长白山西坡风灾区森林恢复状况

以长白山西坡风灾迹地（阔叶红松林、云冷杉林、岳桦林）的样地调查资料为基础,研究了各林型森林群落遇灾23年后的恢复特征.结果显示：3种林型的恢复速度为阔叶红松林>云冷杉林>岳桦林,并且它们与各自对照的群落共有度指数分别为0.49、0.44、0.33.风灾对各林型的乔木组成和多样性的影响不同：阔叶红松林中,风灾显著增加了乔木总数量,但对乔木种数和α多样性指数没有显著影响（P>0.05）;云冷杉林中,风灾仅显著降低了Shannon多样性指数和Simpson优势度指数;岳桦林中,除Pielou均匀度指数,其余多样性指数都因风灾而显著降低.各林型优势树种组成变化及更新情况对风灾的响应也与林型相关：阔叶红松林与对照区的优势树种组成显著不同,而云冷杉林及岳桦林受灾前后的优势树种组成差异均不大;阔叶红松林的幼树更新情况较好,云冷杉林有少量更新,岳桦林带几乎没有林木更新.表明风灾对森林群落的影响在23年后仍未消除,森林在风灾干扰后的恢复需要一个漫长的过程.     

长白山四种森林类型凋落物分解动态

2003年5月—2004年9月在长白山自然保护区北坡4个森林类型阔叶红松林、红松云冷杉林、岳桦云冷杉林和岳桦林内,利用凋落物原位减少法对4种森林类型的凋落物分解动态进行了研究。结果表明,凋落物现存量最大的为红松云冷杉林,依次为阔叶红松林、岳桦云冷杉林、岳桦林;凋落物分解速率与时间均呈指数关系,凋落物年分解常数为0.25～0.47,分解95%所需时间为18～39年,其中阔叶红松林凋落物年分解常数最大,依次为岳桦林、红松云冷杉林、岳桦云冷杉林。同一类型森林中,不同植物组分的年分解系数不同,一般是阔叶最大,针叶最小。     

长白山北坡主要森林群落凋落物现存量月动态

以长白山北坡4种主要森林群落类型为研究对象,于2006年群落生长季节(5-10月)每月初采用直接收获法对森林凋落物现存量进行连续定位调查研究。结果表明:各群落内凋落物现存量大小依次为阔叶红松林(6.43 t/hm²)>白桦林(6.02 t/hm²)>云冷杉林(5.51 t/hm²)>山杨林(5.50 t/hm²);凋落叶和枝现存量占现存凋落物总量的比例最大,达50%以上,其次为半分解物(>35%),花果皮等所占比例较少,各占总量的10%和5%以下。凋落物现存量月动态阔叶红松林、白桦林和山杨林呈双峰型变化,峰值出现在5月和7月;云冷杉林则呈单峰型变化,峰值仅出现在7月。位于相近海拔高度的阔叶红松林、白桦林和山杨林,凋落物各组分现存量月动态变化趋势相似,其中白桦林和山杨林变化趋势基本相同,凋落枝、皮及半分解物现存量5月和7月较高,凋落叶则呈现下降趋势,而阔叶红松林凋落叶和枝现存量5月和7月较高,而位于较高海拔的云冷杉林,则与前者呈现不同变化趋势,8月前波动较大,从5月开始明显上升,7月达到峰值,8月后曲线渐趋平缓或略有下降。进一步对阔叶红松林和云冷杉林内凋落叶现存量月动态进行比较得出,阔叶红松林7月份凋落叶现存量高不完全取决于红松叶现存量,主要由色木槭、紫椴和水曲柳等阔叶树种叶凋落物现存量变化决定,而云冷杉林则取决于红松和云冷落叶的凋落物的量。     

长白山风倒区植被恢复26年后物种多样性变化特征

20世纪80年代后期,长白山遭受了罕见的台风袭击,原始森林遭到了大面积破坏。为了弄清风倒区自然恢复26a后的植被恢复状况,通过调查和对比分析风倒区和相邻的原始林区(对照区)3种典型森林类型的物种多样性的特征,评估了风倒区植被的恢复状况。结果表明,与没有受到干扰的对照区相比,阔叶红松林风倒区乔木层物种丰富度和α多样性差异性不显著(P0.05),而云冷杉林和岳桦林风倒区的乔木层物种丰富度和α多样性显著降低;阔叶红松林风倒区的灌木层物种丰富度和α多样性均呈降低趋势,且丰富度差异性显著,云冷杉林和岳桦林风倒区的灌木层α多样性显著升高;阔叶红松林和云冷杉林风倒区的草本层α多样性显著降低,但岳桦林风倒区草本层α多样性变化不显著。阔叶红松林乔木层更新恢复的较好,灌木层和草本层更新较差;云冷杉林和岳桦林均是乔木层更新较差,灌木层更新较好;云冷杉林草本层物种较单一,岳桦林变化不大。经过风干扰后的长白山不同海拔森林物种组成和多样性还需要较长时间才能恢复到干扰前水平。     

小兴安岭阔叶红松林不同演替系列森林细根生物量的研究

以小兴安岭地区阔叶红松林旱生演替系列的蒙古栎次生林和蒙古栎红松林、中生演替系列的枫桦次生林和枫桦红松林、湿生演替系列的白桦次生林和云冷杉红松林这6种林型为研究对象,采用土钻取样法对不同演替系列细根生物量的空间变化、垂直分布规律及其影响因子进行系统地研究。结果表明：（1）3种演替系列总细根生物量存在显著差异（P<0.05）。中生演替系列生物量最高,平均达8.56 t·hm^-2,其次是旱生演替系列8.18 t·hm^-2,湿生演替系列生物量最低,为5.79 t·hm^-2;（2）对于不同演替系列细根生物量垂直变化,在阔叶红松林的正向演替过程中,森林细根生物量逐渐增加,且随着土层的增加而降低,拟合效果均达显著水平（P<0.05）,中根和粗根的垂直分布差异较大;（3）在小兴安岭地区,6块林地不同径级细根生物量与土壤有机C和全N、土壤容重、土壤含水率呈显著负相关（P>0.05）,而土壤pH值与细根生物量呈显著正相关性（P>0.05）。     

小兴安岭十种典型森林群落凋落物生物量及其动态变化

在小兴安岭地区选取10种典型森林群落分别设置样地,研究该地区不同群落类型凋落物的年产量、月动态变化以及组成特征.结果表明:10种群落类型中年均凋落物量大小依次为椴树红松林(4.08t· hm-2·a-1)＞蒙古栎红松林(3.83 t·hm-2·a-1)＞云冷杉红松林(3.55 t·hm-2·a-1)＞云冷杉林(3.44t· hm-2·a-1)＞枫桦红松林(3.43t·hm-2· a-1)＞山杨次生林(3.26 t·hm-2·a-1)＞白桦次生林(3.04 t·hm-2·a-1)＞枫桦次生林(2.96 t·hm-2·a-1)＞杂木林(2.95 t·hm-2·a-1)＞白桦落叶松林(2.91 t·hm-2·a-1).凋落物各组分中均以落叶为主,约占凋落总量的60％以上,枝仅占凋落量的5.7％-9.4％.凋落物月动态模式主要有两种:单峰型的有蒙古栎红松林、椴树红松林、枫桦红松林、枫桦次生林、山杨次生林、白桦次生林、杂木林,高峰期在8-10月份;双峰型的有云冷杉红松林、云冷杉林、白桦落叶松次生林,前两种群落的凋落高峰期在4月和9月,后者高峰期在8月和10月.不同群落类型年凋落量差异显著,原始红松林凋落量高于天然次生林,且凋落高峰出现时问以及各组分所占比例与群落类型有关,同时也与树种生物学特性有关.     

中国主要五针松群落学特征及其生物量的研究

本文根据现有的文献资料,系统地分析了中国五针松的分布．群落学特征,按不同分布区、不同群落类型探讨了中国五针松的群落生物量和年净生产量及在群落的不同层次上的分布．比较分析了不同分布区五针松的年干物质累积速度（ＮＰ／Ｂ）．结果表明：１１５─１３５ａ生的阔叶红松林群落生物量在９７．０９─１２０．５１ｔ／ｈｍ￣２之间,年净生产量在８．６９８─１０．３４ｔ／ｈｍ￣２．ａ之间,年净生产量长白山山脉沙松、鹅耳枥红松林＞小兴安岭南坡枫桦、水曲柳红松林＞小兴安岭北坡云杉、冷杉红松林;３０─３６ａ生的华山松林群落生物量在７８．７５─９４．７３ｔ／ｈｍ￣２之间,年净生产量在４．９９３─５．５３７ｔ／ｈｍ￣２．ａ之间,年净生产量贵州山地常绿阔叶华山松林＞秦岭中山地阔叶华山松林＞甘肃小陇山针阔叶华山松林．ＮＰ／Ｂ值：长白山山脉的阔叶红松林＞小兴安岭山脉的阔叶红松林;秦岭中山地阔叶华山松林＞甘肃小陇山针阔华山松林＞贵州中山地常绿阔叶华山松林．     

模拟增温对长白山北坡垂直样带森林土壤有机碳稳定碳同位素的影响

分析了长白山北坡垂直样带3种典型原始森林地表凋落物及不同粒径土壤组分中有机质的δ¹³C值,并将在岳桦林样地(EB,海拔1996 m)采集的20 cm土柱分别置换到云冷杉林(SF,海拔1350 m)和阔叶红松林(PB,海拔740 m),云冷杉林样地采集的土柱置换到阔叶红松林中,进行为期1年的野外模拟增温试验.结果表明：3种林型土壤的δ¹³C值均显著高于凋落物的δ¹³C值,凋落物和土壤有机质中的δ¹³C值由地表凋落物向土壤下层逐渐增加,而土壤粒径中有机质的δ¹³C值随粒径减小而增大.3种林型中,凋落物δ¹³C值变化趋势为云冷杉林(-28.3‰)>阔叶红松林(-29.0‰)>岳桦林(-29.6‰),而土壤有机质的δ¹³C值变化趋势为岳桦林(-25.5‰)>阔叶红松林(-25.8‰)>云冷杉林(-26.2‰).在土壤温度增加0.7 ℃～2.9 ℃条件下,土壤及其各粒级的δ¹³C值均呈下降趋势,而且<2 μm粘粒和2～63 μm粉粒δ¹³C值的降幅(0.48‰和0.47‰)高于>63 μm砂粒δ¹³C值的降幅(0.33‰).未来气候变暖可能对储藏在细小颗粒中年龄较长的有机碳带来较大的影响.     

土壤温度和水分对长白山不同森林类型土壤呼吸的影响

在实验室条件下,将不同含水量的3种森林类型的土柱分别置于0、5、15、25和35℃条件下,进行土壤呼吸测定．结果表明,在0～35℃范围内。土壤呼吸速率与温度呈正相关．在一定含水量范围内(0．21～0．37kg·kg^-1),土壤呼吸随含水量的增加而升高,当含水量超出该范围,土壤呼吸速率则随含水量的变化而降低．土壤温度和水分对土壤呼吸作用存在明显的交互作用．不同森林类型土壤呼吸作用强弱存在显著差异,大小顺序为阔叶红松林>岳桦林>云冷杉暗针叶林．阔叶红松林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是土壤温度35℃、含水量0．37kg·kg^-1;云冷杉暗针叶林下的山地棕色针叶林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是25℃、0．21kg·kg^-1;岳桦林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是35℃、含水量0．37kg·kg^-1。但是．由于长白山阔叶红松林、云冷杉林和岳桦林处在不同的海拔带上,同期不同森林类型土壤温度各不相同,相差4～5℃,所以野外所测的同期山地棕色针叶林土呼吸速率应低于暗棕色森林土呼吸速率,山地生草森林土呼吸速率应高于山地棕色针叶林土的呼吸速率．     

不同森林群落类型溪流水化学特征的季节动态

以小兴安岭凉水自然保护区内的阔叶红松林、云冷杉林和落叶松人工林为研究对象, 于2006年3—10月, 分析了其溪流水化学特征的动态变化. 结果表明: 不同月份3种森林群落溪流水的主要阳离子含量均表现为 Ca²⁺>Na⁺>K⁺>Mg²⁺, 主要阴离子含量均为HCO₃^->SO₄^2->NO₃^->Cl^-;不同群落类型的主要离子含量影响显著, 3种森林群落溪流水中Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Fe²⁺和Fe³⁺平均含量为云冷杉林>落叶松人工林>阔叶红松林, 而K⁺为落叶松人工林>云冷杉林>阔叶红松林; 主要阴离子平均含量均以落叶松人工林溪流水中为最高.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。