土壤增温对杉木幼苗细根生理生态性质的影响

为了揭示我国最重要人工林树种杉木对全球变暖的地下响应及其适应性,通过在福建省三明市陈大国有林场设置杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)幼苗土壤增温实验(增温+5℃和不增温两个处理,各5个重复),用土钻法和内生长环法探讨土壤增温约1年后的杉木幼苗细根生物量和形态特征(比根长,SRL;比表面积,SRA),化学计量学特征(C、N、P)和代谢特征(包括呼吸和非结构性碳水化合物,NSC)的变化。结果表明:1)与对照相比,土壤增温处理0—1 mm细根生物量显著下降,1—2 mm细根生物量没有变化,细根形态亦未有显著变化;2)土壤增温处理细根N浓度显著增加,细根P浓度没有显著变化,细根C/N显著降低而N/P显著增加;3)土壤增温处理细根呼吸没有出现驯化现象,细根NSC显著下降。可见,土壤增温改变了杉木细根生物量分配格局,并引起一定的营养失衡和代谢失衡现象,从而对杉木生长和生产力产生影响。     

土壤增温对杉木幼苗细根呼吸和非结构性碳的影响

在福建省三明市陈大国有林场开展杉木幼苗土壤增温试验,采用内生长环法研究土壤增温(+5℃)对杉木幼苗细根比呼吸速率和非结构性碳的影响,分析杉木人工林对全球变暖的地下响应及其适应性.结果表明:增温第二年,土壤增温引起细根组织内非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)的较大变化,1月增温处理0~1 mm细根NSC和淀粉浓度下降,1~2 mm细根可溶性糖和NSC浓度下降;7月增温处理0~1 mm细根NSC、可溶性糖和淀粉浓度提高,使1~2mm细根淀粉浓度增加.增温第3年,土壤增温对细根NSC无显著影响.增温处理使0~1 mm细根比根呼吸速率在增温第二年7月增加,而在第三年7月下降;与0~1 mm细根相比,增温处理对1~2 mm细根比呼吸速率没有显著影响.细根呼吸对增温的响应与增温持续时间有关,随增温时间的延长,细根呼吸产生部分驯化,同时能够使细根NSC浓度保持稳定.     

土壤增温对杉木幼苗细根生长量及形态特征的影响

为了揭示杉木人工林对全球变暖的地下响应,在福建省三明市陈大国有林场开展杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)幼苗土壤增温试验,采用内生长环法探讨增温实验开始后第2年(2015年1月、7月取样)和第3年(2016年1月、7月取样)杉木幼苗细根生长量和形态特征(比根长,SRL;比表面积,SRA;组织密度,RTD)的变化。结果表明:(1)随着苗木的生长,土壤增温对细根生长量的影响趋势是先抑制,再无显著影响,最后促进。(2)土壤增温对细根形态特征的影响在不同取样时间有差异:土壤增温对7月份(夏季)取样的细根SRL或SRA有显著促进作用,对1月份(冬季)取样的细根SRL、SRA均无显著影响。(3)土壤增温对第二、第三次取样的1—2 mm细根RTD有促进作用。表明土壤增温对杉木幼苗细根生长量的影响与苗木生长阶段有关;同时苗木可通过细根形态的调整(增大SRL和RTD)以适应土壤增温引起的土壤资源变化和环境胁迫,维持自身的生长。     

增温下土壤资源异质分布对杉木幼苗生长的影响

在福建三明森林生态系统与全球变化研究站陈大观测点开展大气温度控制、土壤温度控制和土壤资源分布3因子试验,探讨土壤资源异质分布和增温对杉木幼苗地下和地上生长的影响,以及增温是否能改变杉木幼苗细根对土壤资源异质分布的识别度,以明确杉木人工林在全球变暖背景下对土壤资源异质分布的响应.结果表明:杉木对土壤资源异质分布的识别度主要体现在吸收根(0~1 mm径级)上,而1~2 mm径级细根则不具有识别度.除了单独大气增温处理对杉木1~2 mm径级细根的避贫系数具有显著影响外,不同增温处理均未对杉木幼树细根的贫富比、趋富系数和避贫系数产生显著影响.与土壤资源均质分布相比,土壤资源异质分布增加了0~1 mm径级细根生物量,降低了树高.与无大气增温相比,大气增温降低了0~1和0~2 mm径级细根生物量,增加了树高.与无土壤增温相比,土壤增温降低了1~2 mm径级细根生物量,但增加了树高和侧枝长度.大气增温控制、土壤增温控制和土壤资源异质分布对杉木地下、地上生长都无显著交互作用.杉木幼苗吸收根本身对土壤资源异质分布具有识别度,但增温并不会改变杉木幼苗细根对土壤资源异质分布的识别度.     

隔离降水对杉木幼苗细根生物量和功能特征的影响

在福建三明陈大国有采育场杉木幼苗小区,采用土钻法和内生长环法,以非隔离降水为对照,对隔离降水50%处理一年的杉木幼苗细根生物量和形态、化学计量学、比根呼吸、非结构性碳水化合物等功能特征进行研究.结果表明: 与对照相比,隔离降水处理0～1 mm细根生物量显著降低,1～2 mm细根生物量差异不显著;隔离降水导致细根在形态上发生了适应性变化,0～1 mm和1～2 mm细根比根长分别增加21.1%和30.5%,0～1 mm细根组织密度显著降低,而比表面积显著增加.隔离降水导致细根氮的富集,但限制了对磷的吸收,氮磷比升高,导致营养失衡;隔离降水没有显著改变细根比根呼吸和非结构性碳水化合物含量,但导致1～2 mm细根可溶性糖、糖淀比显著降低,淀粉含量增加33.3%,表明其通过增加非结构性碳水化合物贮存比例以应对降水减少.     

模拟氮沉降对杉木幼苗细根的生理生态影响

细根对氮沉降的生理生态响应将显著影响森林生态系统的生产力和碳吸存。为了揭示氮沉降对杉木细根的生理生态影响,对一年生杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)幼苗进行了模拟氮沉降试验,并测定施氮1年后杉木幼苗细根生物量、细根形态学特征(比根长、比表面积)、元素化学计量学指标(C、N、P、C/N、C/P、N/P)、细根代谢特征(细根比呼吸速率、非结构性碳水化合物)。结果表明:(1)杉木细根生物量随氮添加水平的升高而显著降低,尤其是0—1 mm细根生物量;细根比根长和比表面积随氮添加水平升高而显著增大。(2)氮添加后杉木细根C含量、C/N、C/P显著降低,高氮添加导致1—2 mm细根N含量和N/P显著升高,而低氮添加导致1—2 mm细根P含量显著升高、N/P显著降低,而0—1 mm细根的N、P含量则保持相对稳定。(3)氮添加后杉木细根比呼吸速率无显著变化,细根可溶性糖含量随氮添加增加而显著增加,而淀粉含量和NSC显著降低。综合以上结果表明:氮添加后用于细根形态构建的碳分配减少,这可能会减少土壤中有机碳的保留,0—1 mm细根的形态更易发生变化,但是其内部N、P养分含量相对更稳定以维持生理活动,细根NSC对氮添加的响应表明施氮可能导致细根受光合产物的限制。     

增温及隔离降水对杉木幼树细根生物量、形态及养分特征的影响

为揭示全球变暖和降水格局改变对我国中亚热带地区森林生态系统地下生态过程的影响,在福建三明森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站内开展杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)幼树土壤增温和隔离降水双因子试验,研究增温和隔离降水在夏季对杉木幼树细根生物量、形态及养分特征的影响。结果表明,增温(+5℃,W)、隔离降水(–50%,P)和增温+隔离降水(WP)处理的细根总生物量分别比对照(CT)显著降低35.7%、51.7%和59.1%,P和WP处理的细根总生物量分别比W处理显著降低24.9%和36.4%;W、P和WP处理的0~1 mm细根比根长(specific root length,SRL)比对照均显著增加,而0~1和1~2 mm细根比表面积(specific root area,SRA)均无显著变化;与对照相比,W处理的细根N含量、C/N和δ¹⁵N均无显著变化,P处理的细根N含量和C/N分别显著增加和下降,WP处理的细根N含量和δ¹⁵N显著增加,而C/N显著降低。因此,未来在全球变暖和降水减少的双重环境胁迫下,调整表层细根形态特征可能不是杉木幼树的主要应对策略;而相较于温度升高,降水减少可能是影响杉木幼树细根生物量及表层化学元素分配的主要环境因子。     

增温对成熟杉木人工林不同季节细根生长、形态及生理代谢特征的影响

为揭示气候变暖对我国亚热带地区人工林生态系统细根动态过程的影响,在福建三明森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站开展成熟杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林野外原位土壤增温实验,采用内生长环法探究增温在不同季节对成熟杉木人工林细根生长量、形态及生理代谢特征的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,在雨季,增温处理使得0–1 mm细根生长量及细根(0–2mm)总生长量显著增加109.9%和78.2%,0–1mm细根比根长(SRL)和可溶性糖含量显著增加28.8%和41.5%,而细根比呼吸速率(SRR)和淀粉含量显著降低64.1%和15.9%;在旱季,增温处理使得0–1和1–2mm细根生长量及各形态指标均无显著变化,而0–1 mm细根SRR、1–2 mm细根淀粉和非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)含量显著降低60.7%、43.9%和14.2%。因此,在未来气候变暖背景下,中亚热带地区成熟杉木人工林具有较强的适应能力。雨季,成熟杉木人工林可能通过增加细根SRL,吸收更多资源并促进淀粉向可溶性糖的转化来维持正常生理活动以促进细根生长来响应增温。旱季,成熟杉木人工林则采取降低细根SRR、减少体...     

大气增温对杉木幼树根系生物量的影响

为揭示亚热带杉木人工林地下生物量对全球变暖的响应,本研究以杉木幼树为研究对象,在福建三明森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站利用开顶式(OTC)大气增温模拟气候变暖,研究增温对杉木幼树根系生物量的空间分布和不同径级分配的影响。结果表明：增温处理后总根系生物量、总细根生物量及总粗根生物量较对照均无显著差异;与对照相比,增温处理显著降低20～50 cm土层的细根生物量占比与0～10 cm土层的粗根生物量占比,但显著提高20～50 cm土层的粗根生物量占比;其余土层细根生物量和粗根生物量较对照均无显著差异;与对照相比,增温处理后0～2、2～5、5～10、10～20和>20 mm径级根系生物量均无显著变化。因此,增温处理下杉木幼树通过降低表层粗根生物量的占比,提高深层粗根生物量的占比以固定和支撑杉木生长,同时通过降低深层细根生物量的占比来维持表层细根生物量以保证水分和养分的吸收;大气增温影响根系生物量的垂直分布和不同径级的分配,在一定程度上影响地下碳分配,可能导致碳循环过程发生改变。     

增温、施肥与种内竞争的交互作用对云杉根系属性的影响

增温、施肥与种内竞争的交互作用对云杉根系属性的影响 物种竞争、气温和土壤养分是青藏高原东部高寒地区影响树木生长的重要因素。虽然已开展了大量关于物种竞争、气温、施肥单因素对树木生长的影响研究,但关于这三者的交互作用对根系生长的影响还知之甚少。因此,本研究拟通过测量根系属性(细根长、根表面积、比根长、比表面积、根尖数、根系分支数等)、根生物量,以及根系养分吸收,研究施肥和增温对物种竞争的影响,并进一步探讨施肥、增温与物种竞争的交互作用对云杉(Picea asperata)生长的影响机制以及所采取的适应策略。研究结果表明,增温、施肥和竞争均提高了细根的氮、钾浓度,但并未影响细根生物量和根长、根表面积、根尖数和根分支数等根系特征。然而,无论是增温、施肥,或是它们的联合作用,与物种竞争进行交互时,均增加了根长、根表面积、根尖数、根系分支数和养分吸收。此外,施肥降低了根比表面积、比根长和单位面积的根尖数和根分支数,增温和竞争的交互作用使根比表面积、比根长下降,其他参数不受温度和竞争的影响。该结果表明,云杉在物种竞争、气候变暖、施肥及其交互作用下保持着保守的营养策略。该研究加强了对树木应对全球变化的生理和生态适应性的理解。     

Influence of storage methods on corn root length measurements

This study evaluated the changes in root length, mass, and diameter after air drying and rehydration of corn (Zea mays L.) root samples. For corn roots washed from soil, rehydrated root length was not reduced when compared with fresh root length, but rehydrated root mass was reduced to about half of fresh root mass, and rehydrated root diameter was approximately 75% of fresh diameter. Three storage methods (air dried, 70% ethanol, and 5% formaldehyde solution) were also compared for corn roots grown in moist paper towels. Although root mass and diameter were significantly reduced by air drying, root length was not altered by any of the treatments.     

Applications of functional classification methods for tree fine root biomass estimation: Advancements and synthesis

The morphology of fine root branching of woody plants is highly variable in their forms and functions. In the past two decades, researchers have increasingly recognized that the root-diameter-based method, using an arbitrary size of root diameter, failed to precisely characterize the physiological and ecological processes involved in finest roots. The number of publications using root-order-based approaches has increased regardless the fact that root trait-measurements based on root order are time-consuming and labor-intensive. A new approach—root functional classification method—was proposed and had been applied in the literature. The functional classification of fine roots separates roots of < 2 mm to absorptive and transport pools, making it more feasible for studies on root biomass and turnover. This new concept redefines fine root guild and has great potentials for future studies. Our literature review of the topic indicates that less is known about the inter-specific differences in estimates of biomass of absorptive and/or transport roots, with a large variation of absorptive roots on global scale. In addition, our review emphasizes the importance in: a) precision estimating of the absorptive biomass of fine roots, and b) proper definition of the range of the transport roots within and among forest ecosystems. Finally, after compare the strengths and weaknesses of the functional classification method, we propose several specific suggestions to improve the applications of this approach.     

The Developmental Anatomy of the Seminal Root of Wheat

Wheat embryo usually gives rise to five seminal roots in matured caryopsls, although, the sixth root might develop in some cases. The first one is known as the primary root. Primary root emerged early, and its primodium was distinctly originated from the proembryo and could be gradually identified as three layers of initials. Lateral seminal roots emerged later from the embryonic axis in pairs, and originated from the surrouding cells of the procambium. Differentiation of lateral roots was much more vigorous than that of the first seminal root (primary root), and, its mother cells of metaxylem vessel appeared soon, Lateral seminal roots usually had more metaxylem vessels. In short, only the first root is the primary root, the lateral seminal roots are adventitious in nature, since their structures are similar to those of other adventitious roots.     

Root strength,growth, and rates of decay: root reinforcement changes of two tree species and their contribution to slope stability

Information on live root-wood strength, rates of root decay and root growth of both radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) and kanuka (Kunzea ericoides (A. Rich.) Joy Thomps. var. ericoides) are combined to form a generalized conceptual model of changes in nett root reinforcement. The model provides an initial opportunity to rank the plant species having specific below-ground rooting habits that can be used to control erosion, and when linked with extreme flood probability can be used to indicate the risk of a storm likely to cause slope instability in the period between clear-felling and regrowth. Erosion-susceptible slopes planted 1 year after clearfelling in radiata pine at 1250 stems ha^-1 regain root site-occupancy in 4.7 years, an interval during which there is an 80% chance of experiencing an extreme flood. Similarly for radiata planted at 800 and 400 stems ha^-1, root site-occupancy is regained in 5.6 and 7.5 years, and the probability of occurrence of an extreme event within these periods is 85 and 90%, respectively. For erosion-susceptible slopes on which kanuka has become established, the probability of a significant event within the 2.8 years prior to root site-occupancy is 60%. Slopes felled of radiata pine are potentially more vulnerable to the stresses promoting slope instability, at least in the earlier years. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

植物生根的分子机理研究进展

随着无性系育种在农林业上的广泛应用,其生根难的问题显得尤为突出。通过查阅相关文献,本文探讨了影响植物根发育的分子机理。从植物激素,主要从生长素调控植物根发育的分子机理;细胞周期相关基因影响植物根发育和与细胞壁形成相关的基因影响植物根发育等方面叙述了目前关于植物根发育的研究进展。并提出了解决研究生根分子机理材料难选择问题的方法。     

Development and validation of a model to describe root length density of maize from root counts on soil profiles

Root length density (RLD) is an important determinant of crop water and nutrient acquisition, but is difficult to measure in the field. On a soil profile, in-situ counts of root impacts per unit surface on soil profiles (NI) can be used to calculate RLD if crop-specific parameters for preferential root orientation (anisotropy) are known. An improved method for field determinations of RLD was developed and validated for maize at sites in Côte d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso. Root anisotropy was measured with cubes of undisturbed soil with 0.1 m sidelength, based on NI observed on three planes oriented perpendicularly to each other. RLD was also measured for the enclosed volume. Repetition of such measurements enabled estimation of the robustness across sites of empirical and geometric models for the relationship between RLD and NI:RLD = NI CO, with CO being the coefficient of root orientation, theoretically equals 2 for an isotropic distribution. Root systems were found to be nearly isotropic, except near the root front (0.3 to 0.5 m), where roots had a preferentially orthotropic orientation. Measured RLD was generally about 50% larger than RLD calculated from observed NI and CO, indicating that at least one of the measurement techniques had a systematic error. The ratio between measured and calculated RLD (CE), which ranged from 0.8 to 2, increased with the age of the plants and decreased with soil depth. CE was therefore introduced as an additional coefficient, resulting in RLD = NI CO CE. The empirical value for CO CE was between 2 and 5. The empirical coefficients CO and CE were the same for the sites in Cote d'Ivoire (oxisol with an iron pan at 0.6 to 0.9 m) and Burkina Faso (alfisol with an iron pan at 0.4 to 0.8 m). The model was validated with independent data sets at both sites, and gave satisfactory predictions of RLD on the basis of NI obtained from single soil planes, which can be easily measured in the field.     

不同分类系统下油松幼苗根系特征的差异与联系

植物根序和径级不仅反映细根的形态结构, 而且能反映根系的一些生理特征, 如细根寿命和周转等。该文以二年生油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)幼苗根系为研究对象, 系统比较了根序分类方法和径级分类方法在描述根系特征上的优缺点, 探索了两者之间的内在联系。结果表明: 二年生油松幼苗最多可包括6级根序, 直径的变化范围为0.169-3.877 mm。按根序划分, I-VI级根序的总根长和总根表面积主要集中在前3级根序, 这3级根序的根占总根长的78.77%和总根表面积的62.72%。前3级根序的比根长是后3级根序比根长的1.3-3.0倍, 比根面积是后3级比根面积的1.0-1.5倍。按常用的径级(以0.5、1.0、1.5和2.0 mm为阈值)划分方法, 油松幼苗大部分根系直径≤1.5 mm, 此区间细根的根长和根表面积占总根长的93.76%和总根表面积的84.35%。直径≤1.5 mm的细根平均比根长是>1.5 mm细根比根长的3-7倍, 比根面积的1.5-3.0倍。由于油松根序和径级之间有显著的指数关系, 依据径级最大程度反映根序的原则, 提出了新的径级划分方法, 即以0.4、0.8、1.3和2.0 mm为阈值对油松幼苗根系径级重新进行划分。此时, 上述区间可分别包括I级、II级、III级、IV级、V级根序中根尖数的93.22%、86.37%、75.96%、70.47%和76.67%。同时也可分别涵盖各径级根长的89.34%-70.83%、根面积的86.01%-76.12%以及体积的87.73%-76.12%。此时, 根系不同径级与根序之间可以建立起良好的对应关系。这些结果表明, 通过合理划分径级区间可以较好地反映根序 特征。     

岷江干旱河谷25种植物一年生植株根系功能性状及相互关系

相同条件下相同生长期的植物根系生长与适应策略及其差异性还不清楚。因此,采集岷江干旱河谷地区25种乡土植物(木本15/草本10种)的种子于2009年3月播种在同一干旱环境中,9月测定了1年生植株的最大根深(RDmax)、根幅(RW)与根生物量(RB),计算了总根长(TRL)、比根长(SRL)及细/粗根生物量比(RBf/c),分析了它们之间的关系,进行了根系功能组划分。结果表明:1)25种植物1年生植株RDmax与RW变异较小,总变异率为14.9%和20.7%;TRL和SRL变异相对较大,分别为28.5%和34.7%,草本植物SRL明显大于木本植物;RB和RBf/c种间变异较大,总变异率分别为50.1%和70.5%;2)25种植物的RDmax、RW、RB和TRL间呈显著正相关关系,表明根系较深的物种RW较大,TRL和RB也较高;SRL与RDmax呈极显著负相关关系,与RBf/c呈极显著正相关关系,表明根系垂直分布较浅的物种细根发达,SRL较大;3)主成分分析显示,25种植物可分为3个功能组:第1组具有较大RDmax、RW和RB,资源利用持续时间较长;第2组具有较大TRL、SRL和RBf/c,资源利用效率较高;第3组根系功能性状没有一致的突出特点,可能通过降低自身生理机能适应生存条件。综合分析表明,岷江干旱河谷区25种植物1年生植株根系的功能性状变异明显,可塑性大,历经长期自然选择压力而形成了不同的环境适应策略,但生长型并不必然表达出1年生植株根系功能性状的差异性。     

Relationship between root elongation rate and diameter and duration of growth of lateral roots of maize

The objective of this work was to describe the relationship between elongation rate and diameter of maize roots and to estimate the length and growth duration of lateral roots of maize. Diameters and elongation rates of roots were measuredin situ on plants grown 5 weeks in small rhizotrons under greenhouse conditions. At the end of the experimental period the roots were harvested and diameters of axile and lateral roots were measured. The frequency distribution of diameters of harvested roots was bimodal with a minimum at 0.6 mm; 97% of axile roots were larger than this value and 98% of the lateral roots were smaller. Root elongation per day increased as diameter increased but the slope of the relationship with lateral roots was about 2.5 times that with axile roots when separate linear regressions were fitted to the two populations. The length of lateral roots found on axillary roots between the base and about 30 cm from the apex was approximately 2.2 cm. All of the data was consistent with the hypothesis that the lateral roots grew for about 2.5 days and then ceased growing. The axillary roots continued to grow throughout the experimental period at a rate of about 3 cm day⁻¹. Contribution from the Department of Agronomy, New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. Agronomy paper No. 1661. This research is part of the program of the Center for Root-Soil Research.