不同颜色地膜与种植密度对春玉米干物质积累和产量的影响

为了探讨东北雨养区不同颜色地膜覆盖与种植密度对春玉米干物质积累和产量的影响机制,以良玉99为试验材料,设置3种覆盖处理(裸地、无色透明地膜和黑色地膜覆盖)和5个种植密度(60000、67500、75000、82500和90000株·hm^-2)完全组合的田间小区试验,对春玉米水热效应、干物质积累和产量性状等进行分析.结果表明: 黑膜覆盖明显提高拔节后玉米干物质积累量和生物量,其生物量较其他处理增加3.2%～8.2%;成熟期生物量随着种植密度的增加先增大后减小,以82500株·hm²最大,较其他密度处理增加5.2%～28.3%.无色透明地膜覆盖处理的前期平均土壤温度较其他处理分别提高0.4～2.7 ℃,加快了生育进程,提高了玉米茎叶干物质转运量(T)、转运率(TE)和对籽粒产量贡献率(TC);叶和茎+叶干物质的T、TE和TC均以60000株·hm^-2密度处理最大,而茎干物质转运效果以75000株·hm^-2最优.在抽穗期,黑膜处理的耗水量和日耗水强度最大,分别较其他处理增加10.6%～14.9%和10.6%～24.5%;耗水量和日耗水强度均以90000株·hm^-2密度处理最大,较其他处理分别高6.8%～15.7%和7.0%～20.0%.黑膜和82500株·hm^-2密度处理组合明显提高了玉米的水分利用效率,较其他处理增加了4.6%～40.9%,其产量较其他处理增加3.0%～39.7%.在抽穗期,玉米茎叶干物质量与玉米产量和产量构成要素的相关性最大;茎叶干物质量每减少1 kg·hm^-2,群体产量下降约0.79 kg·hm^-2;茎叶干物质量每降低10%,产量下降10%左右.在增加种植密度的基础上,采用黑色地膜覆盖可以增加春玉米干物质积累量、提高春玉米产量和水分利用效率.     

地膜覆盖玉米对土壤微生物量的影响

通过田间小区试验,对不同施肥条件下黄土塬区地膜覆盖栽培玉米与裸地种植玉米各生长期土壤微生物生物量C、N,P进行了研究,其结果表明：地膜覆盖栽培各生长期玉米地的微生物量C均低于裸地种植玉米地,微生物量N与C的趋势基本一致,其中苗期表现最明显;而微生物量P有所不同,拔节期地膜覆盖玉米地的微生物量P明显低于裸地种植玉米地,抽雄期则是前者明显高于后者。研究表明地膜覆盖种植玉米对土壤微生物量C,N,P产生重要影响,其影响程度与作物生育期有关。     

东北雨养区黑色地膜和种植密度对玉米田间地温和产量的影响

在不同颜色地膜覆盖和种植密度条件下地温和作物产量将发生改变,为了研究其变化规律,2016年在沈阳农业大学水利学院试验场开展了玉米覆膜种植田间试验,设置了3种种植方式(裸地、透明地膜和黑色地膜覆盖)和3个种植密度(60000、75000和90000株·hm~(-2))的田间试验,对玉米田间地温和产量进行了对比研究。结果表明:不同处理下田间0~25 cm深度平均地温的日变化呈现正态分布规律,总体上,透明地膜地温高于黑色地膜和裸地,低密度处理地温高于高密度处理;裸地种植条件下,玉米产量随密度的提高先增加后减小,覆膜处理下产量随着种植密度的增加而增加;黑膜处理下的玉米产量高于透明地膜和裸地,黑膜覆盖处理、密度为90000株·hm~(-2)的组合产量达到最大,为14264.6kg·hm~(-2);产量与抽穗期的地温相关性最大,且表现为负相关关系。本文研究结果对提高东北雨养区玉米产量具有指导意义。     

华北旱地覆膜春玉米田水温效应及增产限制因子

为探求覆膜栽培春玉米旱作田土壤水温变化特征及其对玉米产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响,设计垄作覆膜、垄作裸地、平作覆膜、平作裸地(对照)4个处理的田间试验,对春玉米田各生育时段的土壤温度、土层水分、耗水结构及玉米产量进行了监测.结果表明：自播种到抽雄的生育前期春玉米田覆膜较裸地增温1～3 ℃,土壤积温增加155.2～280.9 ℃;延长生育期约5.9～10.7 d.自播种到成苗期覆膜保水效应显著,WUE较裸地提高81.6%～136.4%.春玉米成苗到拔节期正值该区域稳定干旱期,覆膜处理土壤供水层深达80～100 cm,干旱胁迫使WUE较对照降低17.0%～21.6%,产生奢侈耗水.春玉米小喇叭口期后进入雨季,各处理土体复水,并产生过饱渗漏,最终使收获期土体水分与播期持平,贮水丰富.垄作覆膜较裸地增产9.5%;平作覆膜不利于降水入渗而导致渍水,减产5.0%;垄作裸地与平作裸地差异不显著.以雨季前气象干旱期的土壤枯水与雨季后的土壤库水为特征的春玉米田水分供求时序失衡,限制了春玉米的高产.     

陕西榆林春玉米高产田土壤理化性状及根系分布

调查分析了陕西榆林2块19500 kg·hm^-2以上超高产春玉米田的产量构成、干物质分配和0～100 cm土层根系分布及土壤理化性状指标.结果表明：其种植密度为105000～123000株·hm^-2、成穗率97.7%～102.2%、千粒重320 g以上,果穗干物质积累量占整株干物质积累量的60.2%～65.5%.0～100 cm土壤平均容重为1.28～1.33 g·cm^-3,层间（每层20 cm）土壤容重、孔隙度和田间持水量均呈“M”型变化.玉米根系主要分布在0～60 cm,0～20 cm土层根系量占根系总量的64.8%～72.1%,20～60 cm土层根系量占根系总量的23.30%～28.17%.根系分布与土壤理化性状关系密切,0～20 cm土层玉米的根系量与土壤有机质、全氮和全磷含量呈显著正相关,20～60 cm土层根系量与土壤容重和田间持水量显著相关.因此,选择通透性和保水保肥能力良好的土壤,实行宽窄行双株密植栽培是获得玉米高产的关键.     

不同测墒补灌水平对小麦水氮利用及土壤硝态氮淋溶的影响

于2012—2014年两个小麦生长季,以全生育期不灌水(W_0)为对照,设置3个测墒补灌处理,即拔节和开花期使0~140 cm土层土壤平均相对含水量分别为65%(W_1)、70%(W_2)和75%(W_3),研究其对土壤水利用、小麦氮素积累转运和土壤硝态氮分布及籽粒产量的影响.结果表明:W_2处理土壤贮水消耗量及占总耗水量的比例和灌溉水占总耗水量的比例较高,且吸收利用100~140 cm土层土壤贮水量较高.开花期营养器官氮素积累量及开花后氮素积累量均为W_2、W_3W_1W_0,成熟期营养器官氮素积累量为W_3W_2W_1W_0,营养器官氮素向籽粒中的转移量和成熟期籽粒氮素积累量均为W2W3W1W0.成熟期0~60cm土层硝态氮含量表现为W_0W_1W_2W_3,80~140 cm土层为W3显著高于其他处理,140~200 cm土层各处理间无显著差异.W_2处理的籽粒产量、水分利用效率、氮素吸收效率及氮肥偏生产力均最高.在本试验条件下,综合考虑籽粒产量、水分利用效率、氮素吸收效率及土壤硝态氮的淋溶,W_2处理是高产节水生态安全的最佳灌溉处理.     

半干旱区立式深旋耕和有机无机肥配施对饲用玉米水分利用效率和产量的影响

合理的耕作和施肥管理措施是提高黄土高原半干旱区饲用玉米产量和水分利用效率的关键。本研究于2017—2019年在甘肃省农业科学院定西试验站开展大田试验,设置了传统旋耕+有机无机肥配施(TOF)、深旋耕+有机无机肥配施(DOF)和立式深旋耕+有机无机肥配施(VROF)3个处理,并以传统旋耕+单施无机肥(TF)为对照,测定了饲用玉米干物质量、土壤含水量、产量,计算了土壤耗水量、水分利用效率和经济效益等指标,探究不同处理对饲用玉米产量、水分利用效率和经济效益的影响。结果表明: 与其他处理相比,VROF花期0～300 cm土层土壤贮水量降低了16.9～79.9 mm,干旱年份花前耗水量增加了9.7～22.4 mm、花后耗水量增加了11.0～19.8 mm,总土壤耗水量提高了8.6%～12.4%;立式深旋耕+有机无机肥配施能够促进饲用玉米生育期耗水,使得成熟期干物质量增加3.9%～13.4%,株高、穗长、穗粒数、百粒重和双穗率也明显增加,秃顶长显著降低,籽粒产量增加4.3%～51.5%、生物产量增加4.3%～25.7%,籽粒和生物量水分利用效率分别提高2.7%～36.9%和3.6%～13.5%,单位总产值增加5.1%～32.9%、纯收益提高6.9%～80.5%。可知,立式深旋耕结合有机无机肥配施能够调控饲用玉米生育期耗水,使饲用玉米干物质积累、株高、百粒重等农艺和经济性状指标明显增加,显著提升产量和水分利用效率,并提高总产值和纯收益,是适宜于西北黄土高原半干旱区饲用玉米种植的抗旱增产增效技术。     

生物降解膜对甘肃河西棉花的生态生物学效应

为研究生物降解膜对甘肃河西棉田的保温保墒、棉花生长发育和产量的影响,于2016年和2017年设置厚度为0.012 mm的生物降解膜A、厚度0.008 mm的生物降解膜B、普通地膜、裸地4个处理,分析降解膜的降解性能及其对棉田土壤温度、水分、产量和相关因子及杂草防效的影响.结果表明: 降解膜B早于降解膜A 3～5 d进入诱导期,降解速率高于降解膜A.填埋180 d时,降解膜A和B失重率分别达到95.6%和94.5%;降解膜A在棉花苗期增温保水性效果较好,与普通地膜无显著差异;而降解膜B由于降解速率快,在苗期增温保水性显著低于普通地膜.覆盖降解膜较普通地膜延长了棉花生育期,但棉花出苗率、单株铃数、铃质量和衣分无显著差异,而霜前花率和杂草防效显著降低.产量结果显示,两年间降解膜A较普通地膜籽棉产量分别降低3.8%和3.1%,差异不显著,较裸地处理分别增产73.1%和59.9%,增产显著,而降解膜B较普通地膜减产11.8%和7.1%,差异显著.综上,降解膜A具有较好的增温保墒和增产效应,可在甘肃河西农业区推广应用.     

秸秆和地膜覆盖对渭北旱作玉米农田土壤氮组分与产量的影响

基于田间定位试验,研究了秸秆和地膜覆盖措施对旱作春玉米田土壤氮组分和作物产量的影响。试验包括无覆盖对照,秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖3个处理,观测指标包括土壤全氮(STN)、颗粒有机氮(PON)、潜在可矿化氮(PNM)、微生物量氮(MBN)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)含量及作物产量。结果表明:试验进行5到7年后,与对照相比,秸秆覆盖处理0—10 cm土层STN、PON、PNM、MBN和NO_3~--N含量3年平均分别提高了13.11%、64.29%、17.51%、16.94%和55.37%,10—20 cm土层STN、PON、MBN和NO_3~--N含量3年平均分别提高了5.93%、33.33%、15.78%和27.57%(P0.05)。而地膜覆盖处理0—10 cm和10—20 cm土层NO_3~--N的含量较对照分别提高了189.14%和135.75%(P0.05),其他氮组分与对照处理差异不显著。秸秆和地膜覆盖处理玉米产量较对照处理3年平均分别提高了6.90%和36.74%(P0.05)。玉米产量与0—20 cm土层NO_3~--N含量和NO_3~--N/STN值呈显著正相关关系。总的来看,秸秆覆盖能显著增加旱地土壤全氮和活性有机氮含量,促进氮素固定,但需注意作物生长后期补充氮肥以满足作物生长需要。而地膜覆盖能显著提高土壤氮素有效性和作物产量,但不利于土壤有机氮的固定,且表层土壤存在潜在氮淋失风险。     

减量施氮及施肥距离对玉米/大豆套作系统增产节肥的影响

通过田间试验研究了3种施氮水平(RN₁:210 kg N·hm^-2;RN₂:270 kg N·hm^-2;CN:330 kg N·hm^-2)与4个施肥距离(与窄行玉米距离, D₁:0 cm、D₂:15 cm、D₃:30 cm、D₄:45 cm)对玉米/大豆套作系统增产节肥的影响.结果表明: 与CN相比,RN₂下玉米花后的干物质积累量、转移量及对籽粒的贡献率提高1.4%、23.0%、16.0%,玉米穗粒数与单株产量增加1.6%和4.9%;大豆花前的物质积累量、转移量及对籽粒贡献率提高2.1%、37.9%、26.9%,单株粒数与籽粒产量均增加7.3%;RN₂下玉米/大豆套作系统的作物氮素吸收量与氮肥利用率比CN提高5.0%、44.4%,玉米的土壤总氮含量提高4.1%,大豆的则降低0.8%.各施肥距离间,以D₂处理效果较好;RN₂下,D₂的玉米花后(大豆花前)干物质积累对籽粒贡献率、玉米穗粒数(大豆单株粒数)分别比D₁提高57.2%、9.4%,大豆的则比D₄提高335.2%、2.4%;D₂的玉米/大豆套作系统氮素吸收量及氮肥利用率分别比D₁提高15.1%和112.4%,比D₄提高21.4%和66.3%;玉米土壤总氮含量D₂比D₁提高6.6%,大豆土壤总氮含量D₂比D₄提高16.0%.合理的减量施氮和施肥距离有利于玉米/大豆套作系统下作物干物质向籽粒转运,提高作物的单株粒数、百粒重和产量,促进作物氮素吸收与氮肥高效利用,达到节肥增产的目的.     

A parametric distribution for the fraction of outdoor soil in indoor dust

For a chemical that does not have a source inside a house, the ratio of its dust concentration indoors to its soil concentration outdoors is equal to the fraction of house dust that is composed of soil. To estimate the fraction of soil in house dust, we compiled ratios of the concentrations of a chemical in dust and soil from the scientific literature. We find that a lognormal distribution fits the data extremely well. This distribution is suitable for use in public health risk assessments for single‐family homes in temperate climates.     

黄土和风沙土藓结皮土壤呼吸对模拟降雨的响应

生物结皮土壤呼吸是干旱和半干旱生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分,但目前其对降雨的响应规律尚不明确。针对黄土高原黄土和风沙土上发育的藓结皮,分别进行2、4、6、10、20、30、40 mm的模拟降雨,并使用便携式土壤碳通量分析仪测定雨前和雨后藓结皮的呼吸速率,对比分析降雨量对藓结皮呼吸速率的影响;同时,在40 mm降雨后的0—24 h连续测定藓结皮的呼吸速率变化,分析藓结皮呼吸速率随雨后历时的变化规律。结果显示,7种降雨量后两种土壤上藓结皮的呼吸速率均显著升高,黄土上藓结皮呼吸速度的增幅为2.89—6.38倍,风沙土上藓结皮呼吸速率的增幅为0.73—4.38倍。0—6 mm降雨中,两种土壤上藓结皮的呼吸速率均随降雨量增加而迅速升高,二者成显著线性正相关关系;6—40 mm降雨中,黄土上藓结皮的呼吸速率随降雨量增加而缓慢升高,但风沙土上藓结皮的呼吸速率随降雨量增加而快速降低。两种土壤上藓结皮的呼吸速率随雨后历时表现出相似的变化规律,即雨后迅速升高、之后逐渐降低,并在24 h左右回归到雨前水平;但黄土上藓结皮的呼吸速率在雨后即刻达到峰值,而风沙土上藓结皮的呼吸速率在雨后30 min左右方达到峰值。黄土上藓结皮的呼吸速率一致高于风沙土上的藓结皮,前者在不同降雨量和雨后历时中平均比后者高150.0%和59.6%。此外,藓结皮呼吸速率与表层土壤含水量存有显著相关关系,在含水量较低(小于约4%)时二者显著正相关,在含水量较高(大于约4%)时二者对于黄土上藓结皮为正相关、对于风沙土上藓结皮为负相关。研究表明,黄土高原藓结皮土壤呼吸对降雨响应快速而直接,但其响应规律对于黄土和风沙土上的藓结皮是不同的,总体而言黄土上藓结皮对降雨的响应更为持久有效。     

渭北旱塬苹果园土壤紧实化现状及成因

本研究通过分析渭北旱塬苹果园土壤的紧实化现状及其诱导因素,找出影响当地苹果园健康发展的土壤退化隐性因素,为果园科学管理提供理论依据。分别选取种植年限＜10年(4～6年)、10～20年(14～16年)和＞20年(24～26年)的苹果园各4个,分析0～60 cm土层土壤容重和紧实度随土层深度的变化规律,探明果园土壤内部紧实化发生的部位和退化程度,同时,通过分析土壤团聚体数量及其稳定性、土壤黏粒和有机质含量,揭示引起渭北果园土壤内部紧实化的原因。结果表明: 渭北果园0～60 cm土层土壤容重和紧实度均随植果年限和土层深度的增加而显著增大。以20 cm土层为界,渭北各园龄段苹果园土壤具有明显的“上松下实”变异特征,20 cm以上土层上述各指标基本满足苹果树的正常生长需求,20 cm以下土层土壤则已超出了苹果树健康生长的阈值。造成渭北苹果园亚表层以下土壤紧实化的原因主要是土壤团聚作用差、有机质含量低,加之植果期间人为扰动少,土壤中分散的黏粒会向下层移动。此外,随着植果年限的增加,土壤紧实化过程更加明显。     

恩诺沙星残留对土壤微生物功能的影响

研究了恩诺沙星残留对土壤呼吸作用、纤维分解作用、氨化作用、硝化作用的影响 ,结果表明 ,相对较低浓度恩诺沙星残留(0 .0 1μg/ g土 ,0 .1μg/ g土 )刺激土壤呼吸作用 ,相对较高浓度恩诺沙星残留 (1μg/ g土 )对土壤呼吸作用产生抑制 ,药物作用活性维持期为 6 d;恩诺沙星残留对土壤纤维分解作用影响较不明显 ;较低浓度恩诺沙星残留 (0 .0 1μg/ g土 ,0 .1μg/ g土 )对土壤氨化作用有刺激作用 ,而较高浓度恩诺沙星残留 (1μg/ g土 ,10μg/ g土 )则会对其起抑制作用 ,药物作用活性期为 9d;不同浓度恩诺沙星对土壤硝化作用影响极其显著 ,当恩诺沙星浓度达到 1μg/ ml时 ,在 3～ 9d内 ,对土壤硝化作用有一定抑制作用。当恩诺沙星浓度达到 10μg/ ml时 ,强烈抑制了土壤硝化作用 ,直到本试验结束时 ,其抑制作用未见减弱。结果表明恩诺沙星残留影响了土壤微生物这些功能 ,因而可能影响到土壤特性和土壤中一些生态过程     

Various Applications of Soil Contaminant Database Developed for the Central Artery/Tunnel Project

One of the largest environmental assessment programs in the United States was initiated in the early 1990s to determine the chemical characteristics of soil located within the planned alignment for the Central Artery (I-93) / Tunnel (I-90) (CA/T) Project in Boston, Massachusetts. The primary purpose of the program was to support management of the handling and disposal of over 17 million cubic yards of soil to be excavated during construction of the CA/T Project. As part of this work, more than 8,000 soil samples were collected from more than 2,600 soil borings and analyzed for a range of chemical contaminants, including volatile organic compounds, acid/base neutral compounds, total petroleum hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and heavy metals. The soils encountered during the investigations exhibited properties influenced by numerous anthropogenic activities. These activities, such as vehicular emissions, historic industrial/manufacturing operations, and waterfront filling with both building rubble and dredge spoils from Boston Harbor, resulted in soils primarily contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons and metals. As a result of this program, an extensive database of the chemical constituents present in urban soils in downtown Boston was developed. These results were primarily used to delineate the limits of contaminated areas affecting the planned construction. In addition, the database has been used by the Project to support various soil management activities, as well as by the regulatory community in developing guidelines and criteria governing the management of contaminated soils in Massachusetts. This paper focuses on the various applications of this database throughout the course of the Project, and with the additional aim of stimulating potential future applications by both the regulatory and scientific communities.     

Concept,Components, and Strategies of Soil Health in Agroecosystems

The terms ''''soil health'''' or ''''soil quality'''' as applied to agroecosystems refer to the ability of soil to support and sustain crop growth while maintaining environmental quality. High-quality soils have the following characteristics: (i) a sufficient, but not excess, supply of nutrients; (ii) good structure (tilth); (iii) sufficient depth for rooting and drainage; (iv) good internal drainage; (v) low populations of plant disease and parasitic organisms; (vi) high populations of organisms that promote plant growth; (vii) low weed pressure; (viii) no chemicals that might harm the plant; (ix) resistance to being degraded; and (x) resilience following an episode of degradation. Management intended to improve soil health involves creatively combining a number of practices that enhance the soil''s biological, chemical, and physical suitability for crop production. The most important general strategy is to add plentiful quantities of organic matter—including crop and cover crop residues, manures, and composts. Other important strategies include better crop rotations, reducing tillage and keeping the soil surface covered with living and dead residue, reducing compaction by decreasing heavy equipment traffic, and using best nutrient management practices. Practices that enhance soil quality frequently reduce plant pest pressures.     

不同地表覆盖方式对苹果园土壤性状及果树生长和产量的影响

以黄土高原9年生红富士果园生态系统为对象,研究不同地表覆盖模式（清耕、生草覆盖、地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和砂石覆盖）对果园土壤性状及果树生长和产量的影响.结果表明：生草覆盖土壤水分剖面分异最低,砂石覆盖土壤水分剖面分异最高;砂石覆盖提高了根层水分含量,有利于果树对水分的利用.不同地表覆盖模式土壤热量状况变化显著,处理间差异明显,极端最高温度下降,但地膜覆盖处理夏季地温超过果树根系生长的上限温度,对果树根系生长和生理功能发挥不利.除地膜覆盖外,其他地表覆盖模式均能提高土壤CO₂释放速率,其中生草覆盖的效果最为显著.不同地表覆盖模式对果树枝条类型比例及产量影响较大,砂石覆盖处理的中短枝比例和果实产量最高;生草覆盖处理的果实产量最低.因子分析结果表明,对于黄土高原沟壑区盛果期果园,砂石覆盖处理是较为适宜的地表覆盖模式.     

A rapid,cost-effective procedure for the extraction of microbial DNA from soil

Here we describe a DNA extraction method that is based on a simple, rapid polyvinylpolypyrrolidone–calcium chloride precipitation to release microorganisms from the soil combined with lysozyme–proteinase–SDS lysis of the microbial community. The extracted DNA is of high quality and allows direct detection of specific genes by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as well as cloning of indigenous microbial DNA. This method facilitates the extraction of 36 500-mg soil samples simultaneously in a 2-h period by one person. The procedure is safe, inexpensive, and does not require specialized equipment or generate hazardous wastes.     

Trajectories of change: riparian vegetation and soil conditions following livestock removal and replanting

Riparian zones provide critically important ecological functions, including the interception of nutrients and sediments before they enter waterways. Consequently, riparian zones, and the vegetation they support, are often considered as an important ‘final buffer’ between waterways and adjacent land. In agricultural ecosystems, riparian zones are therefore increasingly recognized as an important component of strategies aimed at minimizing the flow of nutrients and sediments into waterways. Accordingly, riparian zones are increasingly afforded protection and are targeted for restoration. Here we present results of a study in which we aimed to identify patterns of change in soil and vegetation properties in riparian zones, under different management regimes, adjacent to tributary streams in one of south‐eastern Australia's main agricultural regions. We compared riparia that were heavily impacted by agricultural activities, were in remnant condition or had undergone some restoration activities and were thus in a transitional state. There was an increase in plant cover and soil C concentration between impacted through to remnant sites, with transitional sites intermediate, suggesting that improvements in soil conditions were becoming evident following restoration activities. In our assessment of soil physicochemical properties we investigated the relationships between riparian condition and soil properties, taking into account the influence of adjacent land use on these relationships. Importantly, the concentrations of NO₃^‐ and plant available P in riparian surface soils were more or less influenced by concentrations in the adjacent land depending upon riparian condition. This will, in turn, have consequences for nutrient inputs into streams. This study emphasizes that riparian zones need to be managed within their wider landscape context. Furthermore, the results of this study will inform efforts seeking to minimize impacts of agricultural activities on waterways, through the conservation and/or restoration of riparian ecosystems.     

土壤微生物资源管理、应用技术与学科展望

土壤中蕴藏着高度的微生物多样性,在陆地生态系统中发挥着非常重要的功能,加强对土壤微生物资源的综合管理与开发应用是提升生态系统稳定性与生产力及农产品质量的重要途径。首先,土壤微生物多样性具有全球性的重大意义,有待完善对土壤微生物的检测与监测技术研究,进而实现土壤微生物多样性与土壤功能的耦合以及对土壤质量的评定;其次,土壤微生物作为一种宝贵的生产资料和可持续资源,要加强其在土壤肥力强化与保育、土壤障碍消减与调节、土壤污染控制与修复等3个领域的应用研究。最后,未来土壤微生物学发展将会形成土壤微生物系统学、土壤微生物过程学与土壤微生物功能学3个子学科,要建立土壤微生物种质资源库与遗传信息库,推进土壤微生物生理代谢过程、生物化学过程及生态行为过程的研究,联结土壤微生物与土壤功能的关系,并从土壤中的功能微生物出发对环境变化作出积极响应和主动调控。此外,原创性方法的建立与应用是限制土壤微生物学发展的技术瓶颈,联合生物地理学与生物信息学破译重要基因的特定生态功能,并将其应用到生态模型以及生态系统未知领域的研究中去,是土壤微生物学面临的挑战。