鲈形目少鳞鳜属(Coreoperca)化石在中国的首次发现

记述的山东少鳞鳜（新种）（Ｃｏｒｅｏｐｅｒｃａ ｓｈａｎｄｏｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ）是该属化石在我国的首次发现,标本产自山东山旺早中新世晚期山旺组纹层状硅藻页岩之上的含硅藻泥页岩中。山东少鳞鳜的发现,说明原始鳜类在中新世已发生分化,在中新世时期的中国大陆和日本列岛均已相当繁盛。少鳞鳜属可能并非起源于朝鲜和日本一带,之后扩散到中国,而是中新世广布于东亚的鱼类,这进一步支持了关于中国东部和日本列岛新生代晚期同属一个鱼类区系的观点。     

鳜类系统发育的线粒体Cytb基因全序列分析

测定了鳜、大眼鳜、斑鳜、暗鳜、波纹鳜、长体鳜、中国少鳞鳜等7种鳜类12个个体的线粒体细胞色素b基因全序列。结合GenBank中的同源序列,共分析了9种鳜类的系统发育关系。序列分析表明,鳜属鱼类属内种间的遗传距离(0.015～0.093)明显小于少鳞鳜属鱼类属内种间的遗传距离(0.152～0.178)。在分子系统发育树上,长体鳜与鳜属的鳜、大眼鳜、斑鳜、波纹鳜、暗鳜聚合成一分支,少鳞鳜属的种类聚成另一分支;支持将长体鳜归入鳜属,鳜类分为鳜属和少鳞鳜属等二个属的分类处理。在鳜属鱼类中,鳜和大眼鳜亲缘关系十分密切;斑鳜与波纹鳜亲缘较近;长体鳜与鳜属其它5个种的亲缘关系较远。在少鳞鳜属鱼类中,中国少鳞鳜和日本少鳞鳜的亲缘关系较远,韩国少鳞鳜的系统位置较不明确。鳜类的单系性及其鳜类的系统位置仍有待进一步研究。     

鲈形目少磷鳜属（Coreoperca）化石在中国的首次发现

记述的山东少鳞鳜（新种）（Ｃｏｒｅｏｐｅｒｃａｓｈａｎｄｏｎｇｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ）是该属化石在我国的首次发现,标本产自山东山旺早中新世晚期山旺组纹层状硅藻页岩之上的含硅藻泥页岩中,山东少鳞鳜的发现,说明原始鳜类在中新世已发生分化,在中新世期的中国大陆和日本列岛均已相当繁盛,少鳞鳜属可能并非起源于朝鲜和日本一带,之后扩散到中国,而中新世广布于东亚的鱼类,这进一步支持了关于中国东部和日本列岛新生代     

基于细胞色素b基因序列的东亚鳜类系统发育关系

鳜类为东亚特有类群。为验证东亚鳜类的单系起源,解决其分类划分的争议,本文采用特异性引物PCR扩增法获得了鳜类中鳜、大眼鳜、斑鳜、暗鳜、波纹鳜、长体鳜细胞色素b基因的全长序列,结合GenBank中日本少鳞鳜、朝鲜少鳞鳜和中国少鳞鳜的序列,初步构建了东亚鳜类种间的系统发育关系。NJ树和MP树均一致表明,鳜类为单系类群,可分为两支:鳜鱼群和少鳞鳜群。长体鳜未单独成群,而与鳜鱼属聚为一支,不支持将长体鳜单独设属,而应归入鳜鱼属。鳜鱼群中,MP树推测的长体鳜、暗鳜较为原始,鳜、大眼鳜、斑鳜和波纹鳜为特化种类的系统关系假设与其形态、生态特征表型进化较为一致。少鳞鳜群中,中国少鳞鳜与朝鲜少鳞鳜为姐妹种,再与日本少鳞鳜构成姐妹群的系统关系与其地理分布格局较为一致。本研究结果可为深入探讨鳜类物种有效性、系统分类位置及生物地理学提供依据。     

线粒体COI基因在少鳞鳜属(Coreoperca)鱼类条形码区段的变异分析

为了研究线粒体COI基因作为DNA条形码对少鳞鳜属(Coreoperca)鱼类进行物种鉴定的可行性.采用PCR扩增与测序技术与GenBank已有序列联合分析的方法,对少鳞鳜属3种84个个体的条形码区段进行比较分析.结果表明,碱基T(U)的平均含量为30.3％,C的平均含量为27.8％,A的含量为23.1％,G的含量为18.8％.在4种碱基中,G的含量最低,其在第三密码子的使用率上也低至9.3％.少鳞鳜属3种鱼类种内平均遗传距离值为0.003 8,种间为0.146 3,种间遗传距离是种内的38倍;通过构建的系统发育树,少鳞鳜属中的分支明确,种间无交叉情况,说明种间具有明显差异,种内没有亚种的分化.研究证明,线粒体COI基因可作为条形码序列对少鳞鳜属鱼类物种鉴别的有效片段,并且还为其物种的鉴定与分类提供辅助方法.     

鲤微卫星引物对麦穗鱼的适用性初步研究

麦穗鱼（Pseudorasbora　parva　Temminck　et　Schlegel）是淡水中广泛分布的小型鱼类,属鲤科（Cyprinidae）、鲍亚科（Gobioninae）、麦穗鱼属（Pseudorasbora　Bleeker）。常见于中国东部地区各大水系,朝鲜、日本也有分布。开展小型鱼类种群遗传多样性研究,能为合理开发利用小型鱼类资源,发展鱼食性鱼类增养殖,优化湖泊渔业结构提供重要的基础资料。     

鳜类鱼类的线粒体DNA控制区结构及其系统发育分析

鳜类为低等鲈形目鱼类,是东亚特有类群。然而,关于其系统位置、分类以及一些物种的有效性等尚有争议。采用PCR扩增直接测序的方法,获得了鳜、大眼鳜、斑鳜、暗鳜、波纹鳜、长体鳜、中国少鳞鳜线粒体DNA控制区基因的序列。对比其他已报道鱼类控制区的结构识别序列,对鳜类鱼类控制区的结构进行了分析,识别了终止序列区、中央保守区和保守序列区,并找到了DNA复制终止相关的序列ETAS和中央保守区的保守序列CSB-F、CSB-E、CSB-D以及保守序列区的保守序列CSB1、CSB2、CSB3。几种鳜鱼间共有191个变异位点,其中,终止序列区的变异最高,占总变异的61．3％,中央保守区和保守序列区占总变异的38．7％。这一结果可为全面了解鱼类线粒体DNA控制区的结构特征提供资料。同时,利用高度变异的控制区序列,以鲈科和错科作为外群,使用邻接法和最大简约法构建了这几种鳜鱼的系统发育树。结果表明：鳜类为一单系类群,鳜、大眼鳜、斑鳜、暗鳜、波纹鳜、长体鳜构成一支鳜鱼群,其中,鳜与大眼鳜为姐妹种;中国少鳞鳜为另一支少鳞鳜群;长体鳜未单独成一支,而是聚入鳜鱼群内,应更名为Siniperca roulei。研究结果支持将现生鳜类分为两个类群的观点。     

怒江流域鱼类多样性及空间分布格局

怒江是我国西南地区重要的国际河流, 也是全球生物多样性热点区域之一。受地理位置和地形条件限制, 目前尚缺乏怒江流域鱼类物种多样性及其分布格局的系统研究。本研究利用近5年的全流域实地采样数据, 结合文献资料, 系统整理了怒江流域鱼类物种组成信息; 利用聚类和排序方法分析了怒江流域鱼类空间分布格局。结果表明, 怒江流域共有土著鱼类85种, 隶属于5目12科47属; 外来鱼类18种, 隶属于3目8科16属, 另外实地调查发现新记录外来种2种。怒江流域鱼类多样性从上游至下游呈明显的递增趋势。根据土著鱼类组成的聚类和排序分析结果, 可以将怒江25个亚流域分为3个部分: (1)西藏自治区内的上游河段, 分布有鱼类15种, 组成以裂腹鱼类、高原鳅类为主, 具有明显青藏高原冷水性鱼类区系特征。(2)贡山至泸水的中游河段, 分布有鱼类36种, 组成兼有上游冷水性鱼类和下游喜温的鲃亚科、野鲮亚科鱼类。(3)泸水以下的下游河段, 分布有鱼类74种。下游河段干流广泛分布有喜温的鲃亚科、野鲮亚科和 亚科鱼类, 支流则分布有数量众多的南鳅属(Schistura)、纹胸鮡属(Glyptothorax)鱼类, 鱼类组成以适应流水、激流环境的热带亚热带鱼类为主。2017-2021年的多次调查仅发现土著鱼类43种(占历史记录的50.6%), 土著鱼类资源衰退明显。过度捕捞、支流小水电开发、外来鱼类入侵等是主要威胁因素。随着人类活动的急剧增多, 怒江流域鱼类将面临更大的威胁, 亟需从流域层面开展系统的鱼类资源管理和保护规划。     

中国鲤科鱼类染色体组型的研究 Ⅱ.鲴亚科四种鱼的染色体组型

鲴亚科(Xenocyprininae)鱼类多为中小型鱼类,常见于江河湖泊等较宽阔的水域中,我国长江、黑龙江、黄河及珠江诸流域皆有分布,共有10种,隶属4个属(伍献文等,1964)。迄今尚未见有该亚科鱼类染色体组型的研究报道。本文是对其中三属四种鱼的染色体组型的观察结果。这四种鱼是银鲴(Xenocypris argentea)、黄尾鲴(Xenocypris davidi)、细鳞斜颌鲴(Plagiognathops microlepis)和逆鱼(Acanthobrama simoni)。其中黄尾鲴和细鳞斜颌鲴均为新的淡水养殖鱼(沈德长等,1981;陈楚星,1979)。     

中国鲤科鱼类染色体组型的研究Ⅺ．裂腹鱼亚科二种鱼和鳅鮀亚科三种鱼的染色体组型

裂腹鱼亚科(Schizothoracinae)鱼类主要分布于亚洲高原地区的江河上游,在我国分布有10属,54种和亚种。鳅鮀亚科(Gobiobotitaae)仅有1属3亚属,已知有16种和亚种,在我国分布构就有13种。我们考察的3种鳅鮀亚科鱼类即分属3个不同的亚属。     

长臀鮠属鱼类多变量形态分析及物种有效性研究

采用形态度量学方法对分布于我国珠江水系、元江水系及海南岛诸水系的长臀属3种鱼类,共66尾个体的 43个测量性状进行了主成分分析。研究结果表明长臀属鱼类不能在形态上进行区别。作者认为长臀属鱼类 只存在一个有效种。     

中国-日本蕨类植物区系的地理亲缘

本文较详细地分析比较了中国和日本蕨类植物区系的种类组成。两国有7个共同的特有属,有461种共有种。说明两国蕨类植物区系是在两陆块未分离之前共同起源的,此后才有了分化。日本蕨类区系与中国华东地区尤为相近,而与中国西南部即中国-喜马拉雅区系本质上是一致的,但已有较大的不同。     

Population structure of Coilia nasus in the Yangtze River revealed by insertion of short interspersed elements

Coilia nasus is found in the Yangtze River and the coastal waters of China, Korea, and Japan. Two ecotypes (anadromous and freshwater-resident populations) are distributed throughout the Yangtze River basin based on their ecology and behavior, but relatively little is known about the population structure of this species. Analysis of short interspersed element (SINE) insertions, which vary among individuals, has been acknowledged to provide a unique way to study population divergence. SINEs isolated from C. nasus were characterized, and this enabled analysis of the SINE insertion pattern in six populations distributed throughout the Yangtze River basin. In all populations, four SINE loci displayed individual polymorphism, and two SINE loci showed a stochastic loss in all individuals of two resident populations. The correlation between genetic and geographic populations indicated a degree of genetic isolation in this species. In contrast with Coilia grayii and Coilia mystus, two SINE loci appeared only in C. nasus. Sequencing analysis indicated that the high insertion variability of SINEs was attributed mainly to the tails, which contained various repeat copies. The results in this study will be useful for sustainable management of fishery resources and conservation of this species.     

绞股蓝属植物的分类系统和分布

绞股蓝属全世界有16种2变种,隶属于2亚属2组,即喙果藤亚属(包括五柱绞股蓝组和喙果藤组)及绞股蓝亚属。其现代分布中心或多样化中心为我国长江流域至西南的云南,由此向北达秦岭南坡和淮河流域以南,向东北经华中、华东至朝鲜半岛和日本北部,向南经中南半岛、马来西亚达菲律宾、印度尼西亚诸岛和巴布亚新几内亚,向西达印度西北部,为热带亚洲分布类型。根据该属的原始类群和进化类型的现代分布和多样化中心及它们的生态适应性,与古地质、古地理和古气候的变迁以及外类群起源地等推测,绞股蓝属植物可能与其近缘属——雪胆属和锥形果属共同起源于康滇古陆,起源时间可能为早第三纪。     

White-toothed shrews (Mammalia, Soricomorpha, Crocidura) of coastal islands of Vietnam

New findings of the white-toothed shrews (Crocidura spp.) from offshore islands of Vietnam are reported. The species identifications have been confirmed by the analysis of complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (1140 bp). Crocidura phuquocensis is the only species found in the Phu Quoc Island. Crocidura fuliginosa has been recorded from two islands of the Con Dao Archipelago (Con Son and Bai Canh). The occurrence of Crocidura fuliginosa in Vietnam has been genetically confirmed for the first time. Crocidura attenuata has been collected from the Cat Ba Island for the first time, and this finding corresponds well with the proposal that the species' distribution is confined to the north and east of the Red River only.     

Downstream migration of newly-hatched ayu (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Plecoglossus altivelis</Emphasis>) in the Tien Yen River of northern Vietnam

The ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) is an annual, amphidromous, plecoglossid fish, distributed in Vietnam, China, Taiwan, Korea, and Japan. To date, ayu have been found only in two rivers in northern Vietnam, where little is known about their life history. The Tien Yen River is believed to be the most southwestern habitat for this species. To determine whether newly hatched ayu larvae drift and to understand their downstream migration, intensive surveys were conducted in the Tien Yen River from October to March of 2013–2016. In total, 529 drifting ayu larvae were collected from four of six sampling stations along the river. Thus, ayu reproduction has been confirmed in this river for the first time, where only adult fish had been found previously. However, we did not successfully collect larvae in the eastern branch of the river, which has a hydroelectric dam, suggesting that ayu do not inhabit this branch or else do not reproduce there. The presence of drifting larvae in the western branch from mid-December to late January implies that they spawn from late November to mid-January. Drifting larvae were captured primarily at night, but peak occurrences varied depending upon the day and the sampling station. With the range of body sizes and variable diel abundance patterns, ayu in the Tien Yen River probably employ multiple spawning grounds. This study provides fundamental life history data for the vulnerable ayu populations in northern Vietnam.     

中国古代人骨眶上孔和舌下神经管二分发生率的调查与日本人起源问题的讨论

通过对两千余中国古代人骨眶上孔和舌下神经管二分形态小变异发生率的调查,探讨中国古代人群与日本古代人群之间的关系,支持日本渡来系弥生人与中国大陆古代人群之间有着密切联系的观点。     

Fauna of anemonefishes (Pomacentridae,Amphiprioninae) and their host sea anemones (Cnidaria,Actiniaria) on reefs of Phu Quy,Con Son,and An Thoi Islands (South China Sea,South Vietnam,and Gulf of Thailand) and a review of these groups from the coastal waters of Vietnam

A full species composition of anemonefishes (Pomacentridae, Amphiprioninae) and their host sea anemones (Cnidaria, Actiniaria) from reefs of Phu Quy and Con Son Islands (off South Vietnam) and An Thoi Islands (northeastern Gulf of Thailand) is presented for the first time. A comparison of the faunas of anemonefishes and their host sea anemones is conducted in the coastal waters of Vietnam and adjacent waters. The presence of intermittent ranges of the anemonefishes in the coastal waters of Vietnam is demonstrated. For example, the ranges of two species, Amphiprion clarkii and A. frenatus, include the coastal waters of Vietnam, excluding the Gulf of Thailand, where they are not found even at the eastern border of the gulf. A. perideraion is absent in the Gulf of Tonkin, but it is distributed to the south along the entire coastal zone of Vietnam, including the Gulf of Thailand. In the coastal waters of Vietnam, A. sandaracinos is distributed only between the Gulf of Tonkin and Gulf of Thailand. A. polymnus is reliably indicated in the coastal waters of Vietnam between 12°50′ and 9°54′ N, but, most likely, its range is continuous along the entire Vietnamese coast. The richness of species composition of host sea anemones decreases (from nine to three species) in the southern direction, from Central Vietnam to the eastern border of the Gulf of Thailand.     

The Last Frontier: Catch Records of White Sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in the Northwest Pacific Ocean

White sharks are highly migratory apex predators, globally distributed in temperate, sub-tropical, and tropical waters. Knowledge of white shark biology and ecology has increased recently based on research at known aggregation sites in the Indian, Atlantic, and Northeast Pacific Oceans; however, few data are available for the Northwest Pacific Ocean. This study provides a meta-analysis of 240 observations of white sharks from the Northwest Pacific Ocean between 1951 and 2012. Records comprise reports of bycatch in commercial fisheries, media accounts, personal communications, and documentation of shark-human interactions from Russia (n = 8), Republic of Korea (22), Japan (129), China (32), Taiwan (45), Philippines (1) and Vietnam (3). Observations occurred in all months, excluding October-January in the north (Russia and Republic of Korea) and July-August in the south (China, Taiwan, Philippines, and Vietnam). Population trend analysis indicated that the relative abundance of white sharks in the region has remained relatively stable, but parameterization of a 75% increase in observer effort found evidence of a minor decline since 2002. Reliably measured sharks ranged from 126–602 cm total length (TL) and 16–2530 kg total weight. The largest shark in this study (602 cm TL) represents the largest measured shark on record worldwide. For all countries combined the sex ratio was non-significantly biased towards females (1∶1.1; n = 113). Of 60 females examined, 11 were confirmed pregnant ranging from the beginning stages of pregnancy (egg cases) to near term (140 cm TL embryos). On average, 6.0±2.2 embryos were found per litter (maximum of 10) and gestation period was estimated to be 20 months. These observations confirm that white sharks are present in the Northwest Pacific Ocean year-round. While acknowledging the difficulties of studying little known populations of a naturally low abundance species, these results highlight the need for dedicated research to inform regional conservation and management planning.     

韩国青羊分布的变化

Amur goral(Nemorhaedus caudatus)is a rare species among Asian mammals. It is listed as Vulnerable in the 1996 IUCN Red List of the Threatened Animals[1], and designated as the natural monument (No. 217) in Republic of Korea[2]. This species is distributed in Northeast and Southwest of China, south of the Russian Far East and the Korean peninsula[3-5].But subspecies are different with inhabitants in China, which occur 5 species of gorals[4].