过氧化氢和氯化钙对香蕉幼苗抗寒性的影响

用H₂O₂和CaCl₂单独或混合使用的方法喷洒香蕉幼苗,并置于低温培养箱中进行冷胁迫处理,发现它们可提高香蕉幼苗冷胁迫期间叶片POD活性,降低细胞质泄漏,增加可溶性糖含量及减缓叶绿素降解,从而减轻冷伤害程度。H₂O₂和CaCl₂混合处理的效果优于单独处理,二者有协同效应。     

外源褪黑素对盐胁迫下银杏幼苗渗透调节和抗氧化能力的影响

以4年生银杏幼苗为材料,进行不同浓度盐胁迫(50、100、200 mmol·L^-1)处理,叶片喷施和土壤浇灌外源褪黑素溶液(0、0.02、0.1、0.5 mmol·L^-1),研究外源褪黑素对盐胁迫下银杏幼苗渗透调节和抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明：盐胁迫显著抑制银杏幼苗渗透调节和抗氧化能力,而在盐胁迫下施用适宜浓度(0.02、0.1 mmol·L^-1)的外源褪黑素能够促进植株生长,降低电解质外渗率,减少黄酮和丙二醛含量,促进叶片中过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的提高,但高浓度(0.5 mmol·L^-1)外源褪黑素会进一步加剧氧化胁迫和渗透胁迫。0.02和0.1 mmol·L^-1外源褪黑素处理缓解了盐胁迫下银杏幼苗的渗透胁迫和氧化胁迫,且0.02 mmol·L^-1外源褪黑素处理对盐胁迫缓解效果最佳。地径、枝条宽度、枝条长度、电解质外渗率、SOD活性和黄酮含量可作为快速鉴定银杏受盐胁迫程度的关键指标。     

5-羟色胺在红树植物秋茄幼苗抗寒中的作用

5-羟色胺(5-HT)不仅能参与植物的生长发育,还可以延缓衰老及应对非生物胁迫。为探明5-HT在调控红树林抗寒中的作用,以红树植物秋茄为试验材料,研究抗寒锻炼和喷施DL-4-氯苯丙氨酸(p-CPA, 5-HT合成抑制剂)对低温胁迫下秋茄幼苗叶片气体交换参数、CO₂响应曲线(A/Ca)和内源植物激素含量的影响。结果表明：低温胁迫显著降低了秋茄幼苗叶片5-HT、叶绿素、内源生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA)和脱落酸(ABA)含量,减弱了其利用CO₂的能力,降低了净光合速率,抑制了初始羧化效率。低温胁迫下施用外源p-CPA降低了秋茄幼苗叶片光合色素、内源各激素和5-HT含量,加剧了低温胁迫对秋茄幼苗叶片光合功能的伤害。抗寒锻炼可有效降低低温胁迫下秋茄幼苗叶片内源IAA含量,促使植株产生更多的5-HT,提高了叶片光合色素、GA、ABA含量和初始羧化效率,提升了光合碳同化能力,最终提高了秋茄幼苗叶片的光合作用;抗寒锻炼下喷施p-CPA会显著抑制秋茄幼苗叶片5-HT合成,促进IAA产生,同时降低光合色素、GA、ABA含量和初始羧化效率,减弱抗寒锻炼对红树林...     

外源SNP对盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响北大核心CSCD

为明确外源一氧化氮(NO)对甜瓜幼苗耐盐性的影响,该研究以甜瓜品种‘农大甜10号’为试验材料,在300 mmol·L^(-1)NaCl胁迫条件下,叶面喷施不同浓度(50、100、150、200、250μmol·L^(-1))外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP),分析甜瓜幼苗生长、光合色素含量、细胞膜透性、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量的变化。结果表明:(1)盐胁迫显著抑制甜瓜幼苗的生长,同时显著降低叶片光合色素含量、细胞膜透性、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量。(2)叶面喷施150μmol·L^(-1)SNP能够显著提高盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗的株高、茎粗、干鲜重、壮苗指数,并显著提高盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗的光合色素含量,从而提高甜瓜的光合作用。(3)喷施150μmol·L^(-1)SNP可显著提高盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)及脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)的活性,显著降低盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗的丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H_(2)O_(2))含量及超氧阴离子(O^(-)·_(2))产生速率。(4)喷施150μmol·L^(-1)SNP可显著提高盐胁迫下甜瓜幼苗叶片脯氨酸(Pro)和可溶性蛋白的含量。研究认为,在盐胁迫环境下,适宜浓度的外源SNP(150μmol·L^(-1))可通过提高甜瓜幼苗的抗氧化酶活性以及光合色素和小分子可溶性有机化合物含量来增强活性氧的清除能力,降低膜脂过氧化作用,有效减轻盐胁迫对幼苗的伤害,从而增强其耐盐性,促进幼苗生长。     

紫花地丁对盐胁迫的生理反应

为研究盐分胁迫下紫花地丁生理反应,本文以紫花地丁幼苗为试验材料,对不同浓度NaCl处理中的幼苗叶片,进行光合色素、蛋白质、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸的测定。结果表明,盐胁迫下紫花地丁叶片光合色素含量降低、蛋白质、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸含量呈先升高后下降的趋势,当处理浓度高于NaCl2%时,各指标与对照之间差异显著。紫花地丁幼苗能够正常生长的抗盐阈值为NaCl2%,可耐低盐胁迫。渗透调节物质是紫花地丁的主要耐盐性指标。     

褪黑素对盐碱复合胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合特性和渗透调节物质含量的影响

为明确外源褪黑素(MT)对黄瓜盐碱胁迫的缓解效应,以‘新春四号’黄瓜为试材,采用复合盐碱(NaCl∶Na₂SO₄∶Na₂CO₃∶NaHCO₃=1∶9∶1∶9)模拟胁迫,测定外源根施MT和盐碱胁迫下黄瓜叶片光合特性和渗透调节物质含量。结果表明: 与正常生长黄瓜幼苗相比,在40 mmol·L^-1盐碱胁迫下,外源施加10 μmol·L^-1 MT能够显著增加黄瓜幼苗叶片的叶绿素、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量,提高净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率、实际光化学效率、表观光合电子传递速率和光化学淬灭系数,而胞间CO₂浓度、非光化学淬灭系数、蔗糖、果糖、淀粉和脯氨酸含量减小了11.1%、13.8%、12.7%、27.5%、1.3%和32.8%,同时,碳同化关键酶核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化/加氧酶、果糖-1,6-二磷酸酯酶活性显著升高,且Rubisco亚基(CsrbcS和CsrbcL)、CsFBA、CsRCA、CsFBPase、CsTK的mRNA水平均下调表达。综上,外源MT能够提高盐碱胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的叶绿素、渗透调节物质含量、光合化学效率和碳同化关键酶活性,增强幼苗光合能力,减轻复合盐碱胁迫对植株的伤害。研究结果可为抗盐碱栽培提供理论依据。     

盐胁迫下根瘤共生豌豆植株对外源钙的生理响应

为明确外源钙对根瘤共生豌豆植株耐盐性的影响机制,本试验采用盆栽方式研究了NaCl (170 mmol·L^-1)胁迫下,外源施加CaCl₂(0、5、15 mmol·L^-1)对接种根瘤菌(菌株15657、15735、Ca66)的两种耐盐性不同品种豌豆(定豌8号、陇豌6号)植株生理指标的影响。结果表明: 接种根瘤菌、施加CaCl₂或接种根瘤菌后施加CaCl₂均提高了豌豆植株的生物量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性、脯氨酸(Pro)和可溶性糖(SS)含量,降低了丙二醛(MDA)含量;接种根瘤菌后施加15 mmol·L^-1 CaCl₂显著提高了豌豆植株的生物量、POD活性和Pro含量。接种与豌豆植株匹配性较好的15735菌株并施加CaCl₂对豌豆在盐胁迫下各指标的影响相对较小,接种匹配性差的菌株(156567、Ca66)并施加CaCl₂影响较大。经隶属函数综合分析表明,接种根瘤菌后施加CaCl₂的豌豆植株表现出较强的耐盐性,接种15735菌后施加15 mmol·L^-1 CaCl₂的定豌8号隶属函数值为0.814,耐盐性最强。本研究表明,相比接种根瘤菌和施加CaCl₂处理,接种根瘤菌后施加CaCl₂可更有效地提高盐胁迫下豌豆植株的抗氧化酶活性,增强渗透调节能力,降低膜脂过氧化伤害,从而提高豌豆植株的耐盐性。     

硅提高黄瓜幼苗抗盐能力的生理机制研究

为了明确硅提高黄瓜幼苗抗盐能力的机制,该试验采用水培方法,以黄瓜品种‘津优一号’为材料,对幼苗进行中度盐胁迫,研究在盐胁迫下硅对黄瓜幼苗生长、光合特性、渗透调节物质和离子吸收的影响。结果显示:(1)正常条件下,硅对黄瓜幼苗生长及相关生理指标无明显影响;单独盐处理降低了幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和叶片含水量,导致幼苗生长受抑。(2)盐胁迫下加硅显著提高了幼苗光合速率和叶片含水量,增加了生物量的积累;在盐胁迫初期,硅加盐处理黄瓜叶片渗透势略低于单独盐处理,此后均高于单独盐处理;硅加盐处理显著提高了叶片可溶性糖含量,尤其是蔗糖含量,而降低了其脯氨酸含量,但对可溶性蛋白含量无显著影响。(3)盐胁迫下黄瓜植株Na+含量大幅上升,K+含量下降,K+/Na+比大幅降低;硅加盐处理降低了黄瓜叶片中Na+含量,提高了K+含量和K+/Na+比。研究表明,盐胁迫条件下,硅能通过减轻叶片离子毒害和增加水分吸收,改善叶片水分状况,从而维持较高的光合能力,提高其抗盐能力;而渗透调节只在盐胁迫初期有轻微缓解作用,不是硅提高黄瓜幼苗抗盐性的主要途径。     

干旱胁迫下亚精胺对玉米幼苗抗旱性影响的生理生化机制

为探究外源亚精胺(Spd)在增强玉米干旱胁迫耐受性中的作用,以‘先玉335’(干旱不敏感型)和‘丰禾1’(干旱敏感型)为试验材料,采用营养液水培法,研究了15%聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫下,外源Spd (0.1 mmol·L^-1)对玉米幼苗生长、光合特性、叶绿素含量、渗透调节物质、活性氧生成、膜质过氧化及根系活力的影响.结果表明:干旱胁迫下,外源Spd处理可显著促进干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗的生长;提高叶绿素含量、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和水分利用效率(WUE),减缓‘丰禾1’叶片中胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)的升高,有效减轻干旱胁迫对玉米幼苗叶片光合作用的气孔限制和非气孔限制;增加脯氨酸和可溶性糖的含量;降低O₂^-·生成速率、H₂O₂和丙二醛(MDA)含量、细胞膜透性,有效缓解了胁迫对膜的伤害;增强幼苗根系活力;其中干旱敏感品种‘丰禾1’变化幅度大于耐旱品种‘先玉335’.表明在干旱胁迫下,外源Spd能促进玉米幼苗对光能的捕获与转换,增强光合作用,促进幼苗的生长,并能够通过减少玉米幼苗体内活性氧的产生,增加渗透调节物质的积累以稳定细胞膜系统,提高根系活力,从而增强幼苗对干旱逆境的适应性,且对干旱敏感品种‘丰禾1’的效果更显著.     

亚精胺预处理对NaCl胁迫下青稞幼苗生理特性的影响

以青稞幼苗为试验材料,通过水培实验研究了外源亚精胺(Spd)预处理对200 mmol·L-1 NaCl盐胁迫下青稞幼苗叶片相对含水量(RWC)、光合色素、水溶性蛋白质、丙二醛和脯氨酸含量与电解质外渗率的影响,探讨外源亚精胺提高青稞幼苗抗盐胁迫能力的机理.结果表明:随着盐胁迫的延续,单独NaCl处理组和NaCl+Spd处理组的青稞幼苗叶片RWC、光合色素与水溶性蛋白质含量均明显持续降低且显著低于同期对照,而丙二醛含量、电解质外渗率则逐渐增加且显著高于同期对照,Spd预处理则显著延缓了这些指标的变化幅度;同时上述两组处理也均使青稞幼苗脯氨酸含量不断增加且显著高于同期对照,Spd预处理则增加幅度更大.可见,Spd预处理缓解了青稞幼苗叶片失水程度和光合色素、蛋白质含量下降幅度,提高了质膜的稳定性和完整性,增加了渗透调节物质脯氨酸含量,从而减轻了NaCl胁迫对青稞幼苗造成的伤害,最终提高青稞幼苗抗盐胁迫能力.     

Coccystes undoxylophus

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Flavonoids of Astilbe and Rodgersia compared to Aruncus

The flavonoid profiles of Astilbe (four taxa studied) and Rodgersia (two taxa studied) are based on simple flavonol glycosides. Astilbe has 3-O-mono-, 3-O-di-, and 3-O-triglycosides of kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin, while Rodgersia has only mono- and diglycosides of kaempferol and quercetin. Astilbe×arendsii was also shown to accumulate dihydrochalcone glycosides. The flavonoid profile of Rodgersia is the simplest recorded so far in the herbaceous Saxifragaceae. The flavonoids of two species of Aruncus were shown to be based upon kaempferol and quercetin 3-O-mono- and 3-O-diglycosides. One of the species also exhibited an eriodictyol glycoside. The triglycoside differences were not considered important, but the differences in myricetin occurrences were taken as evidence against derivation of Saxifragaceae from an Aruncus-like ancestor. Should such an event be proposed, however, serious consideration would have to be given to the current pattern of myricetin occurrence in the two families.     

Biogeography of Hysterangiales (Phallomycetidae, Basidiomycota)

To understand the biogeography of truffle-like fungi, DNA sequences were analysed from representative taxa of Hysterangiales. Multigene phylogenies and the results of ancestral area reconstructions are consistent with the hypothesis of an Australian, or eastern Gondwanan, origin of Hysterangiales with subsequent range expansions to the Northern Hemisphere. However, neither Northern Hemisphere nor Southern Hemisphere taxa formed a monophyletic group, which is in conflict with a strictly vicariant scenario. Therefore, the occurrence and importance of long-distance dispersal could not be rejected. Although a pre-Gondwanan origin of Hysterangiales remains as a possibility, this hypothesis requires that Hysterangiales exist prior to the origin of the currently recognized ectomycorrhizal plants, as well as the arrival of mycophagous animals in Australia. This also requires that a basal paraphyletic assemblage represents parallel evolution of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, or that Hysterangiales was mycorrhizal with members of the extinct flora of Gondwana. Regardless, models for both ancient and more recent origins of Hysterangiales are consistent with truffle-like fungi being capable of transoceanic dispersal.     

Chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from the halophytic plants Kochia scoparia, Atriplex dimorphostegia, Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus

Samples of Kochia (K. scoparia), Atriplex (A. dimorphostegia), Suaeda (S. arcuata) and Gamanthus (G. gamacarpus) were collected and analyzed for chemical composition including crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDFom), acid detergent fiber (ADFom), non-protein N (NPN), Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Fe, Cu and Se. In addition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter (DM) and CP of the samples using a mobile bag technique were determined. Results indicate that the chemical composition of Kochia and Atriplex was notably different from those of Suaeda and Gamanthus. All of these halophytic plants had high concentrations of Na, K, Cl, Cu and Se, and low levels of Ca, P and Mg. The rapidly degradable fractions of DM and CP (g/g) of Kochia (0.31 and 0.35, respectively) and Atriplex (0.39 and 0.50, respectively) were lower than for Suaeda (0.53 and 0.55, respectively) and Gamanthus (0.56 and 0.66, respectively). Ruminal DM and CP disappearance of Kochia (444 and 517 g/kg, respectively) and Atriplex (472 and 529 g/kg, respectively) were lower (P<0.05) than those of Suaeda (553 and 577 g/kg, respectively) and Gamanthus (663 and 677 g/kg, respectively) (P<0.05) using the mobile bag technique. Suaeda had the lowest (P<0.05) NDFom and ADFom disappearance (214 and 232 g/kg, respectively) in the rumen. Kochia scoparia and Atriplex dimorphostegia have more beneficial chemical nutritive components and digestible values versus Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Ester production in E. coli and C. acetobutylicum

Genetic engineering has improved the product yield of a variety of compounds by overexpressing, inactivating, or introducing new genes in microbial systems. The production of flavor-enhancing ester compounds is an emerging area of heterologous gene expression for desired product yield in Escherichia coli. Isoamyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and butyl butyrate are reported here to be produced by expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes ATF1 or ATF2 and the strawberry gene SAAT in E. coli when the appropriate substrates are provided. Increasing the concentration of alcohol added to the reaction generally resulted in increased ester production. ATF1 expression was found to produce more isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate than ATF2 expression or SAAT expression in the strains and culture conditions examined. Additionally, SAAT expression resulted in greater isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate production than ATF2 expression. Butyl butyrate is produced by cell-free extracts of E. coli harboring SAAT but not ATF1 or ATF2.     

The role of the genesnrf EFG andccmFH in cytochromec biosynthesis inEscherichia coli

It has been suggested that two groups ofEscherichia coli genes, theccm genes located in the 47-min region and thenrfEFG genes in the 92-min region of the chromosome, are involved in cytochromec biosynthesis during anaerobic growth. The involvement of the products of these genes in cytochromec synthesis, assembly and secretion has now been investigated. Despite their similarity to other bacterial cytochromec assembly proteins, NrfE, F and G were found not to be required for the biosynthesis of any of thec-type cytochromes inE. coli. Furthermore, these proteins were not required for the secretion of the periplasmic cytochromes, cytochromec ₅₅₀ and cytochromec ₅₅₂, or for the correct targeting of the NapC and NrfB cytochromes to the cytoplasmic membrane. NrfE and NrfG are required for formate-dependent nitrite reduction (the Nrf pathway), which involves at least twoc-type cytochromes, cytochromec ₅₅₂ and NrfB, but NrfF is not essential for this pathway. Genes similar tonrfE, nrfF andnrfG are present in theE. coli nap-ccm locus at minute 47. CcmF is similar to NrfE, the N-terminal region of CcmH is similar to NrfF and the C-terminal portion of CcmH is similar to NrfG. In contrast to NrfF, the N-terminal, NrfF-like portion of CcmH is essential for the synthesis of allc-type cytochromes. Conversely, the NrfG-like C-terminal region of CcmH is not essential for cytochromec biosynthesis. The data are consistent with proposals from this and other laboratories that CcmF and CcmH form part of a haem lyase complex required to attach haemc to C-X-X-C-H haem-binding domains. In contrast, NrfE and NrfG are proposed to fulfill a more specialised role in the assembly of the formate-dependent nitrite reductase.     

Multiple invasions of Gypsy and Micropia retroelements in genus Zaprionus and melanogaster subgroup of the genus Drosophila

Background  

The Zaprionus genus shares evolutionary features with the melanogaster subgroup, such as space and time of origin. Although little information about the transposable element content in the Zaprionus genus had been accumulated, some of their elements appear to be more closely related with those of the melanogaster subgroup, indicating that these two groups of species were involved in horizontal transfer events during their evolution. Among these elements, the Gypsy and the Micropia retroelements were chosen for screening in seven species of the two Zaprionus subgenera, Anaprionus and Zaprionus.