A structural and in vitro characterization of asoprisnil: a selective progesterone receptor modulator

Selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs) have been suggested as therapeutic agents for treatment of gynecological disorders. One such SPRM, asoprisnil, was recently in clinical trials for treatment of uterine fibroids and endometriosis. We present the crystal structures of progesterone receptor (PR) ligand binding domain complexed with asoprisnil and the corepressors nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR) and SMRT. This is the first report of steroid nuclear receptor crystal structures with ligand and corepressors. These structures show PR in a different conformation than PR complexed with progesterone (P4). We profiled asoprisnil in PR-dependent assays to understand further the PR-mediated mechanism of action. We confirmed previous findings that asoprisnil demonstrated antagonism, but not agonism, in a PR-B transfection assay and the T47D breast cancer cell alkaline phosphatase activity assay. Asoprisnil, but not RU486, weakly recruited the coactivators SRC-1 and AIB1. However, asoprisnil strongly recruited the corepressor NCoR in a manner similar to RU486. Unlike RU486, NCoR binding to asoprisnil-bound PR could be displaced with equal affinity by NCoR or TIF2 peptides. We further showed that it weakly activated T47D cell gene expression of Sgk-1 and PPL and antagonized P4-induced expression of both genes. In rat leiomyoma ELT3 cells, asoprisnil demonstrated partial P4-like inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymatic activity and COX-2 gene expression. In the rat uterotrophic assay, asoprisnil demonstrated no P4-like ability to oppose estrogen. Our data suggest that asoprisnil differentially recruits coactivators and corepressors compared to RU486 or P4, and this specific cofactor interaction profile is apparently insufficient to oppose estrogenic activity in rat uterus.     

GAS6 is an estrogen-inducible gene in mammary epithelial cells

To identify estrogen-responsive genes in mammary glands, microarray assays were performed. Twenty genes were found to be up-regulated while 16 genes were repressed in the 9h estrogen treated glands. The induction of GAS6, one of the genes up-regulated by estrogen, was confirmed by RNase protection assay. Furthermore, GAS6 was also demonstrated to be induced by estrogen in ER positive breast cancer cells. Analysis of GAS6 promoter revealed that GAS6 promoter was regulated by estrogen. An estrogen response element (ERE) was identified in the GAS6 promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that ERalpha interacted with the ERE in the GAS6 promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated that ERalpha was recruited to the GAS6 promoter upon estrogen stimulation. These results suggested that GAS6 is an estrogen target gene in mammary epithelial cells.     

Endogenous human prolactin and not exogenous human prolactin induces estrogen receptor alpha and prolactin receptor expression and increases estrogen responsiveness in breast cancer cells

Prolactin (PRL) and estrogen act synergistically to increase mammary gland growth, development, and differentiation. Based on their roles in the normal gland, these hormones have been studied to determine their interactions in the development and progression of breast cancer. However, most studies have evaluated only endocrine PRL and did not take into account the recent discovery that PRL is synthesized by human mammary cells, permitting autocrine/paracrine activity. To examine the effects of this endogenous PRL, we engineered MCF7 cells to inducibly overexpress human prolactin (hPRL). Using this Tet-On MCF7hPRL cell line, we studied effects on cell growth, PRLR, ER alpha, and PgR levels, and estrogen target genes. Induced endogenous hPRL, but not exogenous hPRL, increased ER alpha levels as well as estrogen responsiveness in these cells, suggesting that effects on breast cancer development and progression by estrogen may be amplified by cross-regulation of ER alpha levels by endogenous hPRL. The long PRLR isoform was also upregulated by endogenous, but not exogenous PRL. This model will allow investigation of endogenous hPRL in mammary epithelial cells and will enable further dissection of PRL effects on other hormone signaling pathways to determine the role of PRL in breast cancer.     

ERα的辅调节因子与乳腺癌关系的研究进展

雌激素受体α（estrogen receptorα,ERα）是配体依赖的转录因子,属于核受体超家族成员。ERα介导转录的经典途径是与雌激素结合后作用于靶基因启动子区的雌激素反应元件（estrogen response element,ERE）,进而诱导靶基因转录。ERα招募辅调节因子（共激活子和共抑制子）参与ERα介导的基因转录调控。辅调节因子主要通过乙酰化、磷酸化、甲基化等表观遗传机制参与转录调控,影响靶蛋白表达水平。ΕRα介导的基因转录调控在乳腺癌的增殖、分化、侵袭转移等过程中发挥重要作用。综述在ERα介导的基因转录调控中几类辅调节因子对乳腺癌发生发展的影响。     

RU486诱导调控载体的构建及体外表达

构建可经RU486诱导表达载体,并证实其对基因表达的调控作用。通过分子生物学技术,改造了含有GLP65反式作用调控因子和GAL4杂合启动子的PRS质粒。PCR扩增BGHpolyA片段,并引入需要的酶切位点。在GLP65调控区上游添加了hCMV启动子,在GAL4杂合启动子下游加入了荧光素酶报告基因。同时,为减少两个转录单元之间的潜在干扰,加入了1.2 kb的小鸡β珠蛋白绝缘子。经PCR和限制性酶切及测序证实了载体的正确性。在体外转染HEK293细胞后,运用双荧光素酶报告基因技术鉴定了该系统的调控能力。加入诱导剂RU486后,可以诱导表达荧光素酶,并在一定范围内两者呈正比,最高可以实现荧光素酶的40余倍的表达,而没有RU486时,几乎没有报告基因的表达,表明RU486诱导调控载体构建成功,可实现对目的基因的表达时间和表达水平的精确调控,为进一步的基因调控研究和和基因治疗提供了良好的工具。