梅子垭水库生态因子场的分形特征

水生态系统由于多了一层水的介质以及水生生物较短的生命周期,使得其生态格局描述相对困难,对其进行定量描述的工作也相对较少。作为一个初步探索,分别应用非线性科学中的分形理论,对梅子垭水库的典型理化因子的生态因子场的水平的2维空间格局进行了分析,确定各浓度的稳定程度。       

保安湖生态因子场格局分析

利用实地调查和实验分析数据构建保安湖理化因子GIS数据库 ,以此模拟保安湖生态因子场 ,并通过栅格统计获得保安湖水环境的整体特征。得到的 15个生态因子场非常直观地展示出各项理化因子在全湖分布范围内的浓度分布情况 ,体现了保安湖水环境强烈的空间异质性。栅格统计结果则显示该湖整体而言 ,其营养状况目前已相当高。     

干旱地区山地荒漠草原阴坡植物群落空间异质性

在样线调查基础上 ,以 Shannon- Wiener指数 ,群落盖度 ,DCA排序轴为区域化随机变量 ,应用半方差、分形分析等方法 ,对干旱地区山坡植物群落空间异质性进行了研究。结果表明 ,在整个山坡尺度上植被格局的空间异质性不大 ,小尺度上植被格局的空间异质性较大 ,尺度依赖性较强 ,不同群落类型的空间格局不同 ,随尺度变化的规律也不一样。严重放牧干扰强烈影响干旱山地植物群落的空间格局 ,生境中的牧道格局 ,斑块格局使山坡植物群落多样性空间异质性更加复杂 ,牧道效应是导致群落空间格局周期性振荡的重要因子。去势对应分析 (DCA)排序第一轴特征值体现了综合生态因子对群落格局作用的结果 ,DCA第二轴半方差变化包含了大量信息 ,其变化具有周期性。群落多样性空间格局强烈影响着干旱山地生态系统的各种生态学过程 ,这些作用机制有待进一步研究     

基于DPSIR的吉林省白山市生态安全评价

通过对白山市的生态安全现状和问题进行分析,探究其生态环境改变的主要驱动力因子和胁迫因子;基于DPSIR模型提出了白山市生态安全综合评价指标体系,并进一步构建了适于山地地区的生态安全评价模型;利用1989年、1999年和2006年的3期TM遥感影像,结合研究区的DEM数据和实地调查数据建立解译标志,对白山市土地覆被进行景观分类,借助Fragstats分析景观指数,提取重要的生态安全评价指标,对白山市所辖各区县进行生态安全综合评价.结果表明： 白山市生态安全的空间差异显著,整体生态安全状况呈现出一种恶化趋势,人为活动对地表景观格局和物种栖息地分布产生了深刻的影响,已成为生态安全格局变化的主要驱动力因子.     

新疆阜康地区家麻雀巢址的空间分布格局及其影响因素

2013年和2014年5—7月,在新疆阜康地区,对家麻雀(Passer domesticus)巢址的空间分布格局和种群繁殖密度进行了调查,对影响其巢址空间分布的生态因子进行了分析。结果表明:家麻雀在研究区内为优势鸟种,平均种群繁殖密度为299.8±163.6只·km~(-2);其中,在白杨(Populus tomentosa)防护林中的种群繁殖密度最高,达491.9±87.8只·km~(-2);家麻雀在研究地区巢址的空间分布距离指数I=4.77,为集聚分布格局;农田、防护林带以及荒漠伯劳(Lanius isabellinus)的巢址分布对家麻雀巢址的空间分布格局和巢址利用具有重要影响;影响家麻雀巢址分布格局的主要生态因子是食物资源利用和种间巢址竞争。     

中国蛇类物种丰富度地理格局及其与生态因子的关系

物种丰富度地理格局成因是生态学和生物地理学研究重要目标之一。生态假说在解释物种丰富度地理格局的成因上受到广泛关注。该文基于100km×100km空间分辨率研究中国蛇类物种丰富度的地理分布格局,并结合生态假说探讨影响蛇类分布格局的因素。该研究采用主轴邻距法获得基于特征值的空域数据,并同生态因子进行多元回归分析,结果表明:(1)中国蛇类物种丰富度在经、纬度上呈现多峰分布格局,物种丰富度最高的地区位于东洋界亚热带、热带,丰富度较低的地区位于青藏高原、北方草原荒漠、黄淮平原、两湖平原及鄱阳湖平原等;(2)多元回归分析能解释56.5%的蛇类物种丰富度变化,分析得出蛇类物种丰富度格局的主要影响因子是归一化植被指数、最冷季降水量和年温差。(3)模型选择结果显示,在多元回归分析中,P<0.05的变量(归一化植被指数、最冷季降水量和年温差)组成的模型是解释蛇类物种丰富度格局的最优模型。这说明蛇类物种丰富度格局是由不同生态因子共同作用的结果。基于中国蛇类物种丰富度地理格局成因研究的复杂性,该文提出在进一步研究中,需重视各假说中影响因子的选择和人类活动的影响,并在不同空间尺度上对蛇类物种丰富度地理格局进行综合分析。     

甘肃祁连山国家自然保护区植物群落分布格局及其与环境因子的关系

植物群落分布格局是环境因子和人类活动共同作用的结果,尤其是海拔梯度被认为是植物群落分布格局的决定性因子,为探求甘肃祁连山国家自然保护区植物群落分布格局与环境因子的关系及其驱动机制,该文在野外调查的基础上,运用数量分类和除趋势典范对应分析(DCCA)排序等方法,探讨了研究区内植物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明：(1)88个样方共记录物种85种,隶属30科56属,利用双向指示种分析法(TWINSPAN)将其分为9个植物群落。(2)9个植物群落在DCCA排序图上聚集分布,呈现出较好的环境梯度,其中海拔对植物群落分布格局影响最大,其次为降水、温度、坡度、坡向和土壤腐殖质。(3)影响植物群落空间分布格局的变量中,环境因子占25.24%,空间因子占13.21%,空间因子和环境因子交叉作用占9.03%,群落分布格局未被空间因子和环境因子解释部分占52.52%,这部分主要反映了人类活动对研究区植物群落分布格局的影响。该研究成果对区域内植被的生态恢复和生物多样性的稳定维持具有重要意义。     

沈抚新城生态安全格局的构建

以沈抚新城为研究对象, 利用GIS空间分析功能, 分析得到基于水源涵养、生物多样性保护、土壤侵蚀敏感性、地质灾害敏感性四种单一生态过程评价的生态用地, 将评价结果叠加重分类为一般重要生态用地、重要生态用地、极重要生态用地, 并以面积＞1 km2的极重要生态用地为生态源, 现状土地类型为阻力因子, 基于MCR模型构建了沈抚新城综合安全格局体系。结果表明: 研究区内高水平安全格局缓冲区面积112.96 km2, 占研究区土地总面积的18.66%; 中水平安全格局缓冲区面积94.43 km2, 占研究区土地面积的15.60%; 低水平安全格局缓冲区面积176.23 km2, 占研究区土地面积的29.11%; 生态廊道60条, 总长275.77 km; 生态战略点49个。本研究可以摸清研究区的生态安全状况, 同时可以为城镇建设用地的扩张以及生态用地空间的保护提供定量指引。     

基于模式识别的景观格局分析与尺度转换研究框架

景观格局分析和尺度转换是生态学和地理学研究的核心问题之一.尽管多年来投入了大量的精力,然而由于尺度效应的复杂性和尺度转换过程的不确定性,仍然没有找到合适的方法.目前关于尺度转换的研究存在两个误区,其一是过分重视空间尺度的转换,忽略了过程尺度的转换;其二是过分强调了对不同尺度间数量关系的外推与转换,忽略了不同尺度间生态规律的外推与转换.在系统分析了景观格局与尺度转换研究现状、存在问题和难点的基础上,提出了借用模式识别的原理和方法,针对特定的生态过程,开展景观格局分析与尺度转换的思路.认为尺度转换的关键在于通过识别不同尺度上影响生态过程的主导因子,找到各个尺度上“格局（环境因子空间组合）-过程”、尺度间“格局-格局”之间的对应关系,通过建立“环境-格局-过程”模式识别数据库,就能够建立不同尺度之间基于模式识别的尺度转换方法.     

自然生态空间格局构建与规划理论研究

广义的生态空间是指具有自然属性,以提供生态系统服务为主导功能的空间,包括自然生态空间、城镇生态空间和农业生态空间。自然生态空间是指与城镇空间、农业空间并列的,分布在城镇空间与农业空间之外的国土空间,在分布上具有完整性和连续性。探讨了自然生态空间的定义、内涵以及自然生态空间格局构建的理论和技术要点,提出以重要生态功能维护格局、人居环境屏障格局和生物多样性保护格局为主体,构建自然生态空间格局体系的思路。自然生态空间格局构建的最终目的是对国土空间开发行为进行管控,理顺保护与发展的关系,最终达到保护重要生态空间及促进区域可持续发展的目的。在落实生态文明战略、维护国家生态安全的背景下,构建自然生态空间格局对于优化国土空间开发格局,指导生态保护与建设具有重要意义。     

Dimethylsulfoxide-quenched hydrogen/deuterium exchange method to study amyloid fibril structure

A general method to analyze the structure of a supramolecular complex of amyloid fibrils at amino acid residue resolution has been developed. This method combines the NMR-detected hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange technique to detect hydrogen-bonded amide groups and the ability of the aprotic organic solvent dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to dissolve amyloid fibrils into NMR-observable, monomeric components while suppressing the undesired H/D exchange reaction. Moreover, this method can be generally applied to amyloid fibrils to elucidate the distribution of hydrogen-bonded amino acid residues in the three-dimensional molecular organization in the amyloid fibrils. In this study, we describe theoretical considerations in the H/D exchange method to obtain the structural information of proteins, and the DMSO-quenched H/D exchange method to study a supramolecular complex of amyloid fibrils. A possible application of this method to study the interaction of a protein/peptide with phospholipid membrane is also discussed.     

Dimethylsulfoxide-quenched hydrogen/deuterium exchange method to study amyloid fibril structure

A general method to analyze the structure of a supramolecular complex of amyloid fibrils at amino acid residue resolution has been developed. This method combines the NMR-detected hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange technique to detect hydrogen-bonded amide groups and the ability of the aprotic organic solvent dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to dissolve amyloid fibrils into NMR-observable, monomeric components while suppressing the undesired H/D exchange reaction. Moreover, this method can be generally applied to amyloid fibrils to elucidate the distribution of hydrogen-bonded amino acid residues in the three-dimensional molecular organization in the amyloid fibrils. In this study, we describe theoretical considerations in the H/D exchange method to obtain the structural information of proteins, and the DMSO-quenched H/D exchange method to study a supramolecular complex of amyloid fibrils. A possible application of this method to study the interaction of a protein/peptide with phospholipid membrane is also discussed.     

Magnetic resonance in the solid state: applications to protein folding, amyloid fibrils and membrane proteins

Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) represents a spectroscopic method to study non-crystalline molecules at atomic resolution. Advancements in spectroscopy and biochemistry provide increasing possibilities to study structure and dynamics of complex biomolecular systems by ssNMR. Here, methodological aspects and applications in the context of protein folding and aggregation are discussed. In addition, studies involving membrane proteins are considered.     

熏烤肉制品中苯并芘的危害及控制措施

本文从食品安全的角度出发,对熏烤肉制品中的有害物质苯并(a)芘的产生,对人体的危害作用,以及控制熏烤肉制品中苯并(a)芘残留的方法进行了初步的研究.这对提高熏烤肉制品品质和对苯并(a)芘进行深入的研究具有重要意义.     

应用创造酶切位点法检测单碱基突变

应用引物错配技术结合单碱基突变位点而配合成一个酶切位点,使之成为可用PCR-RFLP方法分析的突变位点,是对单碱基突变位点进行基因型鉴定的有效而简捷的手段。本文以鸡胞外脂肪酸结合蛋白(Extracelluar fatty acid binding protein,EX-FABP)基因单碱基突变的基因型检测为例,探讨了应用创造酶切位点PCR（Created Restriction Site PCR,CRS-PCR）检测单碱基突变基因型的思路、方法和策略。 Abstract:Created Restriction Site PCR (CRS-PCR) is a simple and efficient method to identify SNP genotypes.One or more mismatch bases are used in a primer to create a restriction site by combining SNP site after PCR.The CRS-PCR products can be genotyped with a way the same as PCR-RFLP.In the study,Extracelluar fatty acid binding protein (EX-FABP)　gene was served as an example for establishing the CRS-PCR method.Strategy of CRS-PCR was also discussed.     

Determination of the carbamate kinase activity of bacteria

The activity of carbamate kinase (EC 2.5.2.2) was determined in bacteria using a simple modified procedure. Carbamoyl phosphate produced under the action of carbamate kinase carbamoylated ammonia in a reaction which was not enzyme-catalyzed yielding urea that was assayed by the colorimetric technique. The activity of carbamate kinase was found by this method in a number of microorganisms. The method can be used to study other enzymes synthesizing carbamoyl phosphate. The advantages of the method over other techniques are discussed.     

Analysis of Dichotomized Factorial Data Using Cox's Proportional Hazards Model and Related Tests

This paper describes how Cox's Proportional Hazards model may be used to analyze dichotomized factorial data obtained from a right-censored epidemiological study where time to response is of interest. Exact maximum likelihood estimates of the relative mortality rates are derived for any number of prognostic factors, but for the sake of simplicity, the mathematical details are presented for the case of two factors. This method is not based on the life table procedure. Kaplan-Meier estimates are obtained for the survival function of the internal control population, Which are in turn used to determine the expected number of deaths in the study population. The asymptotic (large sample) joint sampling distribution of the relative mortality rates is derived and some relevant simultaneous and conditional statistical tests are discussed. The relative mortality rates of several prognostic factors may be jointly considered as the multivariate extension of the familiar standard mortality ratio (SMR) of epidemiological studies. A numerical example is discussed to illustrate the method.     

Statistical mixture decomposition as a method for type analysis of learning curves

A method for type analysis of learning curves, based on the statistical mixture decomposition, is described. Some critical points in current data-analytic techniques are discussed. The mathematical rationale of the new method is outlined in a brief sketch. The possibilities of the method are documented by two examples. In the first study, done on simulated lata of a known structure (N = 200, 2 classes), it was possible to distinguish, with an average performance of 82%, between two types, and to reproduce their original curves. In the second study data from experiments in classical eye-lid conditioning in man were analysed (N = 80). The decomposition procedure resulted into the classification into four groups, with pronounced inter-class differences in the course of respective learning curves. The variety of class curves ranges from a group with only few CRs (C1, N = 26), through a group with an initial increase and final decrease in CR frequency (C2, N = 16), a group with an apparently biphasic course of CR frequency (C3, N = 20), to a group with a rapid increase of CR and then stable course of CR frequency (C4, N = 18). The results are consistent with earlier findings concerning the existence of distinct types of learning curves. The problem of interpretation is briefly discussed. The method can be applied principally to any problems, where different types of time development trends of an alternative response are to be distinguished.