中国华夏植物区二叠纪几种科达植物分散角质层及其意义

中国华夏植物区科达植物的研究历史虽然最早可上溯至1883年,但直到1991年才首次报道其角质层构造。到目前为止,中国华夏植物区总共描述了4种科达植物原位角质层和3种分散角质层。但与欧美植物区相比,有关中国华夏植物区科达植物角质层的研究工作还较薄弱。本文较详细地描述了3种产自中国华夏植物区二叠纪煤系地层中的科达植物分散角质层。其中2种采自华北亚区南缘的安徽淮南新庄孜矿山西组A1煤顶板,地质时代为早二叠世;另一种采自华南亚区的贵州水城矿区大河边矿龙潭组顶部的11号煤层,地质时代为晚二叠世早期。将这3种科达植物分散角质层与已知的欧美植物区和中国华夏植物区的种类进行了对比,认为它们都是新的类型。讨论了这3种新的科达植物分散角质层所具有的古植物学意义。     

中国华夏植物区二叠纪几种科达植物分散角质层及其意义

中国华夏植物区科达植物的研究历史虽然最早可上溯至1883年,但直到1991年才首次报道其角质层构造.到目前为止,中国华夏植物区总共描述了4种科达植物原位角质层和3种分散角质层.但与欧美植物区相比,有关中国华夏植物区科达植物角质层的研究工作还较薄弱.本文较详细地描述了3种产自中国华夏植物区二叠纪煤系地层中的科达植物分散角质层.其中2种采自华北亚区南缘的安徽淮南新庄孜矿山西组A1煤顶板,地质时代为早二叠世;另一种采自华南亚区的贵州水城矿区大河边矿龙潭组顶部的11号煤层,地质时代为晚二叠世早期.将这3种科达植物分散角质层与已知的欧美植物区和中国华夏植物区的种类进行了对比,认为它们都是新的类型.讨论了这3种新的科达植物分散角质层所具有的古植物学意义.     

中国二叠纪煤核中具解剖构造的鳞木类植物:似封印叶属

报道了产于中国二叠纪煤核中的3种具解剖构造的鳞木类叶,它们都具双木质部束,与似封印叶属(Sigillariopsis Scott)特征一致.与该属已有种进行了对比,确认它们为3个新种:产于山西太原西山煤田太原组上部7号煤层(早二叠世早期)煤核中的山西似封印叶(Sigillariopsis shanxiensis sp. nov.)和太原似封印叶(S. taiyuanensis sp.nov.)以及产于贵州水城矿区汪家寨组1号煤层(晚二叠世晚期)煤核中的贵州似封印叶(Sigillariopsis guizhouensis sp.nov.).根据煤核中共生的鳞木类植物其他器官以及欧美植物区鳞木类植物的研究资料推断,它们可能属于封印木属(Sigillaria Brongniart)的叶.在国外(主要是欧美植物区),封印木属植物主要分布于石炭纪,见于二叠纪的封印木很少.华夏植物区的封印木属过去很少发现,其叶和生殖器官均未报道过.本文是首次报道华夏植物区具解剖构造的封印木属的叶,它们的发现不仅丰富了华夏植物区封印木属植物的内容,而且对于研究封印木属的演化以及华夏植物区与欧美植物区鳞木类植物之间的关系也具有重要的意义.     

An Early Permian plant assemblage from the Taiyuan Formation of northern China with compression/impression and permineralized preservation

A small but diverse fossil flora is described from the Early Permian Taiyuan Formation occurring at the Yangshuling mine in Pingquan district of Hebei Province, northern China. Fossils occur as compression/impressions within mudrocks and fine-grained sandstones and also as carbonate permineralizations within volcaniclastic tuffs. All are fragmentary and contain lycopsids, sphenopsids, ferns and seed plants, and include several new species. In the compression assemblage sphenopsid and pteridosperm foliage accounts for the majority of the fossils recognised with only a few other kinds of plant organs present. In contrast, the permineralized assemblage is dominated by cordaitaleans with a composition similar to that occurring in coal-ball assemblages elsewhere in the Taiyuan Formation. From the taxonomic synthesis presented it is apparent that the Yangshuling permineralized assemblage contains many of the plant taxa diagnostic of the northern realm of the Early Permian Cathaysian flora, and preserves a representative sample of the wetland coal-swamp vegetation of this time. The permineralized assemblage at Yangshuling represents the first example of anatomically preserved plants from volcaniclastic lithologies from the Palaeozoic of China, raising the possibility of similarly preserved plant-fossil assemblages elsewhere in the Cathaysian realm.     

Permineralized Cardiocarpalean Ovules in Wetland Vegetation from Early Permian Volcaniclastic Sediments of China

In this paper we report the first occurrence of permineralized plant fossils in volcaniclastic lithologies from China and in doing so describe a new species of cardiocarpalean ovule permineralized within tuffaceous sediments from a recently discovered locality near Pingquan, Hebei Province, North China. The tuff is part of the Early Permian Taiyuan Formation which contains a diverse fossil plant assemblage that includes cordaitean spermatophytes, lepidodendralean lycophytes, equisetophytes, and filicalean ferns, all of which were typical of Permian floras of northern China at this time. Specimens of Cardiocarpusdabiziae sp. nov. have the characteristic platyspermic shape and vascularization of cardiocarpalean ovules, and display prominent protuberances on the exterior of the integument. The integument of the ovule is composed of three layers; a thick sarcotesta, a thin and comparatively dense sclerotesta, and a single layer of large endotesta cells. The pollen chamber produces a slender nucellar beak. In several specimens the megaspore membrane contains well-developed tissue of the megagametophyte. The ovules have prominent external integumentary protuberances which suggest that well-developed systems of plant/animal interactions were operative in Early Permian wetland biotas of the Cathaysian realm.     

山东太原组煤核中鳞木类茎——三点“鳞木”的解剖构造

描述了一种产自山东省南部的陶枣煤田和兖州煤田太原组煤核中的鳞木类茎的解剖构造特征。根据叶座的形态,该种茎曾被归入大青山“鳞木”(“Lepidodendron”tachingshanense Lee)种,但此次重新仔细研究后转归三点“鳞木”(“Lepidodendron”tripunctatum Stock.et Math.)种内。与欧美植物区和华夏植物区已有的具解剖构造的鳞木类茎进行了详细对比,认为与奇木属Diaphorodendron很接近,但叶座的形态和解剖差别较大。此外,当前标本的分枝方式还不清楚,因此,还不能将当前标本归入奇木属内。当前标本与奇木属的关系及其分类位置有待于今后对更多更好的标本进行深入研究。     

Callospermarion ovules from the Early Permian of northern China: palaeofloristic and palaeogeographic significance of callistophytalean seed-ferns in the Cathaysian flora

A distinctive kind of anatomically preserved cardiocarpalean ovule is described from the Early Permian Taiyuan Formation of northern China. Ovules are small, have 180° rotational symmetry, and possess variably thick integuments with prominent secretory cavities that may be empty, filled with resinous materials and in several instances appear to contain animal coprolites. Comparisons show that (where known) these features conform to those of Callospermarion undulatum (Neely) Rothwell, to which they are assigned, previously only known from the Pennsylvanian of Euramerica. These fossils represent the first indisputable occurrence of the genus Callospermarion in the Early Permian Cathaysian floras, and show the presence of callistophytalean seed-ferns in this palaeofloristic realm for the first time. These data combined with results from previous investigations now support the Early Permian northern Cathaysian flora including the Taiyuan Formation having evolved from the Late Carboniferous and earliest Permian Euramerican flora, with which it shares far too many generic level similarities for these co-occurrences to be coincidental. Our hypothesis is therefore that the Early Permian flora of the northern Cathaysian realm represents the continued evolution of wetland Euramerican-type coal-swamp floras, and as such is likely to present a model for evolutionarily driven floral change as opposed to the climatically driven floral changes observed in the Euramerican flora after the demise of coal-swamp environments. The distribution of coprolites in and immediately around glandular cavities in this species suggests specialised syndromes of herbivory existed in Early Permian Cathaysian ecosystems, with herbivores preferentially selecting these areas of the ovule integument.     

Early Carboniferous Flora in Southeastern Henan

The fossil plants described and illustrated were collected from the Yangshan Formation in Shangcheng and Gushi districts of southeastern part of Henan Province, namely, Lepidodendron cf. aolungpylukense Sze, L. shanyangense Wu et He, L. . cf. subrhombicum Gu et Zhi, L. sp. a, L. sp. b, Bothrodendron sp. a, B. sp. b, Lepidostrobus ? sp., Stigmaria ficoides (Sternberg) Brongniart, Archaeocalamites scrobiculatus (Schlotheim) Seward, Cardiopteridium spetsbergense Nathorst, Triph yllopteris ? sp., Rhodeopteridium hsianghsiangense (Sze) Zhang, Zhao et Wu, Paripteris cf. pseudogigantea (Potonie) Gothan, P. ? sp., Cordaites schenkii Halle, Cardiocarpus cordai (Geinitz) Gu et Zhi and Carpolithus sp., including 18 species in 11 genera. They belonged to Lycopsida, Sphenopsida, Filices, Pteridospermopsida, Cordaitopsida and Semina Gymnospermarum respectively , in which Lepidophytic plants of Lycopsida were the dominanance. The Yangshan Formation flora contains some typical Early Carboniferous elements, such as Archaeocalamites scrobiculatus, Cardiopteridium spetsbergense and Rhodeopteridium hsianghsiangense, which were fairly common from Visean to early Namurian; however, it also includes certain lepidophytic plants of the Cathaysian type, such as Lepidodendron cf. aolungpylukense, L. shanyangense and L. cf. subrhombicum, etc. On the basis of the floral composition, the geological age of the Yangshan Formation flora belonged to the late Early Carboniferous epoch, corresponding approximately to late Visean to early Namurian A. The present flora could be compared with contemporaneous floras from eastern Gansu, Shanyang of Shaanxi, South China and western Malaysia, which was closest to the Shanyang flora. In addition, the authors also discussed the distribution of late Early Carboniferous floras in other parts of the world.     

河南固始下石炭统杨山组华夏木一新种

描述河南固始杨山煤矿下石炭统杨山组的一个华夏木新种Cathaysiodendronyangshanensesp.nov.,这是近年来继在甘肃靖远早石炭世臭牛沟组中发现华夏木之后该属在早石炭世地层中的又一发现。华夏木属是华夏植物群的特有分子,它在早石炭世的发现对探讨华夏植物群的起源有重要意义。     

山东新汶煤田太原组小有孔虫动物群及石炭-二叠系界线的探讨

通过对山东新汶煤田太原组小有孔虫动物群的系统研究,共鉴定出小有孔虫化石24属66种,根据小有孔虫在太原组中的垂向分布和含量的变化,自下而上分为3个小有孔虫组合：1．Brad yina samarica- Palaeotextularia angusta elongata组合,2．Nodosaria sinensis- Tetrataxis组合,3．Geinitzina postacarbonica组合。通过与邻区及华北部分地区的对比,本区太原组小有孔虫动物群的地质时代应归属于早二叠世,其层位大致相当于华北各地太原组(ting)类的Pseudoschwagerina带。     

中国二叠纪煤核中具解剖构造的鳞木类植物:似封印叶属(英文)

报道了产于中国二叠纪煤核中的 3种具解剖构造的鳞木类叶 ,它们都具双木质部束 ,与似封印叶属 (Sigil lariopsisScott)特征一致。与该属已有种进行了对比 ,确认它们为 3个新种 :产于山西太原西山煤田太原组上部 7号煤层 (早二叠世早期 )煤核中的山西似封印叶 (Sigillariopsisshanxiensissp .nov .)和太原似封印叶 (S .taiyuanensissp .nov .)以及产于贵州水城矿区汪家寨组 1号煤层 (晚二叠世晚期 )煤核中的贵州似封印叶 (Sigillariopsisguizhouensissp .nov .)。根据煤核中共生的鳞木类植物其他器官以及欧美植物区鳞木类植物的研究资料推断 ,它们可能属于封印木属 (SigillariaBrongniart)的叶。在国外 (主要是欧美植物区 ) ,封印木属植物主要分布于石炭纪 ,见于二叠纪的封印木很少。华夏植物区的封印木属过去很少发现 ,其叶和生殖器官均未报道过。本文是首次报道华夏植物区具解剖构造的封印木属的叶 ,它们的发现不仅丰富了华夏植物区封印木属植物的内容 ,而且对于研究封印木属的演化以及华夏植物区与欧美植物区鳞木类植物之间的关系也具有重要的意义。     

宁夏的(竹蜓)

宁夏的含(竹蜓)地层出露较好,剖面和柱状剖面有7处.含(竹蜓)地层自下而上为:下石炭统臭牛沟组、中卫组,上石炭统羊虎沟组,上石炭—下二叠统太原组.(竹蜓)动物群有15属68种及亚种,其中1新种.可建立(竹蜓)化石带 Eostaffella-Mediocris 带 (C_1), Profusulinella 带 (C_2~1) 及 Sphaeroschwagertna 带 (P_1~1),并与甘肃靖远及华北地台其它地区的(竹蜓)化石带对比.     

Giant cordaitalean trees in early Permian riparian canopies in North China: Evidence from anatomically preserved trunks in Yangquan,Shanxi Province

Cordaitaleans, as close relatives of modern conifers, had a long geological history in the Cathaysia from the Visean (Mississippian, lower Carboniferous) to the end of Permian. They became prominent since the late Pennsylvanian, and best developed during the Cisuralian (early Permian) in North China, serving as the volumetrically dominant to subdominant elements of wetland floras. Architecture and ecology of the Cathaysian cordaitaleans from non-peat-forming environments are poorly known. Here, we report giant cordaitalean trunks and describe their morphology and brief anatomical features from the Cisuralian Taiyuan Formation in Yangquan, Shanxi Province, North China. These trunks are characterized by the Artisia-like pith and pycnoxylic xylem. Absence of growth rings in the logs suggests they grew under non-seasonal humid tropical conditions. They are preserved in sandstone bodies interpreted as deposits of distributary river channels on the delta plain. Several trunks with attached rooting systems indicate that these trees may have been growing on channel levees or delta plains, and brought into the channels by lateral bank erosion. Allometric estimates of tree height suggests that the largest trees were up to approximately 43.5 m tall. Mature cordaitaleans with straight trunks were probably the tallest trees and formed the canopy of the riparian forest in North China during the Cisuralian.     

山东兖州煤田太原组(竹蜓)类动物群及石炭-二叠系界线探讨

通过对山东兖州煤田太原组类动物群的系统研究,共鉴定出类化石12属103种及部分未定种。根据类化石在地层中的分布和垂向变化规律,自上而下建立一个带三个亚带:Schwagerina带:3)Triticitesparvus-Quasifusulinalongissima亚带,2)Schwagerinagregaria-Boultoniawillsi亚带,1)Quasifusulinapseudocayeuxi-Rugosofusulinavalida亚带。通过与邻区及华北部分地区对比,本区太原组类动物群的地质时代为早二叠世早期,本区石炭-二叠系界线应置于太原组第十一层灰岩之底。     

First record of Cisuralian–Guadalupian plant fossils from the Shan Plateau,eastern Myanmar

Permian plant fossils have never been reported from the Shan Plateau in eastern Myanmar. Recently, a black to gray carbonaceous mudstone unit containing abundant plant fossils was discovered just below the lowest part of Thitspin Limestone Formation from the Linwe Area, eastern Myanmar. Although only five taxa were identified, the plant assemblage provides the first evidence of the occurrence of Cathaysian elements in eastern Myanmar and potentially indicates the presence of a highly diverse Permian flora. Among the five species, Cordaites principalis and Annularia mucronata were cosmopolitan species; while Callipteridum cf. koraiense, Taeniopteris crassinervis Mo and Rhipidopsis lobata were mostly recorded in the Cathaysia Flora. Therefore, the present assemblage generally indicates a palaeobiogeographical affinity to the Cathaysian Province. Stratigraphically, Callipteridum cf. koraiense was mainly reported from Cisuralian to Wordian; whereas Taeniopteris crasssnervis Mo and Rhipidopsis lobata were recorded from Capitanian to Changhsingian, which suggests a general Permian age based on the plant assemblage itself only. However, the carbonaceous mudstone at the outcrop is overlain by the Thitspin Limestone Formation containing middle Guadalupian fusulinids. Based on previous faunal analyses, the Sibumasu terrane contains typical Gondwanan cold-water faunas during the early Cisuralian, warm-water faunas occurred after Sakmarian. Thus, age of the fossil-plant-containing carbonaceous mudstone is very likely between late Cisuralian and early Guadalupian as constrained by its overlying fusulinids and its warm Cathaysian palaeobiogeographical affinity.     

滇西保山地区丁家寨组生物群的时代

首次系统描述保山地区丁家寨组的类化石,详细讨论丁家寨组所产类和腕足类动物群及孢粉植物群的时代和性质,提出丁家寨组的时代应与华南早二叠世的紫松阶相当,即相当于国际上的Ａｓｓｅｌｉａｎ阶至Ｓａｋｍａｒｉａｎ阶。确认丁家寨组不存在不同时代化石的再沉积混杂或大量化石时代倒置的异常现象。丁家寨组出现特提斯型Ｅｏｐａｒａｆｕｓｕｌｉｎａ动物类;腕足类组合属介于西澳区和泰马区之间的过渡动物群,西澳区的色彩较浓;     

Late Paleozoic faunal, climatic, and geographic changes in the Baoshan block as a Gondwana-derived continental fragment in southwest China

The Carboniferous and Permian of the Baoshan block consist of three major depositional sequences: a Lower Carboniferous carbonate sequence, a Lower Permian siliciclastic sequence, and a Middle Permian carbonate sequence. These three sequences were interrupted by two major regressive events: first, the Namurian Uplift ranging in age from Serpukovian to Gzhelian, and second, the Post-Sakmarian Regression occurring probably at Artinskian time in the Baoshan block, although the precise time interval of the latter event is still unclear. The Baoshan block is characterized by warm-water, highly diverse and abundant faunas during the Early Carboniferous, by cold-water and low diversity faunas during the Early Permian, and by possibly warm-water but low diversity faunas during the Middle Permian. The Sweetognathus bucaramangus conodont fauna constrains the upper boundary of the diamictite-bearing siliciclastic deposits (Dingjiazhai Formation) to the Sakmarian to early Artinskian, as well as the eruption of the rifting basalts (Woniusi Formation) to, at least, the post-early Artinskian. Paleozoogeographically, affiliation of the faunas in the Baoshan block changed from Eurasian in the Early Carboniferous, to Peri-Gondwanan in the Early Permian, and to Marginal Cathaysian/Cimmerian in the Middle Permian. Cimmerian blocks have more or less comparable geohistory to one another in the Carboniferous and Permian. During the Middle Permian, the eastern Cimmerian blocks such as Sibumasu (s.s), Baoshan, and Tengchong are not far from the palaeoequator, but apparently more distant than the western Cimmerian blocks based on the presence or absence of some index taxa such as the fusulinaceans Eopolydiexodina and Neoschwagerina, and the corals Thomasiphyllum and Wentzellophyllum persicum.     

全球石炭纪和二叠纪植物地理分区

早石炭世由于全球气候分带不明显,无显著植物分区现象,全球为一个一致性的植物区,即拟鳞植物区（Ｌｅｐｉｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｐｓｉｓ ｆｌｏｒａｌ ｐｒｏｖｉｎｅｃｅ）。晚石炭世和二叠纪,全球存在４个植物区,即华夏植物区（Ｃａｔｈａｙｓｉａｎ ｆｌｏｒａｌ ｐｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ）、欧美植物区（Ｅｕｒａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ ｆｌｏｒａｌ ｐｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ）、安加拉植物区（Ａｎｇａｒａｎ ｆｌｏｒａｌ ｐｒｏｉｎｃｅ）     

海南岛东方早二叠世双壳类动物群及其古生物地理学研究──兼评南龙杂砾岩的冰川成因说

在海南岛东方县江边地区下二叠统南龙组中发现双壳类９属１０种，其中２新种。除新种外，这些双壳类常见于华南和日本的茅口期晚期地层，其它动、植物化石的研究也得出了相同结论，本区无疑是华夏生物区系的组成部分。海南岛的琼中地体不大可能在石炭一二叠纪仍位于冈瓦纳大陆北缘或其附近，南龙杂砾岩应属裂谷成因，与冰川无关。     

山东滕县煤田石炭纪、二叠纪孢粉植物群及古气候

根据前人在原位孢子方面已积累的大量资料,并参考现代孢子花粉形态研究成果,大致推测了本区石炭-二叠纪分散孢子花粉的大多数属的植物亲缘关系。通过已建立的含煤地层孢粉组合带推测相应时期的古植被类型,并与前人有关地质时期及地层的大植物化石带进行了对比,不仅验证了各地质时期植被的兴起、发展、繁盛以及衰退绝灭的历史过程,更大意义上将微体形态的孢子花粉与宏观上的植被进行了对比归类,从而使得对研究区晚古生代含煤地层的古植被的形态面貌有了更直观的了解。最后,利用孢粉分析恢复相应地质时期的古气候。