喜马拉雅山南坡蚤类营养生态位的研究

对喜马拉雅山南坡地区的46种蚤的营养生态位宽度和生态位重叠进行了研究。结果表明,23种蚤只有1种宿主,其营养生态位宽度最窄(B=0),而方指双蚤的营养生态位宽度最大(B=0.6694),其次为斯氏新蚤(B=0.4968).寄生于9种小兽宿主的12种主要蚤种中,尼泊尔古蚤和后厉蚤和窄突厉蚤因其宿主动物以食虫类为主,相互间的营养生态位重叠指数最高。     

淀山湖浮游植物优势种生态位

运用改进的Levins公式和Petraitis指数测定了淀山湖浮游植物优势种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠,分析了生态位宽度、种间生态位重叠与优势种密度和优势度的相关性.结果表明： 不同时期各优势种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠不尽相同,各物种对环境因子的适应能力存在差异.根据不同季节的生态位宽度可以将淀山湖浮游植物优势种分为4类;尖尾蓝隐藻和小球藻的生态位较宽,数量较多,分布较广,能充分利用环境资源.水华暴发时期,蓝藻门各优势种与其他藻类之间的生态位重叠程度相对偏高;铜绿微囊藻的生态位变宽,而其他优势种的生态位宽度相对有所降低.各季节优势种的优势度与其生态位宽度呈显著相关,优势种密度与生态位重叠呈极显著相关.     

太白红杉群落优势种的生态位研究

应用Levins和Shannon-Wiener生态位宽度指数及Pianka生态位重叠指数,研究了太白红杉群落12个优势种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠。结果表明,乔木层中太白红杉的生态位宽度最大,对高海拔地区的环境适应能力较强,巴山冷杉对的低海拔地区的环境适应能力较强;灌木层中香柏的生态位宽度最大,华西忍冬、华西银腊梅、太白忍冬次之,头花杜鹃的生态位宽度最小。乔木层中太白红杉与巴山冷杉的生态位重叠较大,但二者只在低海拔分布范围有重叠;灌木层头花杜鹃的分布范围较大,与其它3个种的生态位重叠也最大,另外3个种的生态位重叠较小;草本层中毛状苔草、羊茅和嵩草的生态位重叠较大,而大叶碎米荠和太白银莲花的生态位重叠较小。     

江西三清山浙江楠群落主要种群生态位研究

对三清山浙江楠Phoebe chekiangensis群落9个主要乔木种群的生态位特征进行研究,采用Shannon-Wiener指数和Hurlbert指数测定群落中主要种群生态位宽度和生态位重叠。结果显示,毛竹Phyllostachys heterocycla、枫香Liquidambar formosana、棕榈Trachcarpus fortunei和浙江楠的生态位宽度较大;枫杨Pterocarya stenoptera、油茶Camellia oleifera、苦槠Castanopsis sclerophylla、梅Armeniaca mume和青冈栎Cyclobalanopsis glauca的生态位宽度较小。青冈栎与苦槠种对生态位重叠最大,毛竹或枫香与梅种对最小。表明种群生态位宽度值越大,对环境的适应能力就越强,对资源的利用能力也就越强;生态位重叠值越高,种对的生态位相似性越大,资源利用的相似程度越强;种对生态位宽度值大一般生态位重叠值就大,种对生态位宽度值小,在相同或相似环境条件下的生态位重叠值也较大,种对生态位宽度值差异大的生态位重叠值较小。     

关帝山神尾沟优势种生态位分析

采用Shannon-Wiener生态位宽度公式和Petraitis生态位重叠指数测定了关帝山神尾沟8种主要乔木、18种主要灌木和42种主要草本种群的生态位宽度和生态位重叠,并对生态位定度和生态位重叠的关系进行了初步的探讨。结果表明,种群生态位定度越大,对环境的适应能力越强;具有相同或相似环境要求的物种间生态位重叠较大,生态位宽度较大的物种与其它种间生态位重叠较大。     

花背蟾蜍繁殖种群食物多样性及营养生态位的研究

作者于１９９５年４～５月份在长春市调查了花背蟾蜍繁殖种群不同繁殖时期的食性,并通过食物多样性和营养生态位对食性变化进行了分析。结果表明,繁殖种群繁殖后的食物多样性指数、营养生态位宽度较繁殖期为大;繁殖期和繁殖后的食物百分率相似性指数及营养生态位重叠值小,而食物百分率相异性及营养生态位分离值大。繁殖期雄体的食物多样性指数及营养生态位宽度均大于雌体,繁殖后雌体的食物多样性指数及营养生态位宽度均大于雄体,雌雄个体间的食物百分率相异性指数及营养生态位分离值小。摄食活动性受繁殖影响,并随繁殖结束而增强。     

南海北部近海头足类优势种及其生态位特征

为了解南海北部近海头足类优势种的种间关系,根据2014—2015年该海域4个季节底拖网渔业资源调查,应用相对重要性指数、生态位宽度和重叠指数从时空维度分析头足类优势种的生态位特征。结果表明: 该海域4个季节的头足类优势种共5种,分别为剑尖枪乌贼、中国枪乌贼、火枪乌贼、金乌贼和杜氏枪乌贼,前两种是4个季节的共同优势种。与历史数据相比,头足类优势种的种类组成已发生改变。头足类资源时空分布格局明显,海南岛南部至粤东海域资源密度高于北部湾,季节变化呈夏季高而冬季低特征。时空生态位分析表明,优势种的时间和空间生态位宽度没有一致位序,剑尖枪乌贼和中国枪乌贼分别占据最大的时间(1.32)和空间生态位宽度(3.90),而时间和空间生态位宽度最小的物种分别是金乌贼(0.98)和杜氏枪乌贼(2.04)。虽然时间生态位重叠在数值上显著高于空间生态位重叠,但二者均是在中国枪乌贼、剑尖枪乌贼、火枪乌贼等种对间有较高重叠,而杜氏枪乌贼与其余4个优势种的重叠较低。相关分析表明,在时空尺度上生态位宽度与丰度的变化均呈极显著负相关。生态位可反映物种资源量时空变化信息,丰富了传统渔业群落研究方法。     

大兴安岭次生林区不同龄级落叶松(Larix gmelinii)生态位特征和竞争关系

生态位能够反映物种在群落中的功能地位,通过生态位可以定量地研究种内、种间、生境三者之间的相互关系。以大兴安岭次生林区优势种群落叶松（Larix gmelinii）为研究对象,运用Levins公式、Pianka指数和Hegyi单木竞争指数模型分析了该优势种的生态位特征、生态位宽度与重叠度以及重叠程度与竞争作用之间的关系。研究结果表明：随落叶松个体的发育其生态位呈先增大后减小的规律性变化;生态位宽度较大的落叶松个体间重叠程度往往也较高,生态位宽度与重叠度呈显著的线性正相关;落叶松个体间的生态位重叠程度与彼此之间的竞争作用无明显相关性、种群内存在互利性生态位重叠现象;生物个体间的竞争作用与研究尺度有关。     

皇甫川流域天然草地恢复演替进程中优势种的生态位分析

采用Levins,Shannon-Wiener生态位宽度公式和Levins生态位特定重叠指数公式对皇甫川流域天然草地恢复演替不同阶段植物群落中优势种生态位宽度和生态位重叠进行了测定,并分析各种群生态位宽度和生态位重叠的生态学意义。结果表明:演替过程中每一群落类型的优势种具有最大的生态位宽度;生态位宽度在演替序列的动态变化与种群动态有较好的对应关系;生态位重叠越大,种群间的生态相似性越大,利用资源的相似性程度越高,种间竞争可能越激烈;竞争是促使流域内各植物群落向顶级群落演替的一种动力机制。     

内蒙古典型草原4种常见小哺乳动物的营养生态位及相互关系

本文根据布氏田鼠、达乌达鼠兔、达乌尔黄鼠和草兔在自由生活下的食物组成,分别计算了它们之间的实际营养生态位重叠程度及生态位宽度。还计算了布氏田鼠、达乌尔鼠兔和达乌尔黄鼠间的原始营养生态位重叠程度及宽度。由于栖息地资源可利用性的限制,这３种小哺乳动物的实际营养生态位较原始营养生态位穿。分布空间的重叠可导致布氏田鼠与达乌尔鼠兔间实际营养生态位的较高程度重叠。此结果支持了ＭａｃＡｒｔｈｕｒ和Ｗｉｌｓｏｎ（     

Non-linear relationship between body size of terrestrial carnivores and their trophic niche breadth and overlap

Studying food partitioning of mammalian predators is important for understanding trophic structures and interactions between coexisting carnivore species. This is particularly pertinent in the light of expanding ranges of populations of generalist species whose habitat and diet overlap with more specialized species. Here, we tested the resource partitioning hypothesis in terrestrial carnivores, predicting that trophic niche breadth and overlap relate positively to body mass. We used dietary data from 18 terrestrial carnivore taxa in four families (Canidae, Mustelidae, Felidae and Ursidae; body mass 0.1–173.6 kg) in three regions in Central and Eastern Europe, i.e. deciduous forest and forest-steppe region (DFR), temperate deciduous and mixed forest region (MFR) and transitory mixed forest regions (TFR). We ranked carnivores along an axis of trophic niche (breadth and overlap), and analysed the relationship between trophic niche and body mass (or pair-wise difference in body mass). A hierarchical cluster analysis of diet composition divided carnivores into four ecological groups: wild ungulate predators; small-mammal predators; amphibians and small mammal predators and omnivores. The relationship between body mass of predators and both trophic niche breadth and trophic niche overlap were hump-shaped. The trophic niche breadth to body mass ratio was significantly lower in DFR than in TFR and trophic niche overlap was significantly higher in DFR than in MFR and TFR. The predominant food resource is small mammals whose abundance is related to local agricultural and forestry management practices. Modifications of management techniques can affect population dynamics and community composition of carnivore species, especially in the case of small-mammal predators.     

The study of macrofungal communities: defining adequate sampling units by means of cluster analysis

A fungus-biotope and a cluster analysis of macrofungal communities were done across a sequence of four forest associations in the Laurentide Mountains of Québec. Comparison between different scales of sampling indicated that the cohesion and individuality of macrofungal clusters tend to increase from the whole mycoflora of a site toward trophic group and niche group levels. At this latter level, the reliability of defined communities is however highly limited by the low species richness and low constancy of their species. Four sampling units of fungi on the forest floor, were defined: ectomycorrhizal, humicolous, folicolous-muscicolous and lignicolous. This division further contributes to define the natural assemblages of fungi within the biocoenose.Abbreviations MF= mycoflora - NG= niche group - TG= trophic group     

Divergence in the trophic niche of sympatric freshwater invaders

When present in sympatry, invasive species have the potential to amplify or mitigate their ecological impacts through their trophic interactions. Their trophic niches may overlap, limiting impacts to specific trophic levels or functional groups; alternatively, they may diverge, with this niche differentiation resulting in contrasting impacts between species on the ecosystem. Here, we tested the trophic consequences for the global freshwater invaders common carp Cyprinus carpio, signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus and topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva when their populations were in sympatry and under varying population biomass across six adjacent and identical ponds. Through using corrected values of δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N, stable isotope niche metrics revealed that when the species were analysed together across all of the ponds, the output indicated their potential to share trophic resources. This was because niche overlap was evident at the species level: P. parva shared 19.6 and 30.4 % of their isotopic niche with C. carpio and P. leniusculus respectively. At the population level, however, the invaders had no niche overlap when present in sympatry and, instead, diverged in their trophic niche space, with C. carpio occupying the highest trophic levels, followed by P. parva and then P. leniusculus. We suggest that at the population level within in each pond, niche differentiation was facilitated by each species being plastic in their resource use, allowing their co-existence in ponds that may otherwise have limited their ability to co-exist through resource limitation.     

The tri‐trophic niche concept and adaptive radiation of phytophagous insects

A conceptual divide exists between ecological and evolutionary approaches to understanding adaptive radiation, although the phenomenon is inherently both ecological and evolutionary. This divide is evident in studies of phytophagous insects, a highly diverse group that has been frequently investigated with the implicit or explicit goal of understanding its diversity. Whereas ecological studies of phytophagous insects increasingly recognize the importance of tri‐trophic interactions as determinants of niche dimensions such as host‐plant associations, evolutionary studies typically neglect the third trophic level. Here we attempt to reconcile ecological and evolutionary approaches through the concept of the ecological niche. We specifically present a tri‐trophic niche concept as a foil to the traditional bi‐trophic niche concept for phytophagous insects. We argue that these niche concepts have different implications for understanding herbivore community structure, population divergence, and evolutionary diversification. To this end, we offer contrasting empirical predictions of bi‐ and tri‐trophic niche concepts for patterns of community structure, the process of population divergence, and patterns of evolutionary diversification of phytophagous insects.     

Isotopic niche overlap of two planktivorous fish in southern China

The purpose of this study was to assess if there was trophic niche overlap of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (H. nobilis) in four large freshwater ecosystems from southern China using stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N). Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) on the δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values measured from muscle tissue indicates trophic niche overlap in one unproductive and one highly productive large system and trophic niche segregation in two systems with moderate watershed size and productivity. For these two coexisting planktivorous fish, which were hitherto believed to occupy different trophic niches, this study demonstrated that the degree of their trophic niche overlap varied according to ecosystem properties.     

不同时期北部湾日本带鱼营养生态位差异

基于2008—2009年和2018年对北部湾日本带鱼的采样,通过测定碳氮稳定同位素,计算其营养级、营养生态位等指标,对比分析10年前后日本带鱼营养生态位的差异,探究其生态适应能力的变动。结果表明: 2个时期北部湾日本带鱼碳稳定同位素(δ¹³C)值差异明显,2018年δ¹³C值范围变窄,平均值变小,推测日本带鱼食物来源由偏中上层向偏中下层水域转变;氮稳定同位素(δ¹⁵N)值的范围和平均值基本保持不变,营养级范围和平均值(3.38和3.43)变化不明显,说明近10年来北部湾日本带鱼在生态系统中的营养层次比较稳定。日本带鱼δ¹³C值与肛长相关性不显著,δ¹⁵N则为极显著正相关性。在营养生态位方面,2018年的生态位指标均出现不同程度的下降,下降幅度的范围为1.1%~32.1%;生态位总面积和核心生态位面积分别由20.20和4.68缩小至14.20和3.18,说明北部湾日本带鱼的营养生态位发生了显著变化,对资源利用能力和环境适应能力下降。推测,10年来北部湾日本带鱼的营养级变化不明显,但由于食物来源发生变化,营养来源多样性下降,营养生态位变小。     

Determinants of resource use in lizard assemblages from the semiarid Caatinga,Brazil

Nonsessile animals could partition the use of resources in different axes, reducing the effects of competition and allowing coexistence. Here, we investigated the spatial and trophic niche dimensions in four lizard assemblages in the Neotropical semiarid Caatinga to investigate the determinants of resource use and the extent to which lizards partition their niches. We sampled each lizard assemblage once, for 10 days, in the dry season of 2017 and 2018. In two lizard assemblages, we detected nonrandom niche overlap patterns that were higher or lower than expected by chance. The high niche overlap patterns suggest that either there is intense current competition for available microhabitats or an abundance of microhabitats. The lower niche overlap may be influenced by the presence of species adapted to sandy habitats (psammophilous), suggesting that spatial partitioning detected has historical basis, which is supported by the pPCA results and by the lack of patterns in the realized niche distribution of species across niche space. We detected trophic niche partitioning in three lizard assemblages. In one assemblage, we discovered random spatial and trophic niche overlap patterns, revealing that competition is not a determining factor in the structure of that assemblage. In fact, phylogenetic effects were predominantly the main determinants of resource use in the four studied lizard assemblages. Arid and semiarid habitats cover about one third of land surface of the world. Comparisons between our findings and those from other regions of the world may aid identify general trends in the lizard ecology of dry environments.     

南海中西部海域鸢乌贼中型群和微型群的营养生态位

为了深入了解南海鸢乌贼不同种群的碳氮稳定同位素特征及营养生态位之间的关系,于2017年8月在南海中西部海域采集其中型群和微型群样品,分析不同胴长组的碳氮稳定同位素值和营养级变化,并比较其营养生态位差异.结果表明:中型群鸢乌贼的δ^13C范围在-19.54‰^-18.10‰,δ^15N范围在7.79‰~9.45‰,营养级范围在2.72~3.21,平均营养级为2.90;微型群鸢乌贼的δ^13C范围为-19.69‰^-18.43‰,δ^15N范围为8.02‰~8.99‰,营养级范围为2.79~3.08,平均营养级为2.91.两个鸢乌贼种群间δ^13C差异不显著,δ^15N差异显著.胴长显著影响了鸢乌贼的δ^13C和δ^15N值,且随着胴长的增大,δ^15N值有增大的趋势.中型群鸢乌贼的营养生态位宽幅和营养级的多样性程度都大于微型群.     

应用脂肪酸组成研究热带东太平洋同域中上层鲨鱼营养生态位分化

物种对食物资源利用方式的差异,即营养生态位分化是物种共存的先决条件之一,对种间营养生态位的比较研究有助于了解同域分布物种的共存机制。脂肪酸组成可反映生物较长时间尺度的摄食信息,对探讨物种间营养生态位分化具有重要指示作用。热带东太平洋主要栖息有8种大型中上层鲨鱼,大青鲨(Prionace glauca)、大眼长尾鲨(Alopias superciliosus)、镰状真鲨(Carcharhinus falciformis)、长鳍真鲨(Carcharhinus longimanus)、浅海长尾鲨(Alopias pelagicus)、尖吻鲭鲨(Isurus oxyrinchus)、路氏双髻鲨(Sphyrna lewini)和锤头双髻鲨(Sphyrna zygaena),通过比较其肌肉脂肪酸组成,分析种间食性差异,营养关系及营养生态位分化。结果表明,尖吻鲭鲨营养级相对较高,大青鲨相对较低。3种鼠鲨与5种真鲨存在食性差异或栖息地隔离。浅海长尾鲨与大眼长尾鲨营养生态位重叠程度较高,存在激烈的资源竞争。大青鲨与镰状真鲨生态位宽度较大,表征其对环境的可塑性较强;尖吻鲭鲨和路氏双髻鲨生态位宽度较小,表现为其食性的特化。本研究解释了脂肪酸组成分析在鲨鱼摄食研究中的潜在应用,对分析大洋性鲨鱼的营养生态位分化,资源分配方式及同域共存机制有一定的应用价值。