehicles and electric household appliances are first designed in "Hyogo Eco-town." Second, a methodology for evaluating the eco-efficiency of these systems is developed. Finally, the eco-efficiency of the designed advanced loop-closing strategies for the two products is evaluated, based on the results of materials flow analysis and life-cycle assessment.
The results show that, compared with conventional recycling systems, when an industrial complex and an advanced loop-closing system for end-of-life vehicles are established, the total economic value increases by 114% and the eco-efficiency in terms of the amount of direct material input is improved by 57%. This system permits the utilization of the by-products, wastes, and recovered materials that originate from other industrial sectors as input to production activities. In the case of end-of-life electric household appliances, an advanced loop-closing strategy to lengthen the product life with parts reuse improves the eco-efficiency in terms of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions by 4% compared with the conventional replacement of the appliance with a new product along with the material recycling option.     

Analyzing the Environmental Benefits of Industrial Symbiosis

Studies of industrial symbiosis (IS) focus on the physical flows of materials and energy in local industrial systems. In an ideal IS, waste material and energy are shared or exchanged among the actors of the system, thereby reducing the consumption of virgin material and energy inputs, and likewise the generation of waste and emissions. In this study, the environmental impacts of an industrial ecosystem centered around a pulp and paper mill and operating as an IS are analyzed using life cycle assessment (LCA). The system is compared with two hypothetical reference systems in which the actors would operate in isolation. Moreover, the system is analyzed further in order to identify possibilities for additional links between the actors. The results show that of the total life cycle impacts of the system, upstream processes made the greatest overall contribution to the results. Comparison with stand‐alone production shows that in the case studied, the industrial symbiosis results in modest improvements, 5% to 20% in most impact categories, in the overall environmental impacts of the system. Most of the benefits occur upstream through heat and electricity production for the local town. All in all it is recommended that when the environmental impacts of industrial symbiosis are assessed, the impacts occurring upstream should also be studied, not only the impacts within the ecosystem.     

Green City

This research analyzes the Green City project in the town of Três Coroas, Brazil. We describe its management system, evaluating the change process and the economic, social, and environmental benefits since the recycling center has been in service. We demonstrate a successful case of operational and cultural change in the disposal of industrial waste, describing the key points that helped the adoption of a new set of procedures, and illustrating the role of the champion in the implementation of a symbiotic cluster.     

Exploring Space,Exploiting Opportunities

Industrial ecology (IE) has recognized the relevance of space in various areas of the field. In particular, industrial symbiosis has argued for proximity and the colocation of firms to reduce emissions and costs from transport. But, space is also relevant for industrial ecosystems more widely. These spatial principles have rarely been spelled out analytically and this article does so. From economic geography, we now have frameworks and analytical tools to undertake this kind of analysis. Using the example of ports and their hinterland, we argue for spatial analyses in IE.     

Global Life Cycle Paper Flows,Recycling Metrics,and Material Efficiency

Despite major improvements in recycling over the last decades, the pulp and paper sector is a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental pressures. Further reduction of virgin material requirements and environmental impacts requires a detailed understanding of the global material flows in paper production and consumption. This study constructs a Sankey diagram of global material flows in the paper life cycle, from primary inputs to end‐of‐life waste treatment, based on a review of publicly available data. It then analyzes potential improvements in material flows and discusses recycling and material efficiency metrics. The article argues that the use of the collection rate as a recycling metric does not directly stimulate avoidance of virgin inputs and associated impacts. An alternative metric compares paper for recycling (recovered paper) with total fibrous inputs and indicates that the current rate is at just over half of the technical potential. Material efficiency metrics are found to be more useful if they relate to the reuse potential of wastes. The material balance developed in this research provides a solid basis for further study of global sustainable production and consumption of paper. The conclusions on recycling and efficiency should be considered for improving environmental assessment and stimulating a shift toward resource efficiency and the circular economy.