放牧对草地的作用

从牧草生长、种群、群落、土壤和生态系统5个方面分析了放牧的作用、机理与途径。放牧改变牧草的物质与能量分配格局,多途径地诱导牧草的补偿性生长,取决于放牧制度等因素。放牧还改变种间竞争格局、调控种群更新,以及群落结构和功能。介绍了草地健康管理的阈限双因子法,讨论了稳定态一过渡态假说和草地灌丛化。家畜对土壤有直接和间接两种作用途径,作用效果与放牧强度、季节、地形有密切关系,重点分析了放牧对土壤C贮量的作用机制。阐述了提高放牧系统生产力的系统耦合机制,以及放牧对生态系统物质循环的影响。根据放牧生态学的发展趋势和我国放牧管理现状,提出7项值得深入研究的问题。     

生殖物候与草甸草地多年生植物的消长

尽管草地管理研究较多,但从物候学进行的研究很少.目前尚未见到关于开花期和结实期如何影响科尔沁草原植物地位的报道.报道了科尔沁草甸草原34种多年生植物的始花期和果实始成熟期与其在割草和放牧利用下的消长关系.结果表明：（1）3种植物在4月、13种在5月、10种在6月、7种在7月、1种在8月开始开花.3种在5月、14种在6月、11种在7月、5种在8月、1种在9月开始出现成熟果实.（2）与割草草地相比,始花期晚的植物在自由放牧草地中频度和多度趋于减少,果实始成熟期晚的植物也表现同样的趋势.（3）当将具有营养繁殖能力的植物排除后,与割草草地相比,始花期和果实始成熟期晚的植物在自由放牧草地中频度和多度减少的趋势更强.（4）为了使植物完成生活史,割草应在秋季大多数植物结实期结束时实施.（5）为保证大多数禾本科植物顺利完成生活史,应在大多数植物开始分蘖时开始放牧,进入花蕾期停止放牧,至结实期晚期又开始放牧.     

湖南省健康人群血清总蛋白、白蛋白参考值调查

目的：本实验旨在建立湖南省健康人群血清总蛋白（TP）、血清白蛋白（ALB）及A/G比值的参考值区间。方法：收集4543例湖南省城乡健康参考个体,采用全自动生化分析仪测定其血清TP、ALB值,并计算A/G比值,按不同年龄、性别、城乡进行分组统计学分析,建立适合湖南省人群TP、ALB及A/G比值的参考值。结果：湖南省健康人群参考区间为TP：66.51～82.85 g/L,ALB：43.09～50.19g/L,A/G比值为1.05～2.19;TP随年龄增大而稍有升高,中年达到高峰,后随年龄增大而降低,在各年龄组,女性均高于男性（P〈0.05）,乡村地区TP值高于城市地区（P〈0.05）;ALB随年龄增大稍有升高,在青壮年到达高峰而后下降,在儿童青少年、青壮年组血清ALB男性高于女性（P〈0.05）,而在中年、老年组血清ALB无差别,乡村地区ALB值高于城市地区（P〈0.05）;A/G比值随年龄的变化存在一定的差异性,A/G比值随年龄增大稍有增高,在青壮年组达到高峰而后下降,且在各年龄组男性高于女性（P〈0.05）,城市地区A/G值高于乡村地区（P〈0.05）;湖南省健康人群的TP、ALB与全国其他省市的TP、ALB存在差异。结论：湖南省健康人群TP、ALB、A/G比值参考区间与全国其它省份稍有差异,血清TP、Alb、A/G比值存在年龄、性别和地区差异性。     

放牧家畜的践踏作用研究评述

放牧家畜的践踏作用是家畜作用于草地的 3个途径之一 ,相对于采食和排泄物的作用具有作用时间长、直接作用的草地组分多和效果持久的特点。家畜践踏损伤牧草、埋实种子、促进萌发 ,减少凋落物的现存量 ,增加土壤的紧实度、容重 ,降低土壤孔隙度、水稳性团聚体、透水性和透气性 ,导致雨后水涝和植物根区缺氧 ,引发水土流失。国内外使用的 4种践踏强度指标分别存在不确定性大、忽视践踏强度的时间依赖性和畜种间差异、没有考虑放牧行为及其时间分配模式等问题 ,分析认为践踏强度应为家畜放牧行为、不同行为的持续时间、家畜体重、放牧地面积和坡度的函数。家畜的践踏作用因草地的健康状况差异而与之存在正或负的反馈机制以及践踏强度阈值 ,可能在草地退化和健康维护中起主导作用。今后需建立严格的研究方法和科学的践踏强度指标 ,重视草地植被对践踏的耐受阈限、践踏对牧草更新的调控机理及其对凋落物产生和分解的影响 ,以及土壤水分与践踏作用的关系 ,确定放牧系统的践踏强度阈值。     

内蒙古放牧草地土壤碳固持速率和潜力

放牧是典型草地最重要的利用方式,弄清放牧对草地碳固速率的影响,将为我国内蒙古地区草地碳汇管理提供重要的科学依据。通过在平坦草地和斜坡草地设置相同的放牧梯度实验 (放牧强度0、1.5、3.0、4.5、6.0、7.5、9.0 羊/hm²),探讨了放牧和地形对草地土壤碳固持速率的影响。实验结果表明:轻度放牧草地表现为碳固持,重度放草地表现为碳流失;对放牧草地而言,存在碳源/碳汇的转化阈值(或放牧强度),且坡地阈值低于平地。为了实现草地碳增汇目的,平坦草地的放牧强度应低于 4.5羊/hm²(放牧期6-9月),斜坡草地应低于3 羊/hm²。地形因素(平地VS斜坡)使准确评估放牧草地土壤的碳固持速率变得更加复杂。总之,内蒙古地区放牧草地具有较大的碳固持潜力,通过控制放牧强度是实现其碳固持潜力的重要途径之一。     

典型草原不同放牧强度草地土壤健康评价

土壤是草地植被生长的基础, 土壤质量的好坏直接影响植被的生长状况, 为探究放牧强度对典型草原土壤性能的影响, 以呼伦贝尔典型草原为研究对象, 选取重度放牧、中度放牧、不放牧草地, 对表层0—30 cm土壤的物理、化学、生物等19个指标进行分析, 利用主成分分析法选取9个主要贡献指标, 利用模糊综合评价法, 评价不同放牧强度草地的土壤健康状况。结果显示: (1)放牧强度的增加改变草地土壤的物理化学生物性质, 随放牧强度的增加, 表层土壤砂粒含量上升, 粘粒粉粒含量下降, 三种放牧草地30cm深土壤的物理特性差异显著 (P<0.05)。(2)土壤中氮、磷、钾、有机质等元素含量变化差异较大, 总体显示随深度的增加逐渐增大; 土壤中多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性退化程度, 随深度的增加而逐渐减小, 且不放牧草地<中度放牧草地<重度放牧草地。(3)通过主成分分析选取处对土壤变化较为敏感的田间持水量、土壤容重、粉粒、pH值、电导率、全磷、全钾、有机质、脲酶为土壤健康评价指标, 进行模糊综合评价, 得出重度放牧、中度放牧和不放牧草地的健康系数为0.607、0.674、1。因此, 不放牧草地土壤健康状况最好, 重度放牧草地土壤健康状况最差, 同时适当的将草原重度放牧草地向中度放牧和不放牧草地转变, 将有利于草原土壤环境的改善及恢复。     

青藏高原不同草地利用方式对土壤粒径分形特征的影响

研究青藏高原草地土壤粒径结构分形特征,为该地区土壤质量评价和生态恢复提供科学依据。以青藏高原4种高寒草地(放牧、围栏禁牧、围栏禁牧+补植、未干扰)为对象,采用分形理论,研究不同利用方式对高寒草地土壤颗粒组成及分形特征的影响,明确土壤粒径分形特征的影响因素。结果表明：与放牧和围栏禁牧+补植相比,围栏禁牧草地中黏粒和粉粒体积分数分别增加了60%—91.1%、43.5%—80.1%,禁牧能够促进土壤砂粒向黏粒和粉粒转变。不同草地利用方式对分形维数有显著影响,单重分形维数D值依次为放牧草地<围栏禁牧+补植草地<未干扰草地=围栏禁牧草地,多重分形维数,包括信息维数D₁、信息维数/容量维数比值D₁/D₀和关联维数D₂依次为放牧草地<围栏禁牧+补植草地<围栏禁牧草地<未干扰草地。单重分形维数D与土壤黏粒、粉粒呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);砂粒、黏粒、粉粒、有机碳和全氮是多重分形维数的限制因素。信息维数D₁、信息维数/容量维数比值D₁...     

草地放牧系统中土壤-植被系统各因子对放牧响应的研究进展

基于草业系统界面理论,综述了草地放牧系统中草地土壤-植被因子对放牧的响应以及放牧条件下植物的补偿性生长,认为在大气候一致的区域,放牧强度对植物群落的影响大于其他环境因子,从而成为影响植物群落特征的主导因子;科学的放牧制度和合理的放牧强度可以改善土壤结构,增强土壤对外界环境变化的抵抗力,否则会导致土壤质量下降,加速土壤侵蚀与退化;放牧家畜采食对植物生产力的影响和植物的补偿性生长是一般的生态学过程,但超补偿性生长与植物被采食前后的状况和环境条件密切相关,也与草地的放牧史有较强关系。因此,建议在研究草地放牧系统时,应以草场本身的条件和动态特征加以评价,用动态规划和系统优化模型,对草地的持续利用和畜牧业的可持续发展进行动态模拟,建立草地放牧管理专家系统。     

新疆哈萨克族脑梗塞与ICAM-1基因G241R多态性的关系

目的：探讨新疆哈萨克族脑梗死与细胞黏附分子1（ICAM-1）G241R基因多态性的关系。方法：采用多聚酶链式反应法及限制性内切酶片段长度多态性技术,对新疆哈萨克族100例脑梗死患者及110例健康者（对照组）进行ICAM-1基因G241R多态性检测,比较不同基因型与哈萨克族脑梗塞发病风险的关系。结果：脑梗塞患者ICAM-1基因G41R多态性的基因型频率和等位基因频率与健康对照组相比无明显差异。结论：ICAM-1基因G214R多态性可能不是新疆哈萨克族脑梗塞发病的遗传学危险因素。     

不同放牧与围封高寒灌丛草地土壤微生物群落结构PLFA分析

土壤微生物群落可以指示土壤质量变化,是土壤生态系统变化的预警及敏感指标。采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)分析方法研究了高寒杜鹃灌丛草地不同强度放牧及围封后,土壤微生物群落结构特征的变化规律和响应。结果显示,高寒杜鹃灌丛草地土壤总PLFA量、细菌生物量、真菌生物量和放线菌生物量均随着放牧强度的增大而显著降低(P0.05)。重牧灌丛草地,围封后的土壤总PLFA量、细菌生物量、放线菌生物量、G~+/G~-和压力指数显著高于放牧处理,而细菌/真菌比显著低于放牧处理;中牧灌丛草地,围封后的土壤总PLFA量、细菌生物量、细菌/真菌比显著高于放牧处理,而真菌生物量和压力指数显著低于放牧处理;轻牧灌丛草地,围封处理的土壤各生物量和生物量比值与放牧处理无显著差异。PLFA主成分分析表明:主成分一(PC1)主要包括14:0、15:0、10Me16:0和18:1ω9c等直链饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸,占PC1的53.68%;主成分二(PC2)主要包括由i16:0、16:1ω7c、i17:0、cy17:0、17:0、18:1ω9t、18:0和cy19:0等支链饱和脂肪酸和环丙烷脂肪酸组成,占PC2的51.34%;各处理样地土壤微生物群落结构相似;围封处理的响应程度大于放牧处理。相关性分析表明,土壤总PLFA量、细菌生物量、真菌生物量和放线菌生物量与土壤有机碳、全氮均呈极显著正相关,细菌/真菌比值与土壤有机碳、全氮呈极显著负相关。以上表明过度放牧降低了高寒灌丛草地土壤微生物活性,显著降低了土壤微生物生物量,适度放牧和围封可维持土壤微生物群落结构的稳定,围封有利于过度放牧草地土壤微生物的恢复。     

Implications of grazing and burning of grasslands on the sustainable use of francolins (Francolinus spp.) and on overall bird conservation in the highlands of Mpumalanga province, South Africa

We investigated the densities of the Redwing Francolinus levaillantii and Greywing Francolins F. africanus and the diversity of grassland birds in general along a land-use gradient in the highlands of Mpumalanga province, South Africa. Redwing Francolins cannot tolerate intensive grazing and frequent burning and are confined largely to unburnt, ungrazed grasslands. Their density and the species richness of grassland birds in general are negatively correlated with grazing intensity. Redwing populations drop to densities that cannot be utilised by hunters on a sustainable basis in grasslands that are grazed at even moderate levels or burned annually. Nineteen bird species (including five threatened species) were confined to essentially pristine grassland and were never observed in grazed/annually burned grasslands. The Greywing Francolin is more evenly distributed (although always at sub-utilisation densities) along the grassland land-use gradient, and its density is positively correlated with grazing intensity. There are two assemblages of grassland bird species that appear to be indicative of the intensity of habitat utilisation. Populations of grassland birds in the study area are becoming increasingly dependent on isolated patches of pristine grassland and are threatened by management involving annual burning and high stocking rates on a landscape scale.     

放牧对草地昆虫多样性的影响研究进展

在草地生态系统中,大型草食动物放牧是重要的管理方式之一,对草地生物多样性起着关键的驱动作用。昆虫是草地生态系统中生物多样性的重要组成成分,对生态系统的食物网结构以及其功能与稳定性起着关键作用。已有研究结果表明,大型草食动物与昆虫存在密切联系,放牧对草地昆虫多样性或有正向、或负向、或无明显作用,这依赖于放牧管理方式、昆虫类群以及草地类型。放牧必然通过直接(采食、践踏或粪尿)或间接(植物群落组成或植被结构)作用对昆虫多样性产生显著的影响。当前,关于大型草食动物放牧对草地昆虫多样性影响研究较多,但是,从研究系统性、深入性和延续性来说还存在一定问题。本文在综述国内外对放牧对草地昆虫多样性的影响研究基础上,提出了今后的研究方向,对于理解放牧管理的草地昆虫多样性变化规律,以及为积极探索维持草地昆虫多样性的长期有效的科学管理措施提供理论指导。     

放牧对呼伦贝尔草地植物和土壤生态化学计量学特征的影响

放牧通过畜体采食、践踏和排泄物归还影响草地群落组成、植物形态和土壤养分,植物通过改变养分利用策略适应环境变化。通过分析呼伦贝尔草原放牧和围封样地中的群落植物和土壤的碳氮磷养分及化学计量比,探讨放牧对生态系统化学计量学特征和养分循环速率的影响机制。结果如下:(1)群落尺度上,放牧和围封草地植物叶片C、N和P的含量没有显著差异;但是在种群尺度上,放牧草地植物叶片N含量显著高于围封草地;(2)放牧草地土壤全C、全N、有机C、速效P含量,低于围封草地,硝态N含量高于围封草地;土壤全P和铵态N指标没有显著差异;(3)放牧草地植物C∶N比显著低于围封草地,植物残体分解速率较快,提高了生态系统养分循环速率。     

Recreating Grasslands in Swedish Rural Landscapes – Effects of Seed Sowing and Management History

Recent loss of plant species richness in Swedish semi-natural grasslands has led to an increase in grassland recreation and restoration. To increase the establishment of declining species favoured by grazing and to re-establish original species richness, seed sowing has been discussed as a conservation tool. In this study, I examined to what extent seed sowing in former arable fields increases species richness and generates a species composition typical of semi-natural grasslands. Six grassland species favoured by grazing (target species) and six generalist species favoured by ceased grazing, were studied in a seed-addition experiment. Four different seed densities were used on four different grassland categories, two grazed former arable fields, one continuously grazed grassland and one abandoned grassland. Target and generalist species emerged in all grassland categories, but seedling emergence was higher in the grazed than in the abandoned grassland. Target species had higher emergence in the two grasslands with the longest grazing continuity. Seedling emergence and frequency of established plants of each target species were positively associated. The largest fraction of seeds germinated at an intermediate sowing density, 20–50 seeds/dm², suggesting that aggregation of seeds positively affects emergence up to a certain threshold. In conclusion, artificial seed sowing may induce the recreation of typical grassland communities on former arable fields, which may be an important contribution to increase the total grassland area and species richness in the landscape.     

Sheep grazing vs. cutting: regeneration and soil nutrient exploitation of the grassland weed Rumex obtusifolius

Broad-leaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius L., Polygonaceae) is an agronomically important perennial weed causing decreases in pasture yields and fodder quality. Non-chemical control measures for dock are often limited to frequent pulling and cutting, additionally it is usually avoided by grazing animals. Here, the regeneration of R. obtusifolius in a Rumex-infested grassland grazed by a sheep breed that explicitly feeds on dock (Ovis aries L. cv. East Prussian Skudden) was compared to cutting. Therefore, regeneration of 90 R. obtusifolius plants of three different size classes was monitored in three plots during three grazing and cutting cycles. Plant height and number of fruit-stands of regrown R. obtusifolius was significantly lower, number of leaves significantly higher after grazing than after cutting, while plant diameter was unaffected. Initially medium and large-sized plants (>40 cm diameter) were significantly more sensitive to grazing or cutting than initially smaller sized plants. Soil nitrate and ammonium concentrations in the vicinity of R. obtusifolius correlated with some regrowth parameters but were not affected by grazing or cutting. Sheep-grazed grassland communities comprised fewer legumes (p = 0.002), more grasses (p = 0.010) and fewer sward gaps (p = 0.025) than cut grassland. At the end of the experiment, abundance of R. obtusifolius in sheep grazed plots was lower than in cut plots (p = 0.089) suggesting that regrowth potential of this weed was depleted by continuous grazing and higher sward density. In conclusion, these data suggest that sheep could be considered in grassland management schemes to both directly and indirectly control Rumex infestations.     

Grazing pressure affects offspring sex ratio in a socially monogamous passerine on the Tibet Plateau

Livestock grazing can affect habitat structure and availability of arthropod prey for grassland birds, and ultimately determines habitat quality. The habitat quality may affect breeding strategies (e.g. sex ratio adjustment) in bird species, but studies investigating grazing intensity on offspring sex ratio are still rare. In this paper, we examined the effect of grazing intensity by livestock on the secondary sex ratio of an alpine‐steppe passerine, the isabelline wheatear Oenanthe isabellina, on the Tibet Plateau. Offspring sex ratio of isabelline wheatears significantly correlated with a quadratic term – (grazing intensity)². The wheatears nesting in areas grazed at low intensity by mixed livestocks produced significantly more sons than those in ungrazed area (0.41 vs 0.58, Z = –2.836, p = 0.005), while brood sex ratios from other treatments (ungrazing vs intensive grazing and low‐intensity grazing vs intensive grazing) did not differ significantly. Variation in offspring sex ratio was not related to other factors such as maternal condition, paternal condition and other two‐way interactions. These results suggest that breeding birds of grasslands are sensitive to variation in habitat conditions, and provide additional evidence that grazing intensity affects avian reproduction in cryptic ways that are rarely studied. Our findings suggest that flexible management including timely rotational grazing is needed to optimize bird species reproduction and maintain ecosystem health.     

放牧和围封条件下羊草碱化草地中斑发布格局研究

应用分形方法对松嫩平原羊草碱化划地中斑块分布格局进行定量估计,分析了放牧干扰和围封条件下斑块分布特征及动态。结果表明：随放牧强度增加,羊草斑块的斑块化指数增大,斑块面积范围的上下限变小,分布趋于破碎化和不均匀,斑块公布格局趋于复杂,自相似规律发生转折的尺度增多。围封后,１９８９～１９９３年羊草斑块总面积增加,斑块数目减少,斑块化指数降低,１９９４年后羊草斑块分布格局基本稳定。羊草斑块分布的双对数曲     

放牧对内蒙古典型草原大针茅凋落物中土壤动物组成及其分解功能的影响

放牧是影响草地生态系统中土壤动物组成和凋落物分解的重要因素.2010—2012年,选择内蒙古锡林郭勒盟白音锡勒牧场境内的禁牧草地、放牧草地和沙地为研究样地,以凋落物袋法研究了大针茅凋落物分解过程中主要理化特性以及其中土壤动物群落的变化特征.共采集到土壤动物67056头52类,隶属于5门8纲,其中螨类23科,昆虫19科.大针茅凋落物的初始有机质含量为92.5%,分解780 d后分别降至40.0%(禁牧草地)和41.3%(放牧草地),差异不显著;凋落物残留率分别降低至50.0%(禁牧草地)和23.0%(放牧草地),差异显著.放牧影响下,大针茅残留凋落物中土壤动物多度显著降低.将大针茅凋落物置入沙地环境,有机质分解速率无显著变化,但凋落物残留率显著降低,螨类群落组成发生显著变化.在内蒙古典型草原环境下,放牧显著改变了植物凋落物中的土壤动物群落组成和多度,但凋落物中有机质分解速率未发生显著变化;半干旱地区土壤动物的凋落物分解功能较为微弱.     

Optimal management of the rare Gladiolus imbricatus in Estonian coastal meadows indicated by its population structure

Questions: What is the best grassland management regime for the threatened plant species Gladiolus imbricatus; is the stage structure of local populations a feasible indicator of the effect of changed management. Location: Coastal meadow system in southwestern Estonia. Methods : The effect of five management regimes was studied in a long‐term (three‐year) field experiment: (1) mowing in late July, (2) grazing by cattle, (3) grazing by sheep, (4) sheep grazing during the first year and mowing during subsequent years, (5) no management (control). Results: The population density increased significantly in response to the mowing treatment and to the mowing after sheep grazing treatment. The proportion of grazed plant individuals was higher in the sheep‐grazed than in the cattle‐grazed treatment. Generative and vegetative adult individuals of G. imbricatus were significantly more damaged by cattle herbivory than juveniles. All management regimes shifted the population structure towards a dynamic state where juvenile stages dominate, while the not managed control retained a regressive population structure. Conclusions: Population stage structure was a useful indicator of different management conditions, even in the case where population density did not differ. As indicated by population stage structure, the best management regime for G. imbricatus was either mowing in late July only, or alternation of grazing and mowing in different years.     

放牧管理模式对高寒草甸鼢鼠鼠丘群落演替的影响

高寒草甸放牧利用下高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)等危害的发生是草地管理的关键难题,分析放牧管理模式对鼢鼠鼠丘植被群落演替的影响能为草地管理提供重要依据。研究选择划区轮牧(RG)、生长季休牧(GSG)、连续放牧(CG)和禁牧(PG)4种放牧管理模式,以及各模式下不同年限鼠丘(一年(ZM1)、两年(ZM2)、三年(ZM3)和多年鼠丘(ZMM))与对照(CM)草地。分析不同放牧管理模式对鼠丘植被群落特征和生物量等的影响,结果发现:PG和GSG下所有年限鼠丘的植被高度、地上生物量均高于RG和CG;RG和GSG下ZM1和ZM2物种Shannon-wiener指数均高于对照样地物种Shannon-wiener指数。主成分分析表明:RG下地上生物量和物种丰富度指数是影响鼠丘植被群落演替的重要因子,PG下地上生物量、盖度、Shannon-wiener指数和均匀度指数是鼠丘植被群落演替的重要因子,CG下物种丰富度和重要值是影响鼠丘植被群落演替的重要指标,GSG下Shannon-wiener指数、盖度和高度是影响鼠丘植被群落演替的重要指标。可见,不同放牧制度对鼠丘植被群落演替的影响不同,禁牧和生长季休牧管理模式能够较好地恢复鼠丘植被群落演替。