一氧化氮抑制AngⅡ介导的心肌肥大反应的信号机制

本文主要利用培养的新生大鼠心肌细胞,从细胞学及分子生物学角度研究一氧化氮（NO）信号系统在AngⅡ介导的心肌肥大反应中的作用及机制。实验以心肌细胞蛋白合成速率、心房钠尿肽（ANP）的表达作为心肌肥大反应的指标,以硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐含量反映心肌细胞NO水平,以免疫印迹法测定MKP－1蛋白表达,以RT－PCR测定eNOS mRNA水平。结果发现：（1）L－精氨酸（L－Arg)10,100μmol/L分别增加心肌细胞NO水平16％及31％,L－Arg(100μmol/L）还可增加心肌细胞eNOS mRNA表达,其作用可被NOS抑制剂L－NAME所抑制;（2）L－Arg(100μmol/L）可降低AngⅡ(0.1μmol/L）诱导的心肌细胞ANP mRNA表达水平和蛋白合成速率,而在L－Arg处理之前用针对MKP－1的反义寡核苷酸转染心肌细胞,蛋白合成速率明显增加,可取消L－Arg的抑制作用,甚至超过AngⅡ组;（3）L－Arg(100μmol/L）明显增加MKP－1蛋白表达,比对照组增加225％,NOS抑制剂L－NAME及蛋白激酶G（PKG）抑制剂KT－5823皆可抑制L－Arg诱导的MKP－1蛋白表达,分别抑制88％、83％,而AngⅡ能增加L－Arg诱导的MKP－1的表达,较对照组增加365％,增强了L－Arg的作用。以上结果表明,NO抑制AngⅡ介导心肌肥大反应的机制可能是通过激活PKG,促进MKP－1的表达,从而增加MAPK去磷酸化实现的。     

MKP-1在血管紧张素Ⅱ导致心肌肥大反应中的调控作用

本研究主要从丝裂原活化蛋白激酶磷酸酶 1(MKP 1)角度 ,研究丝裂原活化蛋白激酶 (MAPK)信号途径在血管紧张素Ⅱ介导的新生大鼠心肌细胞肥大反应中的作用及调控机制。实验以心肌细胞蛋白合成速率、蛋白含量及细胞表面积作为心肌肥大反应的指标 ,以凝胶内MBP原位磷酸化测定MAPK活性 ,以免疫印迹法 (Westernboltting)分别测定MKP 1及磷酸化p44MAPK、p42MAPK蛋白表达。结果发现 :(1)AngⅡ (10 -7mol/L)处理 48h ,心肌细胞 3H 亮氨酸掺入率、蛋白含量及细胞表面积明显增加 ,AngⅡ增加 3H 亮氨酸掺入的作用可被血管紧张素Ⅱ 1型受体 (AT1受体 )拮抗剂CV11974(10 -6mol/L)明显抑制 (抑制 85 % ) ,被MAPK激酶 (MEK)特异性抑制剂PD0 980 5 9(5× 10 -5mol/L)部分抑制 (抑制 32 5 % ) ;(2 )CV11974或PD0 980 5 9可明显抑制AngⅡ介导的磷酸化MAPK蛋白表达及MAPK酶活性 (以γ 32 P ATP掺入表示 ) ;(3)以磷酸化MAPK蛋白表达反映MAPK活性 ,可见AngⅡ处理心肌细胞5min ,MAPK活性即开始增加 ,30min左右达到高峰 ,2h后基本恢复正常 ;而MKP 1蛋白表达 30min即见增加 ,持续 2h以上 ;(4 )用放线菌素D (actinomycinD)处理心肌细胞 30min可明显抑制MKP 1的表达 ,同时使AngⅡ致磷酸化MAPK蛋白表达时间延长至 2h以上。以上结果     

一氧化氮在心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

目的：观察一氧化氮（NO）对相对缺血再灌注心肌损伤的保护作用。方法：高频弱电流刺激法建立离体心肌相对缺血再灌注模型,设非缺血组和相对缺血组,相对缺血组包括对照、L－精氨酸（L－ARG）、硝基－L－精氨酸甲酯（L－NAME）三组。测定缺血前和再灌注时心功能变化、NO含量和乳酸脱氢酶同工酶－1（LD－1）活性。结果：L－ARG可明显促进再灌注期间NO合成,抑制D－1活性升高。再灌注40min时,L－ARG组心肌功能恢复程度明显高于对照组和L－NAME组（P＜0.05）,L－NAME使心肌NO含量降低（P＜0.05）,LD－1活性升高（P＜0.05）,心功能恢复程度最低。结论：NO可明显减轻心肌缺血再灌注时的细胞损伤,促进心功能的恢复。     

金雀异黄酮通过减少卵巢切除大鼠心肌小凹蛋白-1的表达而增加一氧化氮的生成

观察金雀异黄酮(genistein)替代治疗对卵巢切除大鼠心肌中一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)和内皮型一氧化氮合酶(endothelial nitric oxide synthase,eNOS)的影响.成年雌性Sprague-Dawley大鼠经双侧卵巢切除术,假手术组作为对照,术后三周将行卵巢切除术的大鼠随机分为低剂量genistein(0.5 mg/kg·d1)、高剂量genistein(5.0 mg/kg·d-1)、17-β雌二醇(0.1 mg/kg·d-1)和模型组(100μl/d芝麻油),各组均皮下注射给药并给予不含大豆的饲料喂养6周,测定大鼠尾动脉血压、心率,麻醉后放血处死大鼠称量子宫重量;放免法检测血浆中总雌二醇,亚硝酸还原酶法检测心肌匀浆中NO,Western blot检测心肌中eNOS的表达以及eNOS的调节蛋白小凹蛋白-1(caveolin-1)和钙调素(calmodulin)的表达情况.结果显示各组间大鼠血压无显著性差异,同17-β雌二醇一样,genistein能呈剂量依赖性地增加心肌组织中eNOS表达量和NO生成,同时genistein能明显降低内源性eNOS活性抑制物caveolin-1的表达,而不影响eNOS活性正性调节蛋白钙调素的表达.与溶媒对照组比较,0.5 mg/kg·d-1的genistein不增加子宫重量,5.0 mg/kg·d-1的genistein增加子宫重量3倍,但较17-β雌二醇(增加6倍)的作用小(P＜0.01).上述结果提示,植物雌激素genistein剂量依赖性地上调心肌组织eNOS的活性并增加NO的生成,减少抑制eNOS活性的小凹蛋白-1表达.     

高血压大鼠心脏和血管MAPK磷酸酶-1表达的改变及对平滑肌细胞增殖的影响

目的和方法：比较自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）和对照（WKY）大鼠心脏和主动脉丝裂素活化蛋白激酶磷酸酶－1（MKP－1）及细胞外信号调节激酶（ERK－1）的表达,并观察用磷酸钙共沉淀方法转染MKP－1基因对血管紧张素Ⅱ（Ang Ⅱ）刺激平滑肌细胞（VSMC）^3H－胸腺叫啶（^3H-TdR)掺入的影响,以探讨MKP－1在细胞增殖中的调节作用。结果：①与WKY大鼠相比,SHR心脏和主动脉MKP－1呈低表达,分别降低53％和45％（P均＜0．01）;而SHR心脏和主动脉ERK－1呈明显高表达（P均＜0．01）,SHR心脏和主动脉ERK－1与MKP－1蛋白比值明显高于WKY。②AngⅡ 10^-7mol/L刺激VSMC增殖较对照组增加257％（P＜0．01）,转染野生型MKP－1基因细胞可使AngⅡ刺激的^3H-TdR掺入较未转染的细胞降低63％（P＜0．05）,转染突变型MKP－1基因和转染空载体的VSMC对AngⅡ的刺激与单纯AngⅡ组相比无明显抑制作用（P＞0．05）。结论：SHR心血管组织中促增殖肥大的ERK－1表达较其失活的MKP－1占优势,并且MKP－1可显著抑制AngⅡ的VSMC增殖。     

尾加压素对新生大鼠心肌细胞一氧化氮合成的影响

应用半定量逆转录－多聚酶链反应法,观察尾加压素（urotensin Ⅱ,UⅡ）对培养的新生SD大鼠心肌细胞内皮型一氧化氮合酶（endothelial nitric oxide synthase,eNOS)mRNA表达的影响,并测定UⅡ对心肌细胞内一氧化氮合酶（nitric oxide synthase,NOS)活性和一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO)释放的影响。结果显示：UⅡ抑制培养的新生大鼠心肌细胞eNOS mRNA表达、抑制NOS的活性及NO释放;0.1μmol/L浓度的UⅡ呈时间依赖性抑制心肌细胞NOS的活性及NO生成。上述实验结果提示UⅡ的心血管作用可能与NO合成系统有关。     

蛋白激酶C在血管紧张素Ⅱ抑制心肌细胞一氧化氮合成中的作用

实验用硝酸还原酶法测定培养新生大鼠心肌细胞亚硝酸盐 (NO 2 )和硝酸盐 (NO 3)总量 (NO 2 /NO 3) ,反映心肌细胞一氧化氮 (NO)生成情况 ,观察血管紧张素Ⅱ (AngⅡ )对心肌细胞NO生成的影响及其蛋白激酶C (PKC)在该效应中的作用。结果显示 :AngⅡ可减少心肌细胞NO的含量 ,并具有明显的剂量 效应关系 ;AngⅡ受体拮抗剂saralasin可明显抑制AngⅡ对NO生成的影响 ;L 精氨酸 (L Arg)明显增加心肌细胞NO的浓度 ,此效应可被一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)抑制剂L NAME所抑制 ,L Arg未能消除AngⅡ抑制NO的作用 ;用佛波酯 (PMA)处理心肌细胞 ,其NO的生成明显减少 ,L NAME可加强此抑制效应 ;PKC抑制剂staurosporine (Stau)可明显削弱AngⅡ抑制心肌细胞NO生成的效应。结果提示 :AngⅡ具有抑制心肌细胞NO生成的作用 ,此作用可能是通过抑制心肌细胞NOS的活性而实现的 ;AngⅡ受体介导AngⅡ抑制心肌细胞NO生成的作用 ;激活PKC可使新生大鼠心肌细胞NO生成减少 ,NOS参与此抑制效应 ,新生大鼠心肌细胞NO生成过程的信号转导通路可能与PKC有关 ;PKC参与AngⅡ抑制心肌细胞NO的生成。     

一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L-NAME对大鼠脑缺血耐受诱导的影响

采用大鼠四血管闭塞全脑缺血耐受模型和脑组织切片形态学方法,观察应用一氧化氮合酶(NOS)抑制剂L—NAME对大鼠海马CAl区脑缺血耐受(BIT)诱导的影响,在整体水平探讨一氧化氮(NO)在BIT诱导中的作用。54只Wistar大鼠凝闭双侧推动脉后分为6组：(1)假手术组(n＝6);分离双侧颈总动脉,但不阻断脑血流;(2)损伤性缺血组(n＝6)：全脑缺血10min;(3)预缺血 损伤性缺血组(n＝6)：脑缺血预处理(CIP)3min,再灌注72h后行全脑缺血10min;(4)L—NAME组;分别于CIP前1h和后1、12及36h腹腔注射L—NAME(5mg／kg),每个时间点6只动物,其余步骤同预缺血 损伤性缺血组;(5)L—NAME L—精氨酸组(n＝6)：于CIP前1h腹腔注射L—NAME(5mg／kg)和L—精氨酸(300mg／kg),其它步骤同L—NAME组;(6)L—NAME 损伤性缺血组(n＝6)：于腹腔注射L—NAME(5mg／kg)72h后行全脑缺血10min。实验结果表明,(1)单纯10min全脑缺血可使海马CAl区组织学分级增加(表明损伤加重),神经元密度降低(P＜0．01);(2)预缺血 损伤性缺血组的海马CAl区组织学分级、神经元密度与假手术组相比,无显著性差别(P＞0．05);(3)L—NAME组中,应用L—NAME后海马CAl区组织学分级增加,神经元密度降低,与预缺血 损伤性缺血组相比有显著性差异(P＜0．05),表明L—NAME可阻断CIP对神经元的保护作用;(4)L—NAME L—精氨酸组与L—NAME组相比,海马CAl区组织损伤明显减轻(P＜0．05),但与预缺血 损伤性缺血组相比仍有显著性差别(P＜0．05),提示L-精氨酸可部分逆转L—NAME的作用;(5)L—NAME 损伤性缺血组的组织学表现与损伤性缺血组相同(P＞0．05)。这些结果表明,在整体情况下N0参与BIT的诱导。与CIP前1h及后1、12h给予L—NAME组相比,CIP后36h给予L—NAME对CIP保护作用的阻断效应明显减弱,提示N0在CIP后较早阶段即开始参与BIT的诱导。     

白细胞介素—10对血管一氧化氮／一氧化氮合酶系统的影响

为探讨抗炎因子－－白细胞介素－10（IL－10）对大鼠主动脉一氧化氮（NO）／一氧化氮合酶（NOS）系统的影响,应用Griess试剂、^3H－瓜氨酸生成及蛋白免疫印迹杂交等方法,测定IL－10孵育对血管NO释放、NOS活性及表达的影响。结果发现细菌脂多糖（LPS）呈浓度领带性地激活诱导型NOS（iNOS）,促进NO生成。IL－10（10^-10-10^-8g/ml）呈浓度依赖性地上调内皮型NOS（eNOS）蛋白表达及其活性,但对iNOS活性及表达无明显影响,IL－10（10^-9-10^-8g/ml）显著抑制10μg/ml LPS诱导的NO生成和iNOS激活;而高浓度IL－10（10^-7g/ml）则上调iNOS的活性,对eNOS蛋白的表达知活性无明显影响。因此IL－10对NO／NOS系统具有双重影响,一方面可抑制炎症介质诱发的作为炎性物质的iNOS的表达及激活,另一方面可上调内皮源扩血管物质NO的释放。     

慢性癫痫大鼠心肌中钙敏感受体及丝裂原活性蛋白激酶表达的改变

目的：观察钙敏感受体在癫痫大鼠心肌细胞中的表达和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶途径的变化。方法：戊四氮成功点燃慢性癫痫模型;Wistar健康雄性大鼠随机分为5组：对照组;癫痫组;癫痫+精胺组;癫痫+精胺+Chalhex231组;癫痫+Chalhex231组,每组各12只。模型组用PTZ亚惊厥剂量（35 mg/kg）持续腹腔注射28 d后停药1周,再用相同剂量的PTZ测试,对照组以等容生理盐水代替PTZ 腹腔注射,依据Racine行为学分级标准出现连续5次出现Ⅱ级以上发作者视为成功点燃慢性癫痫模型;以钙敏感受体激动剂精胺,钙敏感受体抑制剂Chalhex231做为干预因素,（精胺3 μmol/L和Chalhex231 2 μmol/L）;检测血清肌酸激酶、肌酸激酶同工酶;检测心肌功能、大鼠心肌组织形态学变化、心肌细胞的超微结构、心肌中钙敏感受体以及细胞外调节蛋白激酶 ERK、 p-ERK、p-JNK表达情况。结果：与正常组比较,癫痫组CK、CK-MB含量明显升高,心脏超声显示心脏顺应性下降,左室功能降低,E/A<1。心肌细胞超微结构显示损伤严重。CaSR表达进一步增加,p-JNK蛋白表达增加,p-ERK蛋白表达减少。精胺能够促进癫痫所诱发的CaSR蛋白表达增多、p-JNK蛋白表达增加,p-ERK蛋白表达减少;Chalhex231的作用相反。结论：慢性癫痫可诱发心肌改变,CaSR表达增多可能参与癫痫慢性发作时心肌损伤,MAPK信号通路可能参与慢性癫痫心肌损伤过程。     

内源性一氧化氮在高血压心肌肥厚中的作用

目的和方法：本实验用Ｌ精氨酸和一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）抑制剂ＬＮＡＭＥ观察内源性一氧化氮（ＮＯ）在高血压性心肌肥厚中的作用。结果：腹主动脉缩窄引起大鼠动脉血压显著升高,左心室重量／体重比值显著增加,左心室ＮＯ含量显著下降;Ｌ精氨酸不影响主动脉缩窄大鼠动脉血压,但减轻左心室重量／体重比值,明显升高左心室ＮＯ含量,加入ＬＮＡＭＥ可消除Ｌ精氨酸的上述作用;主动脉缩窄大鼠给予ＬＮＡＭＥ,动脉血压和左心室／体重比值并没有进一步增加;假手术大鼠给予ＬＮＡＭＥ,血压明显升高,左心室重量／体重比值轻度增加;主动脉缩窄大鼠不论是服用Ｌ精氨酸还是ＬＮＡＭＥ,左心室ｃＧＭＰ含量都明显增加。结论：口服Ｌ精氨酸可减轻主动脉缩窄大鼠心肌肥厚但不影响动脉血压,此作用可能是通过Ｌ精氨酸ＮＯ途径实现的,与ｃＧＭＰ机制无关。     

膜雌激素受体介导一氧化氮合酶活性增高的快速非基因效应

实验利用新生小牛胸主动脉内皮细胞(BAECs)作为模型,观察17β-雌二醇(E2)、E2BSA对BAECs中内皮型一氧化氯合酶(eNOS)的快速激活作用,并探讨了丝裂素活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路在其中的作用。结果显示,不同浓度的E2(0．001—1lμmol/L)作用于BAECs l5 min均能快速激活eNOS;0．01μmol/L浓度的E2作用于BAECs,5min即能激活eNOS,15min达到最大效应,随后eNOS快速失活;E2BSA(17．5ng／m1)作用于BAECs,15min同样可激活eNOS。E2、E2BSA激活eNOS的作用均能被雌激素受体(ER)拮抗剂tamoxifen(0．1μmol/L)或MAPK激酶特异抑制剂PD98059(50μmol/L)所阻断。放线菌素D(25μg/ml)不能阻断E2、E2BSA对eNOS的激活作用。E2(0．01μmol/L)、E2BSA(17．5ng/ml)作用于BAECs l5 min后可明显促进p42／p44磷酸化MAPK蛋白表达,而对p42／p44 MAPK总蛋白表达无影响。Tamoxifen可部分阻断E2;E2BSA激活p42／p44磷酸化MAPK的作用。这些结果提示,BAECs膜上可能存在膜雌激素受体(membrane estrogen receptor,mER),E2、E2BSA作用于mER后可通过MAPK信号途径快速激活eNOS。     

一氧化氮抑制内皮素促血管平滑肌细胞增殖作用的信号转导途径

培养的家兔胸主动脉血管平滑肌细胞（ＶＳＭＣ）分别以内皮素（ＥＴ－１）、一氧化氮（ＮＯ）前体Ｌ－Ａｒｇ和ＮＯ供体ＳＩＮ－１刺激,或用ＥＴ－１＋Ｌ－Ａｒｇ、ＥＴ－１＋ＳＩＮ－１联合刺激,测ＶＳＭＣ＾３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入、丝裂素活化蛋白激酶（ＭＡＰＫ）活性及蛋白激酶Ｃ（ＰＫＣ）活性的改变,以研究ＮＯ抑制ＥＴ－１促ＶＳＭＣ增殖作用的信号转导途径。结果表明：（１）ＥＴ－１ １０＾－８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ单独刺激,＾３Ｈ－     

Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase attenuates interleukin-1beta-induced thermal hyperalgesia and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the spinal cord

We have reported recently that intrathecal (i.t.) injection of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), at a dose of 100 ng, induces inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and nitric oxide (NO) production in the spinal cord and results in thermal hyperalgesia in rats. This study further examines the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in i.t. IL-1beta-mediated iNOS-NO cascade in spinal nociceptive signal transduction. All rats were implanted with an i.t. catheter either with or without an additional microdialysis probe. Paw withdrawal latency to radiant heat is used to assess thermal hyperalgesia. The iNOS and MAPK protein expression in the spinal cord dorsal horn were examined by western blot. The [NO] in CSF dialysates were also measured. Intrathecal IL-1beta leads to a time-dependent up-regulation of phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) MAPK protein expression in the spinal cord 30-240 min following IL-1beta injection (i.t.). However, neither the phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) nor phosphorylated c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (p-JNK) was affected. The total amount of p38, ERK, and JNK MAPK proteins were not affected following IL-1beta injection. Intrathecal administration of either selective p38 MAPK, or JNK, or ERK inhibitor alone did not affect the thermal nociceptive threshold or iNOS protein expression in the spinal cord. However, pretreatment with a p38 MAPK inhibitor significantly reduced the IL-1beta-induced p-p38 MAPK expression by 38-49%, and nearly completely blocked the subsequent iNOS expression (reduction by 86.6%), NO production, and thermal hyperalgesia. In contrast, both ERK and JNK inhibitor pretreatments only partially (approximately 50%) inhibited the IL-1beta-induced iNOS expression in the spinal cord. Our results suggest that p38 MAPK plays a pivotal role in i.t. IL-1beta-induced spinal sensitization and nociceptive signal transduction.     

Regulation of nitric oxide production in snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) defence cells: a role for PKC and ERK signalling pathways

Background information. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important molecule in innate immune responses. In molluscs NO is produced by mobile defence cells called haemocytes; however, the molecular mechanisms that regulate NO production in these cells is poorly understood. The present study focused on the role of cell signalling pathways in NO production by primary haemocytes from the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Results. When haemocytes were challenged with PMA (10 μM) or the β‐1,3‐glucan laminarin (10 mg/ml), an 8‐fold and 4‐fold increase in NO production were observed after 60 min respectively. Moreover, the NOS (NO synthase) inhibitors L‐NAME (N^G‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester) and L‐NMMA (N^G‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine) were found to block laminarin‐ and PMA‐induced NO synthesis. Treatment of haemocytes with PMA or laminarin also increased the phosphorylation (activation) status of PKC (protein kinase C). When haemocytes were preincubated with PKC inhibitors (calphostin C or GF109203X) or inhibitors of the ERK (extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase) pathway (PD98059 or U0126) prior to challenge, significant reductions in PKC and ERK phosphorylation and NO production were observed following exposure to laminarin or PMA. The greatest effect on NO production was seen with GF109203X and U0126, with PMA‐induced NO production inhibited by 94% and 87% and laminarin‐induced NO production by 50% and 91% respectively. Conclusions. These data suggest that ERK and PKC comprise part of the signalling machinery that regulates NOS activation and subsequent production of NO in molluscan haemocytes. To our knowledge, this is the first report that shows a role for these signalling proteins in the generation of NO in invertebrate defence cells.     

CGRP stimulation of iNOS and NO release from trigeminal ganglion glial cells involves mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways

Clinical and basic science data support an integral role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the pathophysiology of temporomandibular joint disorders. Recently, we have shown that CGRP can stimulate the synthesis and release of nitric oxide (NO) from trigeminal ganglion glial cells. The goal of this study was to determine the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in CGRP regulation of iNOS expression and NO release from cultured trigeminal ganglion glial cells from Sprague–Dawley rats. CGRP treatment for 2 h significantly increased activity of the MAPK reporter genes, Elk, ATF-2, and CHOP. In addition, CGRP increased nuclear staining for the active forms of the MAPKs: extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun amino-terminal kinase, and p38. This stimulatory event was not observed in cultures pre-treated with the CGRP receptor antagonist peptide CGRP_8–37. Similarly, pre-treatment with selective MAPK inhibitors repressed increases in reporter gene activity as well as CGRP-induced increases in iNOS expression and NO release mediated by MAPKs. In addition, over-expression of MAPK kinase 1 (MEK1), MEK3, MEK6, and MEK kinase significantly increased iNOS expression and NO production in glial cells. Results from our study provide evidence that CGRP binding to its receptor can stimulate iNOS gene expression via activation of MAPK pathways in trigeminal ganglion glial cells.     

赤散囊菌MAPKs超家族的鉴定及分析

本研究以赤散囊菌Eurotium rubrum全基因组序列为对象,利用HMMER软件构建隐马尔可夫模型（hidden markov models,HMM）结合BLAST的方法鉴定了促分裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK）超家族。通过构建系统发育树对鉴定蛋白进行分析,并利用MEME软件进行了保守性基序的预测及活性位点注释。分析结果表明,赤散囊菌基因组包含了4个MAPK蛋白,分别属于Hog1-type、MpkC-type、Slt2-type和Fus3/Kss1-type类型;3个MAPK kinase（MAPKK）蛋白,分别属于MKK1-type、Pbs2-type和Ste7-type类型;3个MAPK kinase kinase（MAPKKK）蛋白,分别属于BCK1-type、Ste11-type和Ssk22-type类型。保守性基序分析及注释结果表明,MAPKs超家族蛋白都包含了蛋白激酶活性位点“-D[L/I/V]K-”以及保守性的ATP-binding标签序列。MAPK与MAPKK蛋白分别包含了“-TxY-”和“-SD[I/V]WS-”磷酸化位点,且MAPK蛋白还包含一个保守性的common docking基序（CD motif）,而MAPKKK蛋白则包含了一个功能不明的保守性基序,其一致性序列为“-GTPYWMAPEV-”。研究结果为揭示MAPKs信号途径在赤散囊菌中参与调控的生物学过程奠定了基础。     

Mechanisms of shear stress-induced endothelial nitric-oxide synthase phosphorylation and expression in ovine fetoplacental artery endothelial cells

Placental blood flow, nitric-oxide (NO) levels, and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) expression increase during human and ovine pregnancy. Shear stress stimulates NO production and eNOS expression in ovine fetoplacental artery endothelial (OFPAE) cells. Because eNOS is the rate-limiting enzyme essential for NO synthesis, its activity and expression are both closely regulated. We investigated signaling mechanisms underlying pulsatile shear stress-induced increases in eNOS phosphorylation and protein expression by OFPAE cells. The OFPAE cells were cultured at 3 dynes/cm2 shear stress, then exposed to 15 dynes/cm2 shear stress. Western blot analysis for phosphorylated ERK1/2, Akt, p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), and eNOS showed that shear stress rapidly increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt but not of p38 MAPK. Phosphorylation of eNOS Ser1177 under shear stress was elevated by 20 min, a response that was blocked by the phosphatidyl inositol-3-kinase (PI-3K)-inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002 but not by the mitogen activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)-inhibitor UO126. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) enhanced eNOS protein levels in static culture via a MEK-mediated mechanism, but it could not further augment the elevated eNOS protein levels otherwise induced by the 15 dynes/cm2 shear stress. Blockade of either signaling pathway changed the shear stress-induced increase in eNOS protein levels. In conclusion, shear stress induced rapid eNOS phosphorylation on Ser1177 in OFPAE cells through a PI-3K-dependent pathway. The bFGF-induced rise in eNOS protein levels in static culture was much less than those observed under flow and was blocked by inhibition of MEK. Prolonged shear stress-stimulated increases in eNOS protein were not affected by inhibition of MEK- or PI-3K-mediated pathways.