阔叶杨桐衍生胎座的发育特征(五列木科)

为观察五列木科阔叶杨桐子房中衍生胎座的发育过程,探明衍生胎座与心皮源胎座及特立中央胎座的关系,该研究采用扫描电子显微镜和体视显微镜相结合的方法,详细观察了阔叶杨桐的花芽和成熟果实。花芽采集后经FAA固定、酒精-乙酸异戊酯梯度脱水、液体CO_2干燥、扫描电子显微镜下观察;将成熟果实直接在体视显微镜下解剖观察。结果表明:阔叶杨桐花芽发育过程中,雄蕊原基发生后,5心皮快速发生,先愈合形成上部具有中轴胎座、下部是空腔的子房;接着心皮上长出胎座(心皮源胎座),在其下部空腔内与心皮相对的位置,花托顶端出现多个凸起,并逐渐愈合成半球形的衍生胎座,心皮源胎座和衍生胎座上出现多枚可育胚珠。成熟果实中,心皮源胎座和衍生胎座上均有种子,二者之间没有维管束联系。因此,衍生胎座与心皮源胎座独立发生,且晚于心皮源胎座;阔叶杨桐衍生胎座的发育过程不同于石竹科和商陆科的特立中央胎座(中轴胎座隔膜消失形成),而与杜鹃花目报春花科、假轮叶科、杜茎山科和紫金牛科的特立中央胎座类似(在花托顶端直接形成)。     

山茶科濒危植物猪血木的花器官发生

利用扫描电镜首次观察了山茶科极濒危植物猪血木(Euryodendron excelsum)的花器官发生过程。猪血木的花为两性完全花,萼片和花瓣均为2/5螺旋向心发生,单轮排列,且有逆时针和顺时针两种方式。雄蕊的形成是先形成一个环形分生组织,然后在环形分生组织上以2/5螺旋产生5束雄蕊原基,每一束雄蕊原基的第一雄蕊原基都是在对萼的位置产生,其它的雄蕊原基在其两侧产生。3心皮顺序发生,愈合成3室单子房,柱头平截不裂。猪血木与山茶亚科的花器官发生明显不同。     

蓝堇草属(毛茛科)花形态发生的扫描电子显微镜观察

花的发生和发育过程研究可以发现早期进化的轨迹,为系统发育的研究提供重要线索。蓝堇草属(Leptopyrum)为毛茛科唐松草亚科一单种属,仅包含蓝堇草一种,其花的发生和发育过程仍为空白。为了深入理解唐松草亚科乃至毛茛科花发育多样性和演化规律,该文运用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了蓝堇草各轮花器官的形态发生和发育过程。结果表明:该属植物所有的萼片、花瓣、雄蕊和雌蕊均为螺旋状发生,花器官排列式样也为螺旋状; 5枚萼片原基宽阔,5枚花瓣原基圆球形、位于萼片原基的间隔,且在后期表现为延迟发育现象,雄蕊原基较小、为圆球形; 花瓣原基和雄蕊原基连续发生,无明显的时空间隔,但与萼片原基有时空间隔; 心皮原基为马蹄形对折,柱头组织由单细胞乳突组成; 胚珠倒生、具单珠被。该属花器官螺旋状排列、胚珠具单珠被在唐松草亚科中是独有的性状,花发育形态学证据支持了该属的特殊性。     

商陆属中五基数花起源于三基数花的新证据——非洲商陆的花器官发生

运用扫描电镜和石蜡切片方法对非洲商陆Phytolacca dodecandra L′Her.的花器官发生过程及花器官各部分的位置排列进行了观察。结果表明：非洲商陆萼片5枚,以螺旋向心方式发生;没有观察到花瓣原基的发生;雄蕊为螺旋离心方式发生,前4枚雄蕊分2对出现在对萼位置,但此后发生的雄蕊的发生顺序明显区别于其他种;心皮4-5枚,与内部雄蕊互生。本文探讨了时空因素对花器官发生的影响,基于对非洲商陆花器官发生的观察,否定了“商陆属源于二轮雄蕊样式”的假说,并为商陆属中“五基数花起源于三基数花”的观点提供了新的证据。     

广义马鞭草科花器官发生研究

对广义马鞭草科（Verbenaceae)的3个主要亚科的花器官早期发生进行了比较研究,发现花器官发生的两种不同类型：在马鞭草亚科中,存在从远轴至近轴单向发生的顺序,首先远轴位置的萼片、花瓣、雄蕊相继发生,此时近轴位置的萼片、花瓣和雄蕊尚未出现或处于更幼小的时期;在牡荆亚科和莸亚科中表现为向心轮状发生的顺序,萼片同时或依次出现,萼片发生完成后,有一段转向花瓣形成原时间间隔,5枚花瓣几乎在同一时间出现,随后是4枚雄蕊同时发生,花器官发生的研究结果与形态学和rbcL序列分析所得出的系统学推断一致,支持马鞭草亚科和其余亚科不能形成一个单系群的观点。     

突脉金丝桃的花器官发生及其系统学意义

利用扫描电镜（SEM）观察了突脉金丝桃（Hypericum przewalskii）（金丝桃科）的花部器官发生发育过程。结果表明,突脉金丝桃2枚苞片原基首先发生,花原基在苞片原基的包裹中完成发育。在苞片原基发生后,5枚萼片原基沿2/5圆周依次发生。萼片原基发生近完成时,5枚雄蕊—花瓣共同原基在萼片原基之间的角隅处近同时发生,此后,雄蕊—花瓣共同原基下部向外伸展形成花瓣原基,上部向上凸起形成与花瓣原基相对的雄蕊原基,之后雄蕊原基由内向外依次分化发育产生次生雄蕊原基,随着次生雄蕊原基的发育和数目的增多,形成了5束雄蕊。次生雄蕊原基发生的同时,5枚心皮原基近同时发生。突脉金丝桃雄蕊束的发生方式表明,金丝桃属的雄蕊束可能起源于5基数的单轮雄蕊。金丝桃科与藤黄科植物花瓣及雄蕊原基发生方式的显著不同,支持了APG Ⅲ系统将金丝桃亚科从藤黄科中独立为金丝桃科的观点。     

马兜铃属(马兜铃科)花的形态发生研究

对马兜铃属植物北马兜铃(Aristolochia contorta Bge.)花形态发生的扫描电镜观察表明:其花萼在发生时与苞片相似,6枚雄蕊呈4枚先发生、2枚后发生的方式,心皮的发生以6个胎座突出到子房室中为特征,由侵入的侧膜胎座合生为中轴胎座。在胎座发生发育过程中,在花药的腹面各产生一个突起,此突起后来与胎座上端相连,最终发育为合蕊柱裂片。结合文献资料,我们认为北马兜铃的花被与苞片是同源的,其合蕊柱裂片来自于雄蕊,中轴胎座是次生的。     

基于扫描电镜技术的天葵属(毛茛科)花器官发生研究

毛茛科天葵属为东亚特有类群,但其花器官的发生过程仍不清晰。该研究利用扫描电子显微镜观察了天葵［S. adoxoides (DC.) Makino］花器官的发生过程,以揭示毛茛科花形态的多样性和演化规律,为进一步探讨天葵属与近缘类群的亲缘关系提供发育形态学证据。结果表明：(1)天葵萼片、花瓣和雄蕊均为螺旋状发生,轮状排列;不育雄蕊的数目和位置不定,心皮轮状发生。(2)天葵萼片原基为宽阔的新月形,其他花器官为窄的半球形。(3)天葵花发育后期,花瓣有延迟发育现象,花瓣原基基部发育为浅囊状,心皮原基马蹄形对折,胚珠倒生、双珠被、具胎座附属物。(4)天葵属与耧斗菜属、尾囊草属的花发育性状存在相似性,支持分子系统学证据的三者近缘的观点;天葵属的花性状的特殊表现为：花直径较小,雄蕊、不育雄蕊和心皮数目较少,花器官没有形成明显的直列线,内珠被较长等。     

澜沧荛花(瑞香科)的花部形态发生yh及其系统学意义(英文)

通过扫描电镜对澜沧荛花Wikstroemiadelavayi花部的形态发生过程进行了观察和分析 ,旨在为该属的系统学研究提供花部发育形态学资料。澜沧荛花花部的发生和早期发育呈远轴面向近轴面的顺序 ,但这一式样由于近轴面的器官在早期发育之后生长加速发生了转变。因此 ,花开放时所表现的所谓辐射对称 ,显然是由同一轮器官的异率生长所导致的次生现象。花盘发生于花萼筒基部的远轴面上 ,与花萼、雄蕊的发生间隔时间较长。花盘原基在下轮雄蕊着生处凹陷或间断 ,与之相对应 ,花盘裂片与下轮雄蕊呈互生。由此 ,花盘显然不是花托的一部分 ,也不是象花萼、雄蕊和心皮一样的独立结构 ,将其解释为雄蕊群的一部分更合理。花盘的发生和早期发育及其着生位置同其他花部器官的发生和发育式样具有明显的相关性 ,这种相关性对进一步阐明瑞香属Daphne和荛花属Wikstroemia的系统发育关系具有一定意义。根据对雌蕊群的发生和发育过程观察 ,该种的子房是由一个近轴面的可育心皮和一个远轴面的不育心皮融合而成的单室子房 ,为假单心皮雌蕊。尽管荛花属和瑞香属均属于单室子房 ,但澜沧荛花的子房维管束中的腹束排列于中轴位置 ,而目前资料显示瑞香属植物的腹束接近于侧膜位置 ,这方面仍需进一步研究     

澜沧荛花(瑞香科)的花部形态发生 及其系统学意义

通过扫描电镜对澜沧荛花Wikstroemia delavayi花部的形态发生过程进行了观察和分析,旨在为该属的系统学研究提供花部发育形态学资料。澜沧尧花花部的发生和早期发育呈远轴面向近轴面的顺序,但这一式样由于近轴面的器官在早期发育之后生长加速发生了转变。因此,花开放时所表现的所谓辐射对称,显然是由同一轮器官的异率生长所导致的次生现象。花盘发生于花萼筒基部的远轴面上,与花萼、雄蕊的发生间隔时间较长。花盘原基在下轮雄蕊着生处凹陷或间断,与之相对应,花盘裂片与下轮雄蕊呈互生。由此,花盘显然不是花托的一部分,也不是象花萼、雄蕊和心皮一样的独立结构,将其解释为雄蕊群的一部分更合理。花盘的发生和早期发育及其着生位置同其他花部器官的发生和发育式样具有明显的相关性,这种相关性对进一步阐明瑞香属Daphne和荛花属Wikstroemia的系统发育关系具有—定意义。根据对雌蕊群的发生和发育过程观察,该种的子房是由一个近轴面的可育心皮和一个远轴面的不育心皮融合而成的单室子房,为假单心皮雌蕊。尽管荛花属和瑞香属均属于单室产房,但澜沧荛花的子房维管束中的腹束排列于中轴位置,而目前资料显示瑞香属植物的腹束接近于侧膜位置,这方面仍需进一步研究。     

Early Floral Development of Endangered Euryodendron excelsum (Ternstroemioideae: Theaceae)

The floral development of a critically endangered plant Euryodendron excelsum from Ternstroemioideae (Theaceae) has been observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM) for the first time . The flower of E. excelsum is bisexual and teleianthous . Five sepal primordia are initiated 2􊄯5 spirally and arranged in one whorl when mature , and so are petals. Sepals and petals are initiated in the same order either clockwise or counterclockwise in the same flower . The androecial part is a ring primordium in the beginning . The first five stamen primordia are initiated on this ring primordium at antisepalous positions and then other stamen primordia appear on two sides of each of the first five primordia . Finally a total of 25 stamen primordia are initiated from the ring primordium and arranged in one whorl but could be grouped into 5 fascicles. Three sequentially initiated carpels compose an ovary which has an axile- central placenta with three locules and a truncateand indehiscent stigma . The floral development of E. excelsum is distinctly different from plants in Theoideae .     

Floral development in Tribe Detarieae (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae): Amherstia, Brownea, and Tamarindus

Floral development was compared among three taxa in caesalpinioid tribe Detarieae sensu lato: Amherstia nobilis and Tamarindus indica have racemose, helically arranged inflorescences, while Brownea latifolia has cauliflorous capitate flower clusters that arise as racemes. All have acropetal flower order; initiation and development are sequential in all except Brownea, which is synchronous. All have paired persistent showy bracteoles. Floral symmetry is dorsiventral (zygomorphic) in all except Brownea, with radial symmetry at anthesis. Sepals initiate helically on a circular floral apex, starting with a median abaxial sepal, in all. Petals are initiated helically in Brownea, and unidirectionally in Amherstia and Tamarindus. Stamens are initiated unidirectionally in each stamen whorl in all except Amherstia, in which the outer whorl is bidirectional. The carpel initiates concurrently with the petals in Brownea, and with the outer stamens in the other taxa. The two upper (adaxial) sepal primordia become fused during development in all, so that the calyx appears tetramerous. Some reduced petals occur in Amherstia and Tamarindus, and some reduced stamens occur in all. All produce a hypanthium by zonal growth, and all except Tamarindus have the gynoecium attached adaxially to the hypanthial rim.     

基于matR基因序列分析的山茶科系统关系

通过线粒体matR基因序列分析探讨了山茶科的分类学范围和系统演化关系。结果显示,传统山茶科的两个核心——山茶亚科（Theoideae或Camellioideae）和厚皮香亚科（Ternstroemioideae）不构成姐妹群关系,山茶亚科是一个支持率很高的单系类群,厚皮香亚科没有形成单系;山茶亚科下可区分出3个明显的分支,基部的分支由紫茎属（Stewartia）和舟柄茶属（Hartia）组成,木荷属（Schima）、美洲荷属（Franklirda）和美国大头茶属（Gordonia）构成第2个分支,该分支与由山茶属（Camellia）、核果茶属（Pyrenaria）、多瓣核果茶属（Parapyrenaria）、石笔木属（Tutcheria）、大头荣属（Polyspora）和圆籽荷属（Aptersperma）组成的第3个分支互为姐妹群。研究结果很好地支持了Prince和Parks等学者提出的的狭义山茶科（仅含山茶亚科）和狭义大头茶属的概念以及科下3个族（紫茎族Stewartieae、大头茶族Gordonieae和山茶族Theeae）的划分。但本研究更为清晰地揭示了科下3个族间的系统关系,即紫茎族是最基部的分支,山茶族与大头茶族间有更近的亲缘关系。同时,本文认为,厚皮香（亚）科是否为单系类群值得进一步研究。     

Floral development of Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd., Boerhaavia diffusa L. and Mirabilis jalapa L. (Nyctaginaceae)

Three morphological problems were investigated in three species of the Nyctaginaceae: epiphylly, phyllotaxis and placentation. Epiphylly, which occurs in Bougainvillea spectabilis , is the result of ontogenetic displacement resulting from the activity of an intercalary meristem at the base of the floral bract and the floral bud. Floral development of Bougainvillea spectabilis was compared with that of Boerhaavia diffusa and Mirabilis jalapa . Considerable variation occurs with regard to the number and arrangement of stamens. Five stamens are initiated simultaneously, alternate to the petals, in Mirabilis . In Bougainvillea , eight stamens arise sequentially at divergence angles suggestive of a 3/8 spiral. No developmental evidence was found to support the derivation of the eight stamens from a two whorled pentamerous androecium. Boerhaavia normally has only two stamens which most frequently are initiated toward opposite sides of the floral apex, but may also be formed in a 2/5 to 3/8 divergence. In some flowers only one or three stamens are formed. The gynoecium is formed in the same way in all three species: growth occurs in a crescent-shaped zone at the periphery of the floral apex thus producing the gynoecial wall. The single ovule, which is basal in the mature gynoecium, is formed from the gradual upgrowth and transformation of the floral apex and is developmentally terminal. Even the two-layered tunica is maintained as the floral apex is transformed into the ovule primordium. If 'carpel' is defined traditionally as a folded megasporophyll which bears and encloses ovule(s) then carpels are not present in the gynoecia of the three species studied. If 'carpel' is re-defined as an appendage which encloses ovule(s), then the gynoecia of the Nyctaginaceae are carpellate. However, the ovules remain cauline regardless of which definition is adopted.     

Floral organogenesis of Potamogeton distinctus A. Benn. (Potamogetonaceae)

The floral organogenesis of Potamogeton distinctus A. Benn. was observed under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The floral buds are first initiated on the lower portion of inflorescence in alternating whorls of three. Each of the floral buds is subtended by a bract primordium during the early stages. The primordia of the floral appendages arise on the floral bud acropetally. Two lateral tepals are first initiated and then two median ones soon after. Stamens are normally initiated as elongate primordia opposite the tepals, with the two lateral stamens preceding the median ones. The two carpel primordia arise alternating with the stamens. In some flowers, one of the two gynoecial primordia becomes inactive soon after they are initiated, or only one carpel primordium is initiated. The present observation of the gynoecial development supports the viewpoint that the evolution of flower in Potamogeton involves a reduction in number of parts. The existence of bract primordium during the early stages in many species of Potamogeton indicates that the absence of bractin mature flowers should be the result of reduction.     

FLORAL DEVELOPMENT IN MANGROVE RHIZOPHORACEAE

The flowers of mangrove Rhizophoraceae (tribe Rhizophoreae) are adapted to three different pollination mechanisms. Floral development of representative species of all four genera suggests that the ancestral flower of the tribe was unspecialized, with successively initiated whorls of separate sepals, petals, antisepalous stamens, and antipetalous stamens; at its inception, the gynoecium had a united, half-inferior ovary and separate stigmatic lobes. This developmental pattern is found in Rhizophora mangle (wind-pollinated) and Ceriops decandra (insect-pollinated). In Kandelia, all floral organs distal to the sepals are initiated simultaneously, and there has apparently been an evolutionary amplification in the number of stamens to about six times the number of petals. Explosive pollen release evolved independently in C. tagal and in Bruguiera. In the former, all stamens belong to one whorl and arise simultaneously upon a very weakly differentiated androecial ring primordium. In Bruguiera, the androecial ring is pronounced, and two whorls of stamens arise upon it; the primordia of the antisepalous whorl arise first but are closer to the center of the apex than the antipetalous stamen primordia. The antisepalous stamens bend toward and are enclosed by the petals early in development. In all genera, the inferior ovary develops by zonal growth of receptacular tissue; additional intercalary growth above the placenta occurs in Bruguiera. In general, floral specialization is accompanied by an increase in the width of the floral apex compared to the size of the primordia, increasing fusion of the stylar primordia, and decreasing prominence of the superior portion of the ovary. Apparent specializations of petal appendages for water storage, including the presence of sub-terminal hydathodes (previously unreported in any angiosperm), were found in two species in which flowers remain open during the day but were absent from two species normally pollinated at night or at dawn. Distinctive tribal characteristics that may aid in phylogenetic analysis include the mode of development of the inferior ovary; the aristate, bifid, usually fringed petals that individually enclose one or more stamens; the intrastaminal floral disc; and the initially subepidermal laticiferous cell layer in the sepals and ovary.     

ORGAN INITIATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF INFLORESCENCES AND FLOWERS OF ACACIA BAILEYANA

Inflorescence and floral ontogeny are described in the mimosoid Acacia baileyana F. Muell., using scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. The panicle includes first-order and second-order inflorescences. The first-order inflorescence meristem produces first-order bracts in acropetal order; these bracts each subtend a second-order inflorescence meristem, commonly called a head. Each second-order inflorescence meristem initiates an acropetally sequential series of second-order bracts. After all bracts are formed, their subtended floral meristems are initiated synchronously. The sepals and petals of the radially symmetrical flowers are arranged in alternating pentamerous whorls. There are 30–40 stamens and a unicarpellate gynoecium. In most flowers, the sepals are initiated helically, with the first-formed sepal varying in position. Petal primordia are initiated simultaneously, alternate to the sepals. Three to five individual stamen primordia are initiated in each of five altemipetalous sectorial clusters. Additional stamen primordia are initiated between adjacent clusters, followed by other stamens initiated basipetally as well as centripetally. The apical configuration shifts from a tunica-corpus cellular arrangement before organogenesis to a mantle-core arrangement at sepal initiation. All floral organs are initiated by periclinal divisions of the subsurface mantle cells. The receptacle expands radially by numerous anticlinal divisions in the mantle at the summit, concurrently with proliferation of stamen primordia. The carpel primordium develops in terminal position by conversion of the floral apex.     

商陆属植物的花器官发生

为进一步研究商陆科的系统位置提供花器官发生和发育的证据,在扫描电子显微镜下观察了商陆Phytolacca acinosa、多雄蕊商陆P. polyandra和垂序商陆P. americana的花器官发生.结果表明: 商陆属植物花被的发生均为2/5型螺旋发生.在同一个种不同的花蕾中,花被的发生有两种顺序:逆时针方向和顺时针方向.远轴侧非正中位的1枚先发生.雄蕊发生于环状分生组织.在单轮雄蕊的种中8-10枚雄蕊为近同时发生;两轮雄蕊的种8枚内轮雄蕊先发生,6-8枚外轮雄蕊随后发生,内轮雄蕊为同时发生,外轮雄蕊发生次序不规则.心皮原基也发生于环状分生组织,8-10枚心皮原基为同时发生.在后来的发育过程中,商陆的心皮发育成近离生心皮雌蕊;其他2种心皮侧壁联合发育成合生心皮雌蕊.对商陆属植物花器官发生的类型及发育形态学做了分析,结果支持商陆科在石竹目系统发育中处于原始地位的观点.