可持续生计目标下的生态旅游发展模式——以河北白洋淀湿地自然保护区王家寨社区为例

由于"保护自然"和"社区受益"两大特征,生态旅游常作为缓解保护区与社区居民生计之间矛盾与冲突的手段和工具,它的作用体现于:1)能够为当地社区提供一种更具可持续性的生计方式;2)鼓励社区居民更直接的参与到保护区自然资源和环境的保护中去。基于可持续生计框架,建立了当生态旅游作为生计策略时,生计结果和生计资本的评价指标体系。以河北白洋淀湿地自然保护区王家寨社区作为调查对象,从农户角度入手,通过问卷调查结合访问的方法,一方面针对已将旅游作为生计策略的社区农户进行生计结果的评估,得出结论:在各利益相关者间收入分配的合理性、社区各项设施和服务质量的改善,以及对居民的环境教育方面,白洋淀旅游均未发挥其应有的作用;另一方面针对社区中生计策略未涉及旅游成分的农户进行生计资本的评估,发现在金融资本、人力资本、社会资本三方面存量不足,因此限制了对旅游发展的参与。     

基于内容分析法的生态旅游内涵辨析

随着生态旅游的流行与快速发展对生态旅游这个术语的概念也不断的增长扩散.由于缺乏对其内涵的科学认知和梳理,生态旅游概念的应用具有泛化的危险.不断涌现出的大量有关生态旅游的概念给学术研究和旅游管理带来了许多困惑.运用内容分析的方法对中外旅游文献近10～15a内有影响力的40个生态旅游概念进行了分析,提炼出生态旅游概念中最频繁出现的能代表其内涵的6个标准,它们是：以自然为基础、对保护的贡献、当地社区受益、环境教育、道德规范与责任和可持续性.通过对这些标准的识别,结合先前的生态旅游概念,本文对生态旅游的概念在操作层面上进行了重新架构,将生态旅游这一术语定义为：生态旅游是以可持续旅游和伦理道德规范原则为指导,在旅游过程中强调环境教育、影响管理和社区受益,并为其所依赖的环境保护做贡献的负责任的自然之旅.     

旅游与生计可视化分析

旅游发展对当地居民的生计具有重要影响,旅游与生计研究业已成为学术界关注的热点领域。以Web of science核心库中1994—2016年间收录相关主题的文献为基础,利用可视化软件Cite Space和Carrot2对旅游与生计研究的前沿热点、知识基础和合作网络进行分析。研究发现,旅游与生计研究涉及多个学科,主要集中在生态、环境、管理和地理等学科领域;"乡村旅游"、"保护区旅游"、"文化旅游"、"海洋旅游"等是旅游与生计研究的热点议题;旅游与生计研究的知识基础主要包括"保护区管治"、"成本效益分析"、"乡村旅游"、"乡村发展"等研究领域。     

湿地生态旅游研究进展

湿地富有生物多样性和文化多样性,具有较高的旅游价值、环境教育功能及社区参与功能,湿地生态旅游体现了旅游经济与湿地保护的可持续协调发展,目前已引起国内外政府和学者的普遍关注. 本文对国内外相关研究理论和实践进行了总结,对湿地生态旅游的研究意义、进程、内容、方法和结果等进行了综述,并对湿地生态旅游研究进行了展望,以期推动湿地生态旅游研究的发展,为湿地及相关旅游区的资源开发、环境保护和科学管理提供参考.     

广东珠海荷包岛生态旅游资源分析及规划

在对广东省珠海市荷包岛的生态环境资源和社会人文资源进行详细调查的基础上,分析了其生态旅游资源特色和旅游环境承载力,认为淡水资源是荷包岛开展生态旅游的限制因子. 同时依据在生态旅游规划中的生态保护、社区参与和因地制宜的原则将荷包岛划分成西部(大脑山)生态保护区、中部生态旅游利用区和东部旅游开发保留区等3个功能区.并对岛上的旅游线路、旅游活动和相关旅游设施建设等进行了初步设计.     

自然保护区生态旅游对野生动物的影响

目前中国的很多自然保护区开展了生态旅游,但这类活动对野生动物的影响研究却十分薄弱,因此十分有必要在介绍欧美、澳洲学者的研究进展基础上,针对我国的研究现状,提出该领域的研究方向、监测和管理策略.自然保护区的生态旅游活动主要有野生动物观赏、徒步行走、摄影、野外宿营、山地车或雪地车、电动或机动艇游湖、溪涧漂流、环境教育、社区访问等,旅游活动类型、范围、强度、时空分布等是影响对野生动物干扰大小的主要因素.生态旅游对野生动物的影响包括直接影响(个体的行为反应和生理指标改变、繁殖力降低、种群分布和物种组成的改变等)和间接影响(生境破坏、外来种散布和环境污染等).国外生态旅游对鸟类的影响研究较多,主要集中鸟类的惊飞反应、取食、能量消耗、繁殖等方面;对兽类影响的研究主要集中在行为、生理指标改变、种群数量等方面.我国未来的研究应注重收集基础性研究数据和深入探讨一些理论与应用问题,要运用多种技术手段对自然保护区野生动物的行为、生理、种群动态、物种多样性、生境质量、游客的时空分布、态度和行为等进行长期监测,而后将其结果应用到野生动物、生境以及游客的管理决策中去.另外,研究中应重视自然科学和社会科学的多学科交叉融合.     

生态旅游区环境容量确定的基本原理及其应用探讨--以九寨沟、黄龙为例

在保护资源、呵护环境的世界热潮中 ,生态旅游这个新兴的产业发展势头良好 ,正在成为国际旅游业发展的潮流。然而怎样才使旅游可持续发展 ?其判据是什么 ?经近年来的探索和研究 ,且借鉴国外研究的成果基础上 ,本文提出了生态旅游区环境容量理论 ,认为它是衡量旅游持续发展的一个重要指标。旅游环境容量是一个综合概念 ,它取决于旅游环境要素的分量值大小 ,这些分量包括环境生态承纳量 (大气、水体、固体废弃物、自然植被等承纳量 )、资源空间承纳量 (旅游者对资源的占有时间、空间要求在某一时段内的承纳量 )、心理承纳量 (目的地居民和旅游…     

银川国家湿地公园生态旅游发展模式研究

湿地生态旅游既是生态旅游的一种专项形式, 也是保护湿地生态系统和湿地资源开发的有效方式。银川湿地资源丰富, 开展湿地生态旅游资源条件十分优越。通过对银川国家湿地公园发展生态旅游的SWOT 分析得出影响其发展的相关因素, 运用内、外部环境分析矩阵法对这些因素进行定量分析, 以探讨发展湿地生态旅游的可行性。在此基础上, 构建了以“生态安全为底线、生态文化为核心、生态文明为目标”的开发理念, 以社区参与、政策、资金等为保障机制, 以完善生态旅游服务设施、升级旅游产品、丰富旅游业态为开发方式的银川国家湿地公园生态旅游发展模型, 以期实现银川湿地生态旅游的可持续发展。     

农户生计策略转型及对环境的影响研究综述

随着我国经济形势的不断变化,越来越多的农户从传统的"单一生计"转向"生计多样化"和"优势生计"的发展方向。农户作为农村地区最基本的社会经济单元和行为决策主体,处于人口、经济与资源环境矛盾的核心,其生计策略与生计活动的动态变化势必对所处的自然-社会-经济复合生态系统带来一定的影响。在回顾农户生计研究的历史与现状的基础上,分别从农户生计策略的内涵与类型、农户生计策略转型及其驱动因素、生计策略转型对环境的影响3个方面,系统梳理了国内外学者对农户生计策略转型及对环境的影响的研究进展,尝试性地构建了农户生计策略转型及对环境的影响的基本研究框架,提出未来研究应当体现生计问题本身的动态性和复杂性,并注重可持续生计策略的界定与实现。     

四川唐家河国家级自然保护区生态旅游发展战略研究

本文根据对唐家河国家级自然保护区及其周边社区的实地调查和走访,筛选出极高遇见率的森林食草类和雉类以及面积最大、集中成片的野生紫荆花林（Cercis chinensis Bge.）等两大生态旅游资源特色,分析了生态旅游利益相关者的需求,提出了生态保护优先、环境教育、游客容量动态控制、引导和培育生态旅游目标市场、促进经济社会科学和可持续发展等唐家河自然保护区发展生态旅游的五个原则和“牛羚山岗、紫荆花谷、自然殿堂、休闲胜地-牛羚（Budorcus taxicolor）等珍稀野生动植物生态旅游目的地”的生态旅游主题定位,以及分区管理和利用、生态旅游产品价格和营销、游客环境教育、游客影响监测、游客数量动态控制、生态旅游管理和经营等战略。     

In pursuit of ecotourism

Ecotourism is expected, by the tourism industry and academics, to grow rapidly over the next 20 years. Much has been written about ecotourism, often with missionary zeal, but there is little consensus about its definition. It is argued here that conservationists and protected area managers should adopt a definition of ecotourism which contributes to the maintenance of biodiversity and an appropriate definition is suggested.Ecotourism is not merely an alternative to mass tourism, nor is it the only alternative. The literature on nature tourism and the environmental impacts of the industry dates back to the late 1970s. Tourism is now the world's largest industry and it has an increasing impact on protected areas. Our understanding of these mechanisms, their ecological impacts and our capacity to manage tourism in protected areas lags behind the growth of tourism to protected areas.A rapid growth in nature tourism and tourism to protected areas has coincided with a shift in protected area management strategies towards integrated development. Tourism is one means available to protected area managers seeking to increase the economic value of a protected area and to offer sustainable opportunities for economic development to local people.This paper argues that potentially conflicting commercial, protected area and development interests all contribute to the emergence of ecotourism and have been doing so for many years. Ecotourism needs to be tightly defined if it is to benefit conservation. Protected area managers should consider how they can take control of nature tourism to the parks they manage and convert it into ecotourism for the benefit of conservation and the livelihoods of local people.     

Is community-based ecotourism a good use of biodiversity conservation funds?

Community-based ecotourism (CBET) has become a popular tool for biodiversity conservation, based on the principle that biodiversity must pay for itself by generating economic benefits, particularly for local people. There are many examples of projects that produce revenues for local communities and improve local attitudes towards conservation, but the contribution of CBET to conservation and local economic development is limited by factors such as the small areas and few people involved, limited earnings, weak linkages between biodiversity gains and commercial success, and the competitive and specialized nature of the tourism industry. Many CBET projects cited as success stories actually involve little change in existing local land and resource-use practices, provide only a modest supplement to local livelihoods, and remain dependent on external support for long periods, if not indefinitely. Investment in CBET might be justified in cases where such small changes and benefits can yield significant conservation and social benefits, although it must still be recognized as requiring a long term funding commitment. Here, I aim to identify conditions under which CBET is, and is not, likely to be effective, efficient and sustainable compared with alternative approaches for conserving biodiversity. I also highlight the need for better data and more rigorous analysis of both conservation and economic impacts.     

Socio-economics and wildlife conservation of a peri-urban national park in central Kenya

The support, perceptions, values and aspiration of the local people, especially those who neighbour protected areas is increasingly recognised as critical for long-term biodiversity conservation in many countries. As such, conservation agencies are keen to understand the linkages and interactions between wildlife conservation and socio-economics of local communities. We assessed the socio-economic, demographic factors and livelihood status of the households of communities bordering Oldoinyo Sapuk National Park in central Kenya, and evaluated their willingness to support wildlife conservation. We randomly interviewed households that neighbour the Park on a wide range of socio-economic, livelihood and demographic factors. The majority of respondents were small-scale farmers practicing crop farming and livestock keeping. Most respondents considered the Park to have great potential for the future economic development of the area, especially through ecotourism as a potential avenue to support local livelihoods.     

Ecotourism and commodification: protecting people and places

The ability of ecotourism to protect both people and places is an unresolved, and growing, concern. Commodification of host culture and environment is a widely reported social impact of tourism and spawns an array of implications regarding indigenous people's view of their places and themselves. The degree of impact from ecotourism development is related to the degree of market development within the indigenous community and their state of decline regarding natural resource scarcity. Pre-existing power differentials between local people and other groups may be exacerbated by ecotourism development. To protect both people and their places, native people's claim to control should be legitimized by conservation and government authorities, particularly indigenous people's role in technical management of the protected area. Regional and national government controls are relevant at the inception of ecotourism development, but ultimately should be reduced to one of infrastructure planning and coordination.     

湿地保护、生态旅游与农民增收——以云南拉市海湿地为例

生态保护与经济发展之间的矛盾是发展中国家普遍存在的问题。近年来中国开展了大规模的生态保护行动,但对于这些行动的经济效应评估主要集中在森林和草地保护,而对湿地保护鲜少关注。选取云南一个典型的高原湿地,基于当地实施的退耕还湿政策,运用倾向得分匹配(PSM)和双重差分法(DID)检验了退耕还湿对农民收入和生态旅游的长期动态影响,并进一步讨论了政策效果的异质性以及补偿资金在湿地保护中的作用。研究发现：(1)退耕还湿具有显著的增收效应,使人均收入提高了约40%,并促进了生态旅游的发展;(2)随着时间推移,退耕还湿对农民收入和生态旅游的促进作用不断增强,在多重因素的综合影响下,农民通过生计转型实现长期增收;(3)退耕还湿存在明显的异质性影响。在不同收入群体中,低收入和高收入群体的增收效应最明显,而对生态旅游的影响则主要体现在高收入群体中;此外,距离湿地资源越近的地区,农民越倾向于通过开展生态旅游实现增收;(4)补偿资金在湿地保护中具有双重作用,不仅在保护行动前期作为安全网维持农民收入不降低,而且作为启动市场和吸引民间资本参与的种子资金,进一步支持了生态旅游的发展。研究结果能够为湿地保护与社会经济协...     

保护区发展生态旅游的意义和途径

生态旅游在世界范围内正经历着一个蓬勃发展的时期,它是一个区域或一个保护区生态发展的重要内容,不仅对地区经济和社会发展有重要的促进作用,而且也是激励保护区进一步发展的动力。当然,过分强调经济收入,无控制地发展旅游,就可能引起不适当的开发或管理不周。导致生态破坏。因此,保护区发展生态旅游要有一个周密的规划,寻找旅游者的享受和自然保护之间的平衡。     

Community-based Monitoring of Fog Capture and Biodiversity at Loma Alta,Ecuador Enhance Social Capital and Institutional Cooperation

Monitoring of fog capture and bird communities helped to build social capital for conservation at Loma Alta, Ecuador and encouraged the local community to protect 3000 hectares of tropical forest. Data collected during monitoring were used to facilitate action and cooperation at local, regional, national, and international levels for conservation of biodiversity in western Ecuador, including the designation of an Important Bird Area in the region. Through involvement with the monitoring efforts, local people became more aware of the value of ecosystem services, learned about local birds and their conservation status, became familiar with ecotourism, and began to include conservation of biodiversity with sustainable development planning in their community. The context of monitoring, the objectives and participants, field methods, impacts in terms of conservation action, and the costs and benefits of the two monitoring initiatives are described.     

The impacts of tourism on coral reef conservation awareness and support in coastal communities in Belize

Marine recreational tourism is one of a number of threats to the Belize Barrier Reef but, conversely, represents both a motivation and source of resources for its conservation. The growth of tourism in Belize has resulted in the fact that many coastal communities are in varying stages of a socio-economic shift from dependence on fishing to dependence on tourism. In a nation becoming increasingly dependent on the health of its coral reef ecosystems for economic prosperity, a shift from extractive uses to their preservation is both necessary and logical. Through examining local perception data in five coastal communities in Belize, each attracting different levels of coral reef related tourism, this analysis is intended to explore the relationship between tourism development and local coral reef conservation awareness and support. The results of the analysis show a positive correlation between tourism development and coral reef conservation awareness and support in the study communities. The results also show a positive correlation between tourism development and local perceptions of quality of life, a trend that is most likely the source of the observed relationship between tourism and conservation. The study concludes that, because the observed relationship may be dependent on continued benefits from tourism as opposed to a perceived crisis in coral reef health, Belize must pay close attention to tourism impacts in the future. Failure to do this could result in a destructive feedback loop that would contribute to the degradation of the reef and, ultimately, Belize’s diminished competitiveness in the ecotourism market.

生态旅游观的发展及其应用

综述了生态旅游观的发展及其应用。分析不同的生态旅游观及其对社会环境的正面和负面效应。探讨生态旅游的深刻内涵,强调生态旅游应从概念化向观念化转变,说明正确的生态旅游观对生态旅游开发者和管理者的意义。     

生态系统服务与居民收入的耦合关系及影响因素——以丽江拉市海流域为例

生态保护与社会经济发展的耦合关系极大地影响当地可持续性能力。以丽江拉市海流域为例,研究一个流域内生态系统服务与居民收入的耦合关系及其影响因素。文章运用In VEST模型和实地调研访谈方法计算流域内各自然村2015年生态系统服务供给数量和农民人均总收入,引入耦合协调度定量化衡量二者的耦合关系,并通过相关分析,探究流域内差异化的生计方式和生计资本对生态系统服务与居民收入耦合关系的影响。研究结果表明:(1)生态系统服务的供给存在空间差异,流域内水源涵养、土壤保持、森林固碳服务集中在流域上游;(2)流域内自然村间的生态系统服务与居民收入的耦合关系存在空间差异和一定的规律,湖泊东面的自然村能够通过特定的生计方式,获取生态系统的产品供给和文化服务所带来的收益,总体呈现较优的耦合协调关系;(3)当地居民的生计方式中,生态旅游与耦合关系具有显著正相关关系,而外出务工与耦合关系具有显著的负相关关系。尽管外出务工对于直接提高当地居民收入的促进作用较小,但其可能通过"智力回流"的方式提高了当地居民开展新型生计的能力。自然资本中人均耕地面积等可利用的自然资本与耦合关系显著正相关。金融、人力、社会资本的相关性尽管不显著,但其系数符号表明,该类生计资本的存量可能对促进生态系统服务与居民收入的耦合协调有积极作用。基础设施中的路网密度与耦合协调度呈显著负相关,在具有生态脆弱性、重要性的区域建设公路时需谨慎评估对生态系统结构和功能的影响。