基于文献分析的中国猕猴桃属植物亚麻酸资源研究

通过调查和文献整理,对中国猕猴桃属植物资源中含α-亚麻酸的猕猴桃种类、分布特点以及α-亚麻酸含量、提取方法进行统计分析。结果表明,我国已报道富含亚麻酸的猕猴桃属共有11个物种、10个栽培品种;富含α-亚麻酸的猕猴桃植物资源主要分布在长江流域,少量分布在东北和西南地区;猕猴桃籽油中α-亚麻酸含量总体集中在40%~70%之间,属于高含量亚麻酸资源植物;不同提取方法对猕猴桃亚麻酸的提取效果有较大影响,以尿素包合法和分子蒸馏技术分离纯化的提取效果较好,提取的α-亚麻酸含量高达87.20%。     

湖南省薯蓣属植物资源研究初报

通过对湖南省薯蓣属植物资源的研究 ,初步弄清了该地区现有薯蓣属植物 2 7种及 2变种 ,同时对其分布及蕴藏量进行了分析 ,湘西及湘西北地区为湖南省薯蓣属植物资源的分布中心 ,而石门县为盾叶薯蓣分布的中心 ;并对薯蓣皂甙的含量加以了介绍 ,为综合开发利用这一资源提供了科学依据。     

中国樟科非粮生物柴油能源植物资源的初步评价与筛选

通过调查我国现有樟科油脂植物资源,本研究对74份(9属47种)樟科油脂植物样品的含油率、脂肪酸甲酯组成、碘值及其油酸甲酯的理化性质进行了分析,并根据非粮生物柴油能源植物的评价标准,初步筛选出了19份(5属18种)具有开发利用价值的樟科非粮生物柴油能源植物,为樟科油脂植物资源的评价与筛选、深度开发与综合利用等提供参考依据。     

中国亚麻酸资源植物分布格局及其与气候和地理因子的关系

据资料统计,中国种子植物中具有开发利用价值的亚麻酸资源植物共计116科、446属、816种。该研究以大尺度的植物物种分布信息为基础,通过对中国亚麻酸资源植物及其地理、环境、气候等因子的统计分析,探讨中国亚麻酸资源植物的分布格局及其影响因子。结果表明:(1)唇形科、大戟科、豆科、蔷薇科、十字花科、葫芦科等类群中亚麻酸资源植物较为丰富且分布较广,是中国最重要的亚麻酸资源植物类群。(2)西南地区亚麻酸资源植物丰富度最高,并以此为中心向四周降低。(3)亚麻酸资源植物丰富度随着海拔的升高先增加后降低,在900m左右最丰富。(4)气候因子对亚麻酸资源植物分布影响较大,其中相对湿度、年平均温度、年降雨量是导致中国亚麻酸资源植物分布格局的主要原因,且与亚麻酸资源植物丰富度成正相关关系,而纬度、年辐射量、平均海拔等因子成负相关关系;地形因子是一个独立因子。(5)聚类分析结果将中国亚麻酸资源植物分布地划分为十类地区,一定程度上揭示了亚麻酸植物在中国的分布特点。     

武功山地区油脂植物资源调查研究

为进一步了解武功山地区油脂植物情况,通过野外调查、标本采集鉴定并结合文献的方法,对该区的油脂植物进行统计分析。结果表明武功山地区共有野生油脂植物88科213属383种;形成以樟科、豆科、蔷薇科等为主的优势科类群,以胡椒属、卫矛属、花椒属等为主的优势属类群;生活习性以木本为主。区系地理成分复杂多样,科以热带成分为主,属以温带成分为主,种的地理成分以中国特有分布最多;在分布格局上,垂直方向海拔在400～499 m范围内最多,水平方向以安福县分布油脂植物种类最多。武功山地区含油率超过30%的油脂植物高达116种,体现出该区的油脂植物具有较大的应用开发潜力。     

湘西地区军事本草植物资源研究(Ⅱ)治疗创伤药用植物调查分析

通过对湘西地区治疗创伤药用植物调查分析,进一步了解该地区军事本草植物资源状况。采用野外实地调查、标本采集与鉴定、文献查阅等方法对其军事本草治疗创伤药用植物资源进行统计分析。结果表明,该地区军事本草治疗创伤药用植物共有348种,隶属110科228属,以菊科、豆科、唇形科及凤尾蕨属(Pteris)、酸模属(Rumex)、卷柏属(Selaginella)等为优势科属。生活习性以草本为主,生境分布以山坡为主。地理成分复杂多样,科以世界分布为主,属以泛热带分布为主,种以中国特有分布和东亚分布为主。水平分布南北部具有一定差异,垂直分布在海拔500～1000 m范围内军事本草治疗创伤药用植物分布最多。主要功能分为治疗烧烫伤、止血、治疗跌打损伤三类,化学成分主要为萜类化合物、苷类化合物、甾类化合物。针对创伤治疗,药用植物的应用方法以外敷和内服为主,其次是煎水或泡酒。药用部位以全草和根茎为主。湘西地区军事本草治疗创伤药用植物资源丰富,应注重开发利用与保护。     

湘西南龙底自然保护区油料植物组成与资源价值分析

分析了龙底自然保护区油料植物组成与资源特点。结果表明：（1）油料植物107科281属477种,其中精油植物131种,樟科（7属27种）、芸香科（6属21种）、唇形科（11属17种）等11个科为优势科,以木本植物为主,占73.38%。（2）以种子种皮为主要含油部位的植物占71.47%,植物含油量＞20.0%的有211种,＞50.0%的43种;油脂脂肪酸含量＞70.0%的有7科11种,亚油酸含量＞70.0%的有12科20种。（3）在精油植物中,57种植物含精油量＞1.0%,13种＞4.0%。龙底自然保护区内油料植物资源丰富,特别是富油植物资源种类较多,是油料植物富集之地,具开发利用潜力。     

中国沙棘属种质资源及其生境类型的研究

沙棘属植物有7种11亚种,中国产7种7亚种,其中2种2亚种是近年发现的新分类群。因而,我国是沙棘属植物种质资源最丰富的地区,也是沙棘资源蕴藏量最大的地区。沙棘属植物广泛分布于我国西南、西北、华北等地的森林——草原(草甸)过渡地带;从垂直分布角度看,无皮组的种类主要分布于海拔3000m以下的中低海拔地区,有皮组的种类则集中分布于3000m以上的中高海拔地区。根据光照、温度、植被类型等因素其生境类型可分为温性乔木林型、温性灌丛型、寒温性灌丛型和高寒灌丛型4种类型。理塘沙棘、棱果沙棘和卧龙沙棘种群数量少,分布区域狭窄,资源十分有限,应加强驯化研究和迁地保护,并提出了合理开发利用沙棘属种质资源的几点建议。     

库车种子植物区系垂直分布格局分析

该研究通过野外植被调查及相关文献资料查阅,探讨了库车山区种子植物区系的垂直分布格局特征及其对海拔变化的响应。结果表明:该区种子植物约有78科376属960种。其中,裸子植物3科3属9种,被子植物75科373属951种。植物科、属、种总数随着海拔的升高呈现先增加后降低的单峰分布结构。其中科总数在海拔1 600~1 800 m处为最高峰,属总数在海拔1 800~1 900 m处呈现最高峰;物种总数在海拔1 900~2 000 m处呈现最高峰,有478种(隶属59科,230属)。种子植物区系地理成分分析中,库车山区植物区系垂直海拔梯度上不管是科级水平还是属级水平种类成分都以温带分布型占优势。在垂直分布梯度上,温带分布科最高点出现在海拔1 800~1 900 m(含20科),从海拔2 800~2 900 m开始,随着海拔梯度升高呈现下降趋势,到海拔3 600~3 700 m时为最低点(含6科);温带分布属峰值出现在海拔1 900~2 000 m,随着海拔的升高呈现下降趋势。该研究结果对该区植物种质资源和生态系统多样性,植物资源的引种驯化、栽培和合理利用具有重要意义。     

武功山地区野生有毒植物资源研究

为了解武功山地区有毒植物资源情况及毒性特点,有效保护与利用武功山有毒植物资源,通过野外实地考察并结合查阅文献资料的方法,对该地区的有毒植物进行统计分析。结果显示,武功山地区共有有毒植物75科179属240种;形成以豆科(Leguminosae)、毛茛科(Ranunculaceae)、菊科(Asteraceae)、百合科(Liliaceae)4科为主的数量优势科(含10种及以上),以紫堇属(Corydalis)为主的数量优势属(含5种及以上)。该区有毒植物的生活习性以草本为主;以海拔400～499 m区域内的植物最多,且主要生长在山坡、林中、灌丛等环境中。区系地理成分复杂多样,科以泛热带分布和世界分布为主,属以北温带分布和泛热带分布为主,而种以中国特有分布和东亚分布最多。毒性以小毒为主,有毒部位以全株有毒为主;有毒化学成分颇为复杂,主要以生物碱为主,毒理类型以神经系统毒为主。     

Essential oil variation of cultivated and wild Perilla analyzed by GC/MS

Twenty components extracted from the essential oil in the leaves of 172 samples of Perilla frutescens var. crispa (vegetable crop form), P. frutescens var. frutescens (oil crop form), the wild/weedy form of P. frutescens, and three wild Perilla species, Perilla citriodora, Perilla hirtella and Perilla setoyensis were analyzed using GC/MS. A wide range of essential oil components were found among the wild/weedy form of P. frutescens, whereas distinctive components were detected in each wild Perilla species. Egomaketone, asaron, methyleugenol and 4,6-dimethoxy- or 4,7-dimethoxy-5-(2-propenyl)-1,3-dioxaindan were detected from Perilla for the first time. Limonene derivatives, piperitone and piperitenone, were detected from P. citriodora. Discovery of the limonene derivatives in this Perilla species provides evidence of this wild species being a genome donor of P. frutescens, while limonene synthase has been considered to be a specific enzyme in cultivated P. frutescens. These results will be useful for the evaluation and utilization of Perilla genetic resources.     

Geraniol and linalool synthases from wild species of perilla

Geraniol and linalool synthases were isolated from three pure strains of Perilla hirtella and Perilla setoyensis, which are wild species of perilla. Their amino acid sequences were very similar to those of Perilla citriodora and Perilla frutescens that were reported previously. However, comparison of the sequences of the same functional synthases derived from different species of Perilla demonstrated that the similarities were high among P. citriodora, P. hirtella and P. frutescens, but low between P. setoyensis and any of the others. This result corresponds well with our previous results showing that P. setoyensis is remotely related to the other perilla species. Both geraniol and linalool synthases utilize geranyl diphosphate (GDP) as their catalytic substrate and they were expressed simultaneously in perilla. The linalool synthase is considered to be the enzyme whose metabolite seems not to be oxidized nor reduced in the plant body and the geraniol and limonene synthases are the initial-step-catalyzing enzymes for a variety of oil compounds. The regulation of the substrate flow between them would be interesting for further study.     

Development of sex-linked PCR markers for gender identification in Actinidia

 Two sex-linked random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers identified from Actinidia chinensis were converted into sequence-characterised amplified regions (SCARs) for the large-scale screening of Actinidia breeding populations. Initial SCAR primers converted one RAPD (SmX) into a dominant marker, but the other (SmY), which was potentially more useful because of its linkage to the male determining ‘Y’ locus, failed to retain polymorphism. This difficulty was overcome by cloning and sequencing the alternate ‘allele’ from female plants, and then designing ‘allele’-specific primers that utilised nucleotide differences between the sexes. Using a quick squash-blot method of DNA extraction, the SCAR primers were tested in 120 A. chinensis plants to determine their gender. The system is now in use for large-scale screening of seedling populations in the Actinidia breeding programme. The sex-linked SCAR primers also functioned with plants from some other geographically separate accessions of A. chinensis and with plants in the closely related polyploid species A. deliciosa, but did not amplify a sex-linked band in more distantly related species of Actinidia. Received: 27 December 1997 / Accepted: 5 March 1998     

Community Structure of Rhizomicrobiomes in Four Medicinal Herbs and Its Implication on Growth Management

Medicinal plants are the basic materials of traditional Chinese medicine. Soil characteristics and microbial contribution play important roles in the growth and product quality of medicinal plants, but the link between them in the rhizosphere of medicinal plants has been overlooked. Accordingly, Mentha haplocalyx, Perilla frutescens, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and Astragalus membranaceus, four plants used in traditional Chinese medicines, were investigated in this study in order to elucidate bacterial and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) diversity in the rhizosphere and its possible association with soil quality. DGGE-based 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA gene sequencing results indicated that the diversity of both bacteria and AMF in Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Astragalus membranaceus was significantly higher than those in Mentha haplocalyx and Perilla frutescens, suggesting that medicinal plants have different preferences even under the same conditions. In addition, enzymatic activities and nutrition were enhanced in the rhizospheric soil of Mentha haplocalyx and Perilla frutescens, and the correlation among AMF diversity, soil enzymatic activities and nutrition was confirmed using RDA analysis. These results suggest the potential to grow medicinal plants with a reasonable rotation or intercrop in order to maintain long-term continuous soil development.     

湘西地区祛风除湿药用植物的资源调查及可持续利用建议

湘西地区祛风除湿的医药传统知识历史悠久,但相关药用植物的资源本底和传统知识现状还不够清楚。该文基于民族植物学调查方法,对湘西地区祛风除湿药用植物的组成、相关传统知识、定量评价、实际估价和在《湖南省中药材标准》(2009年版)收录情况等方面进行了系统梳理,并就该类资源的可持续利用提出了相关建议。结果表明:(1)湘西地区目前利用的祛风除湿药用植物共有48科65属71种,以毛茛科(Ranunculaceae)和五加科(Araliaceae)居多。(2)根、全株、茎(藤)为主要利用部位。(3)生活型主要是草本、藤本和灌木,乔木较少。(4)与药用植物相关的传统知识在代际传播方面存在不确定性。(5)寻骨风(Aristolochia mollissima)、威灵仙(Clematis chinensis)和广防风(Anisomeles indica)显示出最高的知识一致性水平,是本次调查中3种最常用的祛风除湿药用植物。(6)当地药用植物的本地价格受市场影响较小,总体维持在较为平稳的水平,且缺乏对药材消费需求的了解。(7)有25种祛风除湿药用植物在《湖南省中药材标准》(2009年版)收录的功能与主治为祛风除湿、关节痹痛、风湿等。随着现阶段我国资源立法的不断完善,建议对湘西地区祛风除湿药用植物相关传统知识加强保护,提高该类资源的生物多样性和可持续利用水平; 并充分利用多学科交叉知识和技术手段,加强区域内传统医药资源的发掘和创新,使湘西丰富的药用植物资源更好地为人类健康做出贡献。     

澳门路环华润楠古树的物候及所属群落特征

为加强对澳门华润楠(Machilus chinensis)的保育工作,对最古老的1株华润楠和群落优势种绒毛润楠(M.velutina)进行物候监测,并采用样地调查法对群落的物种组成、结构和物种多样性进行了分析。结果表明,2—3月为华润楠新叶生长盛期,3月中下旬为花期,果期由4月持续到9月;4—5月为绒毛润楠展叶盛期,10—12月为花期,12月至翌年3月为果期。2 000 m²的样地中共记录到维管植物104种,隶属于48科82属。种子植物区系以热带分布为主,占总区系成分的87.01%。乔木层的华润楠虽然只有1株高大古树,但其以18.97%的重要值排在所有树种中的第4位,灌木层的华润楠(平均高度20 cm以下的幼苗)以37.06%的重要值排第2位,绒毛润楠为乔木层和灌木层明显的优势树种。群落垂直结构的物种多样性格局表现为：物种丰富度指数为乔木层>灌木层>草本层>藤本层;均匀度指数为藤本层>草本层>乔木层>灌木层;多样性指数D和H''最高的均为草本层,最低的均为灌木层。因此,该群落属于亚热带性质常绿阔叶林,物种组成相对丰富,华润楠古树生长正常,但种群不稳定,应加强保护。     

Molecular Cloning and Expression Analysis of 3-Ketoacyl-ACP Synthases in the Immature Seeds of Perilla frutescens

We report the isolation and expression analysis of two cDNAs encoding 3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthases (KAS) that are involved in the de novo synthesis of fatty acids in plastids of perilla (Perilla frutescens L.). The cDNAs, designated PfFAB1 and PfFAB24, encoded polypeptides with high sequence identities to those of KAS I and KAS II/IV, respectively, of various plants. Genomic Southern blots revealed that there was a single PfFAB1 gene but two PfFAB24 genes in the perilla genome. Of interest is that the expression of both genes was developmentally regulated in seeds. Their mRNA expression patterns in seeds were also discussed in comparison with the profile of fatty acid accumulation.     

Biological investigations on macro-morphological characteristics,polyphenolic acids,antioxidant activity of Perilla frutescens (L) Britt. grown under open field

Perilla frutescens, perilla is a functional food, spice and medicinal herb and ornamental plant in the family of Lamiaceae. Thus, macro-morphological characteristics, phenolic acids, antioxidants of twelve accessions of P. frutescens grown under open field were studied. High polymorphism was found among the perilla accessions and macroscopic features of perilla genotypes showed variable results. Perilla can be classified into two clearly phenotypes green and purple, within these two other colours were appeared. A good level of biomass production was recorded for JTD3, 203P, PS2, 203P respectively. Principal component analysis was performed to cluster phenolic acids. GB phenotype exhibited the major content of polyphenols, followed by JTD3 then J1. Regarding antioxidant capacity, JTD3 showed the highest value followed by 203P and GB respectively. The HPLC analysis showed that the most abundant phenolic acids were ellagic acid which is accumulated in a higher percentage in NP606, 588P and JTD3 cultivars respectively, followed by salicylic acid and gallic acid. This is the first report of cultivation of various Perilla varieties under open field environmental conditions, not only to increase productivity but also to improve the quality. Therefore, the present study results confirm the importance of the Perilla species for human consumption, therapeutic and ornamental purposes.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In vitro</Emphasis> flowering of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Perilla frutescens</Emphasis>

This study investigated the factors affecting in vitro flowering of Perilla frutescens. The shoots regenerated from cotyledonary and hypocotyl explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with benzyladenine (BA) and indole-3-acetic acid, each at 0.5 mg l⁻¹, were excised and transferred to MS medium containing 30 g l⁻¹ of sucrose, 8.25 g l⁻¹ of ammonium nitrate, and 1.0 mg l⁻¹ of BA. After 40 d of culture, 86.2% of shoots flowered and most of which self-fertilized in vitro and produced mature fruits with viable seeds. These seeds were germinated and plants were grown to maturity and flowered in soil under greenhouse conditions. The in vitro flowering system reported in this study may facilitate rapid breeding of P. frutescens and offers a model system for studying the physiological mechanism of flowering.     

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the genusActinidia (Actinidiaceae)

A series of chloroplast and nuclear probes were used to examine restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) and three of its closest relatives. The four species fell into two pairs, withA. chinensis andA. deliciosa closely related but some distance away from the other two species,A. latifolia andA. eriantha. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the diploid species,A. chinensis, is a precursor ofA. deliciosa, which is hexaploid.