北京唇形科一新记录属——龙头草属

该文报道了发现于北京市密云区的1种被子植物新记录——荨麻叶龙头草[Meehania urticifolia(Miq.)Makino],其所隶属的龙头草属(Meehania Britton)为北京分布新记录。描述了荨麻叶龙头草的形态特征与生境,凭证标本藏于浙江大学标本馆(HZU)。荨麻叶龙头草于1899年首次发现于日本,是东北亚分布植物,此前在中国仅分布于东北。北京云蒙山发现的分布点,显然是该种目前在中国分布最西的分布点,可能于冰川期从东北亚迁移而来。     

Comparison between community structures of fishes in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Enhalus acoroides</Emphasis>- and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thalassia hemprichii</Emphasis>-dominated seagrass beds on fringing coral reefs in the Ryukyu Islands,Japan

To clarify differences in community structures and habitat utilization patterns of fishes in Enhalus acoroides- and Thalassia hemprichii-dominated seagrass beds on fringing coral reefs, visual censuses were conducted at Iriomote and Ishigaki islands, southern Japan. The numbers of fish species and individuals were significantly higher in the E. acoroides bed than in the T. hemprichii bed, although the 15 most dominant fishes in each seagrass bed were similar. Cluster and ordination analyses based on the number of individuals of each fish species also demonstrated that fish community structures were similar in the two seagrass beds. Species and individual numbers of coral reef fishes which utilized the seagrass beds numbered less than about 15% of whole coral reef fish numbers, although they comprised about half of the seagrass bed fishes. Of the 15 most dominant species, 5 occurred only in the two seagrass beds, including seagrass feeders. Ten other species were reef species, their habitat utilization patterns not differing greatly between the two seagrass beds. Some reef species, such as Lethrinus atkinsoni and L. obsoletus, showed ontogenetic habitat shifts with growth, from the seagrass beds to the coral areas. These results indicate that community structures and habitat utilization patterns of fishes were similar between E. acoroides- and T. hemprichii-dominated seagrass beds, whereas many coral reef fishes hardly utilized the seagrass beds.     

A new species of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stempellinella</Emphasis> (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Hiroshima,Japan

Stempellinella coronata sp. n. is described and illustrated based on male imagines. The new species can be separated from other Stempellinella species by its small size, low antennal ratio, high front leg ratio, minute frontal tubercles, a comparatively long median volsella, lacking median tergal setae, and lacking well-developed anal crests on the tergite IX. The generic diagnosis of Stempellinella is emended mainly to accommodate S. coronata. The species has so far been collected only from autumn to winter at pools in the unpolluted upper to mid reaches and was recorded first from the Ohta River system, Hiroshima, Japan.     

垫状植物囊种草对群落物种多样性的影响

在甘肃盐池湾国家级自然保护区内海拔4137 m处,选择典型的囊种草垫状植被设置研究样地,研究了垫状植物囊种草对群落物种组成和群落物种多样性的影响,并且定量的研究了囊种草对群落物种丰富度的影响能力和维持潜力。研究结果表明:囊种草为群落中增加了新的植物种类,并且提高了部分生境一般种的多度;囊种草的出现提高了群落物种密度和物种丰富度,进而提高了群落物种多样性;囊种草斑块的增加将会引起景观水平物种丰富度的增加,表明囊种草具有为群落中引入新的植物种类进而提高群落物种丰富度的能力;在景观水平,囊种草所创造的生境多样性则成为一种保障,可以维持景观中物种丰富度从而降低物种损失的风险,表明囊种草具有较高的群落物种丰富度维持潜力。     

Notes on the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Inocybe</Emphasis> of Japan: II

Three species of the genus Inocybe are reported as new species or a new record from Japan. Inocybe ovoidea sp. nov. and Inocybe furcata sp. nov. are described from Hokkaido. The distribution of caulocystidia in the former is noted. Inocybe oblectabilis is redescribed based on specimens collected in Honshu. This is the first record of I. oblectabilis for Japan.     

The microdistribution of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) in myriophyllum beds in Pennington Creek,Johnston County,Oklahoma

I studied the population densities and the microdistributions of the four most abundant mayfly (Ephemeroptera) nymphs in Myriophyllum heterophyllum beds in Pennington Creek, Johnston County, Oklahoma, from May to December, 1977. The section of the stream studied has relatively constant flow rates and temperatures throughout the year due to continuous inflow from groundwater. This uniform physical environment allows the plant beds to grow throughout the year and provide a permanent habitat. The four mayflies are Tricorythodes fictus (Tricorythidae), Caenis delicata (Caenidae), Baetis favistriga and B. quilleri (Baetidae). All four species are of similar size and feed by scraping periphyton from the surface of the Myriophyllum. T. fictus and the two species of Baetis have overlapping microdistributions in the leafy, upper one-half of the plant bed. T. fictus and C. delicata have overlapping microdistributions in the lower portion of the plant bed and roots. Each species has similar population densities where their distributions overlap. There is no significant selection for position with respect to current flow in the Myriophyllum for any of the species. Food and space are always abundant, especially in the top one-half of the Myriophyllum. There are no major changes in these trends over the year.     

Geographical distribution of two haplotypes of chloroplast DNA in four oak species (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus</Emphasis>) in Japan

Chloroplast DNA polymorphism in four oak species (Quercus serrata, Q. mongolica var. crispula, Q. dentata and Q. aliena) was studied using collections from a total of 127 localities in Japan and South Korea on the basis of five intergenic spacers (trnD-trnT, trnT-trnL, rps14-psaB, trnS-trnT and trnQ-trnS). Although no variation existed in sequences among the four species, a single nucleotide (T/C) substitution in the trnQ-trnS intergenic spacer was found in all the four species, resulting in two haplotypes (T- and C-type). Phylogenetic analyses of the four species and related species showed that the C-type is derived and even likely of monophyletic origin, while the T-type is ancestral. Geographically, the T-type is widespread from South Korea to Japan, whereas the C-type is restricted to eastern Japan with rare exceptions. Eastern Japan approximately coincides with the distribution range of the boreal conifer forest during the last glacial maximum. Overall evidence suggests that the mutation from T- to C-type occurred in an individual of one of the four oak species and then was transferred to all the species by hybridization in eastern Japan, and that the Kanto District provided individuals with the C-type with a refugium during the last glacial maximum.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at     

Abundance,body size,and morphology of bumblebees in an area where an exotic species, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bombus terrestris</Emphasis>, has colonized in Japan

An exotic bumblebee species, Bombus terrestris, has colonized in Japan and becomes dominant in some local communities. We examined the effects of land use and bumblebee abundance on the number and body size of bumblebees collected using window traps in a lowland area in the southern Ishikari district, Hokkaido. In 2004, we collected 922 bumblebees of six species using 70 traps at 17 sites. A statistical model fitted to the data demonstrated that dispersion from commercial B. terrestris colonies used in greenhouses positively affected the number of B. terrestris caught by each trap. This exotic species was abundant in sites where paddy fields were prevalent, but three native species, B. hypocrita, B. ardens, and B. diversus, were abundant in sites where farms and woodlands were widespread. The local abundance of B. terrestris was not associated negatively with the number and body size of native bumblebees. Thus, we did not find any competitive interactions between exotic and native bumblebees although habitat conditions seem to be common determinants of the bumblebee populations. A morphological analysis showed that B. terrestris had intermediate tongue length between B. hypocrita and B. ardens.     

A new lotic species of the genus Leptocerus Leach (Trichoptera, Leptoceridae) from Japan

A new lotic species of leptocerid caddisfly, Leptocerus fluminalis sp. nov., is described based on adult and immature stages from Japan. The habitat and gut contents of this species are noted.     

Isolation and characterization of a new mannose-binding lectin gene from<Emphasis Type="Italic">Taxus media</Emphasis>

In this paper, we report the cloning and characterization of the first mannose-binding lectin gene from a gymnosperm plant species,Taxus media. The full-length cDNA ofT. media agglutinin (TMA) consisted of 676 bp and contained a 432 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 144 amino acid protein. Comparative analysis showed that TMA had high homology with many previously reported plant mannose-binding lectins and thattma encoded a precursor lectin with a 26-aa signal peptide. Molecular modelling revealed that TMA was a new mannosebinding lectin with three typical mannose-binding boxes like lectins from species of angiosperms. Tissue expression pattern analyses revealed thattma is expressed in a tissue-specific manner in leaves and stems, but not in fruits and roots. Phylogenetic tree analyses showed that TMA belonged to the structurally and evolutionarily closely related monocot mannose-binding lectin superfamily. This study provides useful information to understand the molecular evolution of plant lectins.     

Bambusicolous fungi in Japan (5): three species of Tetraploa

Three species of Tetraploa collected from Sasa, or bamboos, are described and illustrated. Among them, T. curviappendiculata on Sasa kurilensis and T. longissima on Pleioblastus chino are compared with hitherto known species and described as new species. In the nomenclature, T. javanica is substituted for T. biformis, formerly reported from the dead bark of a broad-leaved tree in Japan, as a correct name.     

Taxonomic review of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cottiusculus</Emphasis> (Cottoidei: Cottidae) with description of a new species from the Sea of Japan

A taxonomic review of the cottid genus Cottiusculus Jordan and Starks 1904 established three species, C. nihonkaiensis sp. nov., C. schmidti, and C. gonez. Cottiusculus nihonkaiensis sp. nov., which had been previously confused with C. schmidti, is described on the basis of 32 specimens (44.8–77.9 mm, SL) collected from the Sea of Japan. The new species is very similar to C. schmidti in having a curved barbless uppermost preopercular spine and the lateral line extending past the caudal fin base, but is distinguishable as follows: nasal spines simple or sometimes weakly bicuspid (vs. deeply bicuspid in C. schmidti); first dorsal fin not elongated in either males or females (vs. elongated in males); ventral lateral and lateral line cirri present (vs. absent). The former is known from the Sea of Japan coasts of Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu and the Korean Peninsula, and Volcano Bay, Hokkaido, and the latter from the Pacific coast of Tohoku District, Japan. Cottiusculus gonez, known from the Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk and Pacific coast of Hokkaido, is characterized by having a simple nasal spine, the uppermost preopercular spine almost straight with two small cusps dorsally, posterior cusp barbed, and the lateral line almost reaching to the caudal fin base. A lectotype of C. gonez is designated here. Sequence differences in the cytochrome b gene among the above three species of Cottiusculus are also presented.     

Taxonomic studies of nectrioid fungi in Japan. II: The genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bionectria</Emphasis>

Based on the result of morphological and the phylogenetic analyses, three Bionectria (Bionectriaceae: Hypocreales) species are added to the mycobiota of Japan. Among them, one found in Okinawa and Kagoshima Prefectures is described as a new species, Bionectria pseudostriatopsis (anamorph: Clonostachys pseudostriatopsis). The other two, B. grammicospora and B. sporodochialis, are new records from Japan. Additional distribution records are given for Bionectria species hitherto known in Japan.     

中国新记录穗芽水葱的分类学研究

该文报道了发现于浙江省景宁畲族自治县山地沼泽中的莎草科水葱属一中国新记录种———穗芽水葱(Schoenoplectus gemmifer C. Sato, T. Maeda ＆ Uchino)。该种外形与水毛花相似,但其秆质地较柔软,小穗较短,花柱2,具无性繁殖的穗芽。染色体数目为2n ＝78±2(水毛花的染色体数目为2n ＝44)。文献记载穗芽水葱特产于日本,并被列为日本稀有物种。该种在景宁的发现,对研究中国—日本植物区系具有重要学术价值。     

Notes on the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Inocybe</Emphasis> of Japan. IV. Species having metuloids collected from Hokkaido,Honshu, and Kyushu

This fourth paper in the series considers five species of Inocybe occurring in Hokkaido, Honshu, and Kyushu. (1) Inocybe furfurea (section Tardae) is recorded from Hokkaido as new to Japan. (2) Inocybe luteola sp. nov. (section Tardae) is described from eastern Honshu (Chiba). It has smooth basidiospores and thick-walled caulocystidia descending to the middle of the stipe. (3) Inocybe napiformis sp. nov. [section Inocybe (= Cortinatae)], known from Hokkaido, appears close to Inocybe napipes, but characters of the metuloids distinguish the two species. (4) Inocybe grammata (section Marginatae) is recorded from Hokkaido and Nagano as new to Japan. (5) Inocybe pyriformis sp. nov. (section Marginatae) is described from Kyushu (Miyazaki). It has nodulose basidiospores and caulocystidia wholly covering the stipe surface. However, I. pyriformis is not typical in the section, lacking a marginate bulbous base in its stipe.     

A new interstitial cyclopoid copepod from a sandy beach on the western shore of Lake Baikal,Siberia

A new species of cyclopoid copepod, Diacyclops biceri sp. nov., is described from Lake Baikal. It was found in the interstitial water of a sandy beach at Buchta Peschanaya on the western shore of the central basin of Baikal. The new species is unique in possessing 2-segmented endopods in swimming legs 3 and 4. Swimming legs 2 to 4 have 3-segmented exopods. The slender body form, the lack of the antennal exopodal seta, and the presence of a secondary pseudosomite anterior to the genital double somite of the adult female are interpreted as adaptations to the interstitial habitat. The harpacticoid Epactophanes richardi Mrazek was found in the same interstitial habitat as D. biceri.     

Tsuga shimokawaensis,a new species of permineralized conifer leaves from the Middle Miocene Shimokawa Group,Hokkaido, Japan

Silicified pinaceous leaves from the late Middle Miocene bed of Shimokawa Town, central Hokkaido, Japan are described asTsuga shimokawaensis sp. nov. Comparisons with leaves of extant species ofTsuga show that the new species is assigned to sect.Tsuga, resembling the extant speciesT. heterophylla in having usually one-cell-layered hypodermis, andT. sieboldii in having mesophyll cells between the resin canal and the hypodermis. From cladistic analyses we infer thatTsuga shimokawaensis is positioned the basal in sect.Tsuga and that sect.Tsuga comprises four species groups.