华南地区尾巨桉和马占相思人工林地表温室气体通量

为探索华南地区尾巨桉人工林和马占相思人工林地表温室气体的季节排放规律、排放通量和主控因子,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,对两种林型地表3种温室气体(CO_2、CH_4、N_2O)通量进行为期1年的逐月测定。结果表明:(1)尾巨桉人工林和马占相思人工林均为CO_2和N_2O的排放源,CH_4的吸收汇。马占相思林地表N_2O通量显著(P0.01)高于尾巨桉林,CO_2通量和CH_4通量无明显差异。(2)两种林型3种温室气体通量有着相似季节变化规律,地表CO_2通量均呈现雨季高旱季低的单峰规律;地表CH_4吸收通量表现为旱季高雨季低的单峰趋势;地表N_2O通量呈现雨季高旱季低且雨季内有两个峰值的排放规律。(3)地表CO_2、N_2O通量和土壤5 cm温度呈极显著(P0.01)正相关,3种温室气体地表通量同土壤含水量呈极显著(P0.01)或显著相关(P0.05)。(4)尾巨桉林和马占相思林温室气体年温室气体排放总量为31.014 t/hm~2和28.782 t/hm~2,均以CO_2排放占绝对优势(98.46%—99.15%),CH_4和N_2O处于次要地位。     

博斯腾湖人工和天然芦苇湿地土壤CO2、CH4和N2O排放通量

为研究干旱区淡水湖泊人工、天然芦苇湿地土壤温室气体源汇强度及其影响因素,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,于2015年1月—12月对博斯腾湖人工和天然芦苇湿地土壤CO_2、CH_4和N_2O通量进行全年观测。结果表明,人工芦苇湿地土壤CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放通量变化范围分别为:10.1—588.4mg m~(-2)h~(-1)、2.9—82.4μg m~(-2)h~(-1)和1.32—29.7μg m~(-2)h~(-1),天然芦苇湿地土壤CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放通量变化范围分别为10.3—469.6mg m~(-2)h~(-1)、3.1—64.8μg m~(-2)h~(-1)和1.9—14.3μg m~(-2)h~(-1)。人工和天然芦苇湿地夏季土壤CO_2排放通量均明显高于其他季节,而土壤CH_4和N_2O排放通量较大值多集中在春末夏初。全年观测期间,人工芦苇湿地土壤CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放通量高于天然芦苇湿地(P0.05);温度是影响人工、天然芦苇湿地土壤CO_2和N_2O排放通量的关键因素,近地面温度和5cm土壤温度与CO_2和N_2O排放通量呈现极显著的正相关关系(P0.01)。土壤CH_4排放通量是温度和水分二者共同影响的,由近地表温度、5cm土壤温度和土壤含水量共同拟合的方程可以分别解释人工、天然芦苇湿地土壤CH_4排放通量的71%、74.5%;土壤有机碳、pH、盐分、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N也是人工、天然芦苇湿地土壤CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放通量的影响因素;人工和天然芦苇湿地土壤均是CO_2、CH_4和N_2O的"源"。基于100年尺度,由3种温室气体计算全球增温潜势得出,人工芦苇湿地全球增温潜势大于天然芦苇湿地(15150.18kg/hm~212484.21kg/hm~2)。     

大兴安岭永久冻土区7种沼泽类型土壤温室气体排放特征

气候变暖及永久冻土退化将会增加冻土湿地的温室气体排放,但关于大兴安岭永久冻土区沼泽湿地温室气体通量及主控因子尚不明确。采用静态箱-气相色谱法,同步原位观测大兴安岭永久冻土区7种天然沼泽类型(草丛沼泽-C、灌丛沼泽-G、毛赤杨沼泽-M、白桦沼泽-B、落叶松苔草沼泽-LT、落叶松藓类沼泽-LX、落叶松泥炭藓沼泽-LN)土壤CO_2、CH_4和N_2O通量及土壤温度、水位、化冻深度及土壤碳氮含量、碳氮比、pH值及含水量,揭示永久冻土区沼泽土壤温室气体通量及其主控因子。结果表明:1) 7种沼泽类型土壤CO_2年均通量(125.12—163.33 mg m~(-2) h~(-1))相近;2) CH_4年均通量(-0.007—0.400 mg m~(-2) h~(-1))呈草丛显著高于其他沼泽5.6—65.7倍(P0.01);3) N_2O年均通量(1.52—37.90μg m~(-2) h~(-1))呈阔叶林沼泽显著高于其他类型2.0—23.9倍,针叶林沼泽显著高于草丛、灌丛沼泽2.9—6.2倍(P0.05);4) CO_2主控因子为土壤温度和水位;CH_4主控因子为土壤温度和化冻深度;N_2O受到多种环境因子综合调控,共同可以解释N_2O变化的26%—99%;5)土壤增温潜势(11.05—15.37 t CO_2 hm~(-2) a~(-1))相近,且均以CO_2占绝对优势地位,但草丛以CH_4占次要地位,森林沼泽则以N_2O占次要地位。综合对比国内外现有研究结果发现目前大兴安岭永久冻土区沼泽土壤仍处于CO_2、CH_4和N_2O低排放阶段。     

中亚热带杉木人工林苔藓覆盖对土壤温室气体排放的影响

目前,国内尚无亚热带森林地区生物土壤结皮-土壤系统温室气体通量特征的研究,给区域尺度上温室气体通量的估算带来很大的不确定性。本研究选择中亚热带杉木人工林中地面广布的苔藓覆盖形成的结皮层及其下覆土壤为研究对象,采用对气体排放速率影响较小的等压取样法,探究去除苔藓土壤(BG)和苔藓覆盖土壤(BSCs)在光照和暗处理下其温室气体通量的变化特征,来模拟自然环境下白昼和黑夜时段苔藓覆盖的影响,同时采用随机森林模型来衡量光照与苔藓覆盖对温室气体通量的重要度。结果表明:苔藓覆盖、光照处理及其互作对CO_2通量有极显著的影响(P0.001),苔藓覆盖和光照处理对CH_4的吸收通量有极显著的影响(P0.001),光照及光照与苔藓覆盖交互作用对N_2O通量有极显著的影响(P0.001);暗处理下,与BG土壤相比,苔藓覆盖具有抑制土壤CO_2排放的趋势,苔藓覆盖略微增加N_2O的排放通量,但显著增加CH_4的吸收通量(P0.01);光照处理下BSCs的CO_2、CH_4和N_2O三种温室气体均出现负通量,苔藓覆盖显著降低CO_2、CH_4和N_2O的排放通量(P0.01),表明光照条件下苔藓-土壤系统是这三种温室气体重要的汇;由光照导致的BSCs的CO_2和N_2O的吸收通量显著高于BG土壤温室气体的吸收量(P0.01),但光照对CH_4吸收通量的影响无显著差异;随机森林分析表明,光照对于CO_2和N_2O通量的影响的重要性大于苔藓覆盖,而苔藓覆盖对CH_4通量的影响的重要性大于光照,表明CO_2和N_2O的通量与苔藓中的光能自养生物的代谢活性关联更大,CH_4通量与苔藓中的化能自养生物代谢活性有关联。     

生物炭与氮肥对旱作春玉米农田CO_2和CH_4排放特征的影响

为了研究生物炭与氮肥对旱作春玉米农田CO_2和CH_4排放通量季节变化、累积排放总量及CO_2+CH_4排放强度的影响,试验设置C_0N_0(不加生物炭,不施氮肥)、C_0N_1(不加生物炭,施氮肥225kg·hm~(-2))和C_1N_1(添加生物炭50t·hm~(-2),施氮肥225kg·hm~(-2))3个处理,采用密闭式静态暗箱-气相色谱法对不同生物炭和氮肥输入旱作春玉米农田CO_2和CH_4排放通量进行连续观测,同时对影响通量变化的0~20cm土层温度和水分因子进行测定。结果表明:(1)试验期内不同处理春玉米农田均表现为CO_2累积通量的源,且CO_2排放通量均呈现一定的峰值变化规律。(2)C_1N_1处理减少了春玉米生长季农田CO_2排放通量和累积排放总量,在试验的2个生长季内农田CO_2平均排放通量和累积排放总量各处理均表现为C_0N_0C_0N_1C_1N_1,且C_1N_1处理降低显著。(3)土壤CO_2排放通量与土壤温度变化呈显著正相关关系,可用指数方程和二次方程较好拟合二者关系,且与10cm土层温度的相关性优于0cm土层温度,但土壤CO_2排放通量与土壤含水量呈负相关关系。(4)试验各处理农田土壤CH_4排放通量在-16.08~-73.96μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)之间,表现为大气CH_4的净吸收库;C_1N_1处理增加了土壤CH_4排放通量和累积排放总量,但作用效果的显著性受年际环境因子的影响;农田土壤CH_4排放通量与土壤含水量呈显著正相关关系,与土壤温度呈显著负相关关系。研究发现,添加生物炭和施氮减少了旱作农田春玉米生长季CO_2排放通量和累积排放总量,增加了CH_4排放通量和累积排放总量,总体上显著增加了春玉米产量,显著减少农田CO_2+CH_4排放强度。     

植被恢复对库布齐沙漠非生长季土壤CH4、N2O通量的影响

荒漠土壤温室气体排放是陆地碳氮循环的重要组成部分,目前人工建植促进植被恢复对非生长季荒漠土壤CH_4、N_2O通量的影响尚不明确。本研究采用静态暗箱-气相色谱和时空替代法,分析非生长季库布齐沙漠东部不同植被恢复阶段土壤CH_4、N_2O通量特征及其与环境因子之间的关系,探讨植被恢复对非生长季荒漠土壤温室气体排放的影响。结果表明:非生长季荒漠土壤是CH_4的吸收汇,也是N_2O的排放源。不同植被恢复阶段CH_4平均吸收量和N_2O排放量均表现为:苔藓结皮固定沙地(47.6μg CH_4 m~(-2) h~(-1), 13.5μg N_2O m~(-2) h~(-1))地衣结皮固定沙地(32.2μg CH_4 m~(-2) h~(-1), 9.1μg N_2O m~(-2) h~(-1))藻结皮固定沙地(23.7μg CH_4 m~(-2) h~(-1), 8.7μg N_2O m~(-2) h~(-1))半固定沙地(22.4μg CH_4 m~(-2) h~(-1), 5.0μg N_2O m~(-2) h~(-1))流动沙地(18.7μg CH_4 m~(-2) h~(-1), 3.9μg N_2O m~(-2) h~(-1))。荒漠土壤在不同冻结时期温室气体排放存在较大差异,融冻期CH_4吸收贡献率最大,在结冻期N_2O排放贡献率最大。非生长季荒漠土壤存在明显的水热同期现象,土壤水热因子对N_2O通量的影响较小,仅半固定沙地土壤温度与N_2O通量呈显著正相关;而在藻类、地衣和苔藓结皮固定沙地中,土壤温度和含水量均与CH_4通量呈显著负相关。植被恢复过程中,生物量的积累和土壤理化性质的改善,能够显著影响荒漠土壤CH_4、N_2O通量的变化。因此,人工建植促进植被恢复实现沙漠化逆转可改变荒漠生态系统的温室气体排放格局。     

张掖湿地甲烷通量动态特征及其影响因子

于2012年7月—2014年6月对地处干旱区的张掖湿地甲烷(CH_4)通量进行观测,分析其CH_4通量的变化特征及其影响因子。结果表明:CH_4通量的日变化趋势总体表现为白天大于夜间;不同季节CH_4通量排放特征差异明显,夏季最大,春秋次之,冬季最小;CH_4通量日总量与空气温度、土壤温度之间指数相关关系显著,其中4 cm处土壤温度与之相关性最强;1—6月摩擦风速(U*)与CH_4通量显著正相关;结合CO_2通量观测数据,研究时段张掖湿地净碳吸收量为495.92 g C m~(-2)a~(-1),为明显碳汇。     

新疆古尔班通古特沙漠土壤N_2O、CH_4和CO_2通量及其对氮沉降增加的响应

沙漠土壤在全球土壤主要温室气体通量中扮演着重要角色,但是在环境变化条件下的通量估算结果存在很大的不确定性。在新疆古尔班通古特沙漠设定N0、N0.5、N1、N3、N6和N24 6个样方,以0、0.5、1.0、3.0、6.0和24.0 g·m~(–2)·a~(–1) 6个不同模拟氮(N)沉降浓度进行N处理,两年后开始对施N样方进行为期两个生长季的N_2O、CH_4和CO_2通量测定。研究表明生长季对照样方(N0)的N_2O、CH_4和CO_2的平均通量分别为4.8μg·m~(–2)·h~(–1)、–30.5μg·m~(–2)·h~(–1)和46.7 mg·m~(–2)·h~(–1),季节变化显著影响3种气体的通量。N0、N0.5和N1在春季和夏季具有相似的N_2O排放速率,排放速率高于秋季,而N6和N24的N_2O排放主要受N输入时间影响;CH_4的吸收在春季和夏季相对较高,秋季较低;CO_2的排放量在第一年春季和夏季之间变化较小,但高于秋季排放量,第二年CO_2动态与N浓度相关。N增加通常能显著促进N_2O的排放,但受测定季节和年度的影响,且各处理的N_2O排放因子大小无明显规律;CH_4的吸收受N增加影响不显著;CO_2的排放在第一年不受N增加的影响,第二年高浓度N增加对春季和夏季CO_2排放具有限制作用,对秋季影响不显著。结构方程模型的研究表明,对N_2O、CH_4和CO_2的动态变化影响较大的因子分别是施N浓度、土壤温度或土壤含水量和植株密度。整个生长季由N带来的净通量和增温潜力非常小。     

神农架主要森林土壤CH4、CO2和N2O排放对降水减少的响应

研究降水格局改变后森林土壤温室气体排放格局,可为森林温室气体排放清单制定提供科学依据。以神农架典型森林类型常绿落叶阔叶混交林和2种人工林马尾松和杉木林为研究对象,研究了降水格局改变后,其土壤CH_4吸收、CO_2和N_2O的排放格局和可能机制。结果表明:常绿落叶阔叶混交林吸收CH_4通量为(-36.79±13.99)μg Cm~(-2)h~(-1),显著大于马尾松和杉木两种人工林的CH_4吸收通量,其吸收通量分别为(-14.10±3.38)μg Cm~(-2)h~(-1)和(-7.75±2.80)μg Cm~(-2)h~(-1)。马尾松和杉木两种人工林CO_2排放通量分别为(107.03±12.11)μg Cm~(-2)h~(-1)和(80.82±10.29)μg Cm~(-2)h~(-1),显著大于常绿落叶阔叶混交林(71.27±10.59)μg Cm~(-2)h~(-1)。常绿落叶阔叶混交林N_2O排放通量为(8.88±6.75)μg Nm~(-2)h~(-1),显著大于杉木人工林(5.93±2.79)μg Nm~(-2)h~(-1)和马尾松人工林(1.64±1.02)μg Nm~(-2)h~(-1)。分析3种森林土壤CH_4吸收量与其环境因子之间的关系发现,常绿落叶阔叶混交林的CH_4吸收通量与其土壤温度呈现显著的指数负相关关系(P0.01)。常绿落叶阔叶混交林、马尾松林和杉木林的土壤CO_2排放通量与其空气温度和土壤温度之间均呈现显著的指数正相关关系(P0.01)。常绿落叶阔叶混交林和马尾松林土壤N_2O排放通量与空气温度之间均呈现显著的指数正相关关系(P0.01),而马尾松林与土壤温度之间呈显著正相关(P0.05),与土壤湿度之间均无显著相关。降水减半后,减少降水对常绿落叶阔叶混交林和马尾松林土壤CH_4吸收通量均具有明显的促进作用,但对杉木林土壤CH_4吸收量具有抑制作用,对常绿落叶阔叶混交林和杉木林土壤CO_2平均排放通量均具有明显的促进作用,而对马尾松林土壤CO_2平均排放通量明显抑制作用,对常绿落叶阔叶混交林、马尾松和杉木林土壤N_2O排放量具有明显的抑制作用。     

小兴安岭典型草丛沼泽湿地CO2、CH4和N2O的排放动态及其影响因素

2007年6～10月,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,同步研究了小兴安岭典型修氏苔草(Carex schmidtii)沼泽湿地CO2、CH4和N2O排放通量的季节动态及其与环境因子的关系,估算CO2、CH4和N2O的生长季排放量,探讨了沼泽湿地碳与氮的源汇关系.结果表明:草丛沼泽生长季节温室气体排放量以CO2占绝对优势(99.61%),CH4的排放量次之(0.39%),N2O的排放量最低(0.000 7%),且为碳、氮的吸收汇(分别为固定量的53.93%和0.04%);CO2、CH4和N2O生长季平均排放通量依次为487.89、1.88和0.004 mg·m-2·h-1,且具有明显的季节变化特征,CO2和N2O的最高排放量均出现在夏季(6月24日至8月14日和7月14日至8月14日),CH4的最高排放量出现在夏秋季(8月24日至9月24日),其中,CO2季节变化与空气温度和0～20 cm土壤温度具有显著相关性(p＜0.05),CH4与空气温度具有显著相关性(p<0.01),N2O与水位具有显著的负相关性(p＜0.05).     

Spatial Variation of Soil CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>, CH<Subscript>4</Subscript> and N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O Fluxes Across Topographical Positions in Tropical Forests of the Guiana Shield

The spatial variation of soil greenhouse gas fluxes (GHG; carbon dioxide—CO₂, methane—CH₄ and nitrous oxide—N₂O) remains poorly understood in highly complex ecosystems such as tropical forests. We used 240 individual flux measurements of these three GHGs from different soil types, at three topographical positions and in two extreme hydric conditions in the tropical forests of the Guiana Shield (French Guiana, South America) to (1) test the effect of topographical positions on GHG fluxes and (2) identify the soil characteristics driving flux variation in these nutrient-poor tropical soils. Surprisingly, none of the three GHG flux rates differed with topographical position. CO₂ effluxes covaried with soil pH, soil water content (SWC), available nitrogen and total phosphorus. The CH₄ fluxes were best explained by variation in SWC, with soils acting as a sink under drier conditions and as a source under wetter conditions. Unexpectedly, our study areas were generally sinks for N₂O and N₂O fluxes were partly explained by total phosphorus and available nitrogen concentrations. This first study describing the spatial variation of soil fluxes of the three main GHGs measured simultaneously in forests of the Guiana Shield lays the foundation for specific studies of the processes underlying the observed patterns.     

Climate change reduces the net sink of CH4 and N2O in a semiarid grassland

Atmospheric concentrations of methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) have increased over the last 150 years because of human activity. Soils are important sources and sinks of both potent greenhouse gases where their production and consumption are largely regulated by biological processes. Climate change could alter these processes thereby affecting both rate and direction of their exchange with the atmosphere. We examined how a rise in atmospheric CO₂ and temperature affected CH₄ and N₂O fluxes in a well‐drained upland soil (volumetric water content ranging between 6% and 23%) in a semiarid grassland during five growing seasons. We hypothesized that responses of CH₄ and N₂O fluxes to elevated CO₂ and warming would be driven primarily by treatment effects on soil moisture. Previously we showed that elevated CO₂ increased and warming decreased soil moisture in this grassland. We therefore expected that elevated CO₂ and warming would have opposing effects on CH₄ and N₂O fluxes. Methane was taken up throughout the growing season in all 5 years. A bell‐shaped relationship was observed with soil moisture with highest CH₄ uptake at intermediate soil moisture. Both N₂O emission and uptake occurred at our site with some years showing cumulative N₂O emission and other years showing cumulative N₂O uptake. Nitrous oxide exchange switched from net uptake to net emission with increasing soil moisture. In contrast to our hypothesis, both elevated CO₂ and warming reduced the sink of CH₄ and N₂O expressed in CO₂ equivalents (across 5 years by 7% and 11% for elevated CO₂ and warming respectively) suggesting that soil moisture changes were not solely responsible for this reduction. We conclude that in a future climate this semiarid grassland may become a smaller sink for atmospheric CH₄ and N₂O expressed in CO₂‐equivalents.     

Greenhouse gas budget (CO2, CH4 and N2O) of intensively managed grassland following restoration

The first full greenhouse gas (GHG) flux budget of an intensively managed grassland in Switzerland (Chamau) is presented. The three major trace gases, carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O) were measured with the eddy covariance (EC) technique. For CO₂ concentrations, an open‐path infrared gas analyzer was used, while N₂O and CH₄ concentrations were measured with a recently developed continuous‐wave quantum cascade laser absorption spectrometer (QCLAS). We investigated the magnitude of these trace gas emissions after grassland restoration, including ploughing, harrowing, sowing, and fertilization with inorganic and organic fertilizers in 2012. Large peaks of N₂O fluxes (20–50 nmol m^?2 s^?1 compared with a <5 nmol m^?2 s^?1 background) were observed during thawing of the soil after the winter period and after mineral fertilizer application followed by re‐sowing in the beginning of the summer season. Nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes were controlled by nitrogen input, plant productivity, soil water content and temperature. Management activities led to increased variations of N₂O fluxes up to 14 days after the management event as compared with background fluxes measured during periods without management (<5 nmol m^?2 s^?1). Fluxes of CO₂ remained small until full plant development in early summer 2012. In contrast, methane emissions showed only minor variations over time. The annual GHG flux budget was dominated by N₂O (48% contribution) and CO₂ emissions (44%). CH₄ flux contribution to the annual budget was only minor (8%). We conclude that recently developed multi‐species QCLAS in an EC system open new opportunities to determine the temporal variation of N₂O and CH₄ fluxes, which further allow to quantify annual emissions. With respect to grassland restoration, our study emphasizes the key role of N₂O and CO₂ losses after ploughing, changing a permanent grassland from a carbon sink to a significant carbon source.     

Impact of Grazing Intensity and Seasons on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Tropical Grassland

Greenhouse gases (GHG) can be affected by grazing intensity, soil, and climate variables. This study aimed at assessing GHG emissions from a tropical pasture of Brazil to evaluate (i) how the grazing intensity affects the magnitude of GHG emissions; (ii) how season influences GHG production and consumption; and (iii) what are the key driving variables associated with GHG emissions. We measured under field conditions, during two years in a palisade-grass pasture managed with 3 grazing intensities: heavy (15 cm height), moderate (25 cm height), and light (35 cm height) N₂O, CH₄ and CO₂ fluxes using static closed chambers and chromatographic quantification. The greater emissions occurred in the summer and the lower in the winter. N₂O, CH₄, and CO₂ fluxes varied according to the season and were correlated with pasture grazing intensity, temperature, precipitation, % WFPS (water-filled pores space), and soil inorganic N. The explanatory variables differ according to the gas and season. Grazing intensity had a negative linear effect on annual cumulative N₂O emissions and a positive linear effect on annual cumulative CO₂ emissions. Grazing intensity, season, and year affected N₂O, CH₄, and CO₂ emissions. Tropical grassland can be a large sink of N₂O and CH₄. GHG emissions were explained for different key driving variables according to the season.     

Environmental factors controlling temporal and spatial variability in the soil‐atmosphere exchange of CO2, CH4 and N2O from an Australian subtropical rainforest

The temporal variations in CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O fluxes were measured over two consecutive years from February 2007 to March 2009 from a subtropical rainforest in south‐eastern Queensland, Australia, using an automated sampling system. A concurrent study using an additional 30 manual chambers examined the spatial variability of emissions distributed across three nearby remnant rainforest sites with similar vegetation and climatic conditions. Interannual variation in fluxes of all gases over the 2 years was minimal, despite large discrepancies in rainfall, whereas a pronounced seasonal variation could only be observed for CO₂ fluxes. High infiltration, drainage and subsequent high soil aeration under the rainforest limited N₂O loss while promoting substantial CH₄ uptake. The average annual N₂O loss of 0.5 ± 0.1 kg N₂O‐N ha^?1 over the 2‐year measurement period was at the lower end of reported fluxes from rainforest soils. The rainforest soil functioned as a sink for atmospheric CH₄ throughout the entire 2‐year period, despite periods of substantial rainfall. A clear linear correlation between soil moisture and CH₄ uptake was found. Rates of uptake ranged from greater than 15 g CH₄‐C ha^?1 day^?1 during extended dry periods to less than 2–5 g CH₄‐C ha^?1 day^?1 when soil water content was high. The calculated annual CH₄ uptake at the site was 3.65 kg CH₄‐C ha^?1 yr^?1. This is amongst the highest reported for rainforest systems, reiterating the ability of aerated subtropical rainforests to act as substantial sinks of CH₄. The spatial study showed N₂O fluxes almost eight times higher, and CH₄ uptake reduced by over one‐third, as clay content of the rainforest soil increased from 12% to more than 23%. This demonstrates that for some rainforest ecosystems, soil texture and related water infiltration and drainage capacity constraints may play a more important role in controlling fluxes than either vegetation or seasonal variability.     

Carbon dioxide,methane, and nitrous oxide exchanges in an age‐sequence of temperate pine forests

We investigated soil carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O) exchanges in an age‐sequence (4, 17, 32, 67 years old) of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) forests in southern Ontario, Canada, for the period of mid‐April to mid‐December in 2006 and 2007. For both CH₄ and N₂O, we observed uptake and emission ranging from ?160 to 245 μg CH₄ m^?2 h^?1 and ?52 to 21 μg N₂O m^?2 h^?1, respectively (negative values indicate uptake). Mean fluxes from mid‐April to mid‐December across the 4, 17, 32, 67 years old stands were similar for CO₂ fluxes (259, 246, 220, and 250 mg CO₂ m^?2 h^?1, respectively), without pattern for N₂O fluxes (?3.7, 1.5, ?2.2, and ?7.6 μg N₂O m^?2 h^?1, respectively), whereas the uptake rates of CH₄ increased with stand age (6.4, ?7.9, ?10.8, and ?23.3 μg CH₄ m^?2 h^?1, respectively). For the same period, the combined contribution of CH₄ and N₂O exchanges to the global warming potential (GWP) calculated from net ecosystem exchange of CO₂ and aggregated soil exchanges of CH₄ and N₂O was on average 4%, <1%, <1%, and 2% for the 4, 17, 32, 67 years old stand, respectively. Soil CO₂ fluxes correlated positively with soil temperature but had no relationship with soil moisture. We found no control of soil temperature or soil moisture on CH₄ and N₂O fluxes, but CH₄ emission was observed following summer rainfall events. LFH layer removal reduced CO₂ emissions by 43%, increased CH₄ uptake during dry and warm soil conditions by more than twofold, but did not affect N₂O flux. We suggest that significant alternating sink and source potentials for both CH₄ and N₂O may occur in N‐ and soil water‐limited forest ecosystems, which constitute a large portion of forest cover in temperate areas.     

温带针阔混交林土壤碳氮气体通量的主控因子与耦合关系

中高纬度森林地区由于气候条件变化剧烈,土壤温室气体排放量的估算存在很大的不确定性,并且不同碳氮气体通量的主控因子与耦合关系尚不明确。以长白山温带针阔混交林为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法连续4a(2005—2009年)测定土壤二氧化碳(CO2)、甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)净交换通量以及温度、水分等相关环境因子。研究结果表明:温带针阔混交林土壤整体上表现为CO2和N2O的排放源和CH4的吸收汇。土壤CH4、CO2和N2O通量的年均值分别为-1.3 kg CH4hm-2a-1、15102.2 kg CO2hm-2a-1和6.13 kg N2O hm-2a-1。土壤CO2通量呈现明显的季节性规律,主要受土壤温度的影响,水分次之;土壤CH4通量的季节变化不明显,与土壤水分显著正相关;土壤N2O通量季节变化与土壤CO2通量相似,与土壤水分、温度显著正相关。土壤CO2通量和CH4通量不存在任何类型的耦合关系,与N2O通量也不存在耦合关系;土壤CH4和N2O通量之间表现为消长型耦合关系。这项研究显示温带针阔混交林土壤碳氮气体通量主要受环境因子驱动,不同气体通量产生与消耗之间存在复杂的耦合关系,下一步研究需要深入探讨环境变化对其耦合关系的影响以及内在的生物驱动机制。     

Grazing removal decreases the magnitude of methane and the variability of nitrous oxide emissions from spring-fed wetlands of a California oak savanna

Spring-fed wetlands are embedded within Californian oak savannas whose understory is dominated by annual grasslands that are grazed by livestock. Because there is mounting pressure to remove livestock from riparian areas in the western U.S., we excluded livestock from one-half of three spring-fed wetlands and monitored greenhouse gas (CH₄ and N₂O) fluxes in 2000 and 2002. In 2003, we also measured several ecosystem characteristics to help understand treatment differences in gas fluxes. Bootstrapped estimates of mean CH₄ and N₂O fluxes over the study period showed that these wetlands were sources of CH₄ and N₂O to the atmosphere; we compare the magnitude of these fluxes to estimates from other wetland studies. Grazing removal decreased the magnitude of CH₄ emissions and their variability during our study period. A regression tree analysis showed lower soil temperature and higher soil water content to be the best predictors of lower CH₄ emissions, both of which were observed under grazing removal. The magnitude of N₂O emissions was not influenced by grazing removal, but fluxes from ungrazed plots were less variable. Grazing exclusion during hot summer months in California should reduce CH₄ emissions from spring-fed wetlands, but have little effect on the magnitude of N₂O loss to the atmosphere. Implications of climate change for these processes are discussed.     

Effect of hydrological conditions on nitrous oxide, methane, and carbon dioxide dynamics in a bottomland hardwood forest and its implication for soil carbon sequestration

This study was conducted at three locations in a bottomland hardwood forest with a distinct elevation and hydrological gradient: ridge (high, dry), transition, and swamp (low, wet). At each location, concentrations of soil greenhouse gases (N₂O, CH₄, and CO₂), their fluxes to the atmosphere, and soil redox potential (Eh) were measured bimonthly, while the water table was monitored every day. Results show that soil Eh was significantly (P < 0.001) correlated with water table: a negative correlation at the ridge and transition locations, but a positive correlation at the permanently flooded swamp location. Both soil gas profile analysis and surface gas flux measurements indicated that the ridge and transition locations could be a sink of atmospheric CH₄, especially in warm seasons, but generally functioned as a minor source of CH₄ in cool seasons. The swamp location was a major source of CH₄, and the emission rate was higher in the warm seasons (mean 28 and median 23 mg m^?2 h^?1) than in the cool seasons (both mean and median 13 mg m^?2 h^?1). Average CO₂ emission rate was 251, 380 and 52 mg m^?2 h^?1 for the ridge, transition and swamp location, respectively. At each location, higher CO₂ emission rates were also found in the warm seasons. The lowest CO₂ emission rate was found at the swamp location, where soil C content was the highest, due to less microbial biomass, less CO₂ production in such an anaerobic environment, and greater difficulty of CO₂ diffusion to the atmosphere. Cumulative global warming potential emission from these three greenhouse gases was in an order of swamp > transition > ridge location. The ratio CO₂/CH₄ production in soil is a critical factor for evaluating the overall benefit of soil C sequestration, which can be greatly offset by CH₄ production and emission.     

小兴安岭典型草丛沼泽湿地CO2、CH4和N2O的排放动态及其影响因素

 2007年6~10月, 采用静态箱-气相色谱法, 同步研究了小兴安岭典型修氏苔草(Carex schmidtii)沼泽湿地CO₂、CH₄和N₂O排放通量的季节动态及其与环境因子的关系, 估算了CO₂、CH₄和N₂O的生长季排放量, 探讨了沼泽湿地碳与氮的源汇关系。结果表明: 草丛沼泽生长季节温室气体排放量以CO₂占绝对优势(99.61%), CH₄的排放量次之(0.39%), N₂O的排放量最低(0.000 7%), 且为碳、氮的吸收汇(分别为固定量的53.93%和0.04%); CO₂、CH₄和N₂O生长季平均排放通量依次为487.89、1.88和0.004 mg·m^–2·h^–1, 且具有明显的季节变化特征, CO₂和N₂O的最高排放量均出现在夏季(6月24日至8月14日和7月14日至8月14日), CH₄的最高排放量出现在夏秋季(8月24日至9月24日), 其中, CO₂季节变化与空气温度和0~20 cm土壤温度具有显著相关性(p < 0.05), CH₄与空气温度具有显著相关性(p < 0.01), N₂O与水位具有显著的负相关性(p < 0.05)。