籼粳交新种质康丰A对稻瘟病抗性的遗传

康丰A是利用带有广亲和基因的籼粳亚种间杂交育成恢复系97gk419与恢复系明恢70杂交(恢复系×恢复系),所形成的胞质正常、雄性可育,而无恢复性的特殊变异新种质,再与野败胞质不育系连续回交转育成的具有特殊核遗传背景的新型水稻三系不育系。本研究通过接种不同地区的53个稻瘟病菌系,发现康丰A对华南稻区尤其是福建稻区的稻瘟病菌系具有广谱抗性。以康丰A(同型保持系康丰B)与普感品种丽江新团黑谷(LTH)杂交,获得杂交F1和F2,分别接种稻瘟病菌系81278、Guy11、FJ2009-66和98013A。接种鉴定和遗传分析表明,康丰A对4个菌系的抗性均由1对显性抗病基因控制。等位性测定表明,康丰A抗菌系81278的基因与已知抗病基因Pi-1、Pi-2、Pi-ta和Pi-3呈非等位关系,与Pi-ta(Pi-?)呈现连锁遗传,暂命名为Pi-kf1(t)。     

分子标记辅助选择改良水稻不育系臻达A及其杂交种的稻瘟病抗性

水稻抗稻瘟病基因Pi25是一个遗传传递能力强的广谱抗性基因。本研究以携带抗稻瘟病基因Pi25的BL27为抗源供体,与优质、配合力强、感稻瘟病的水稻保持系臻达B为受体亲本进行杂交、回交创制水稻抗病保持系新种质,再与臻达A测交和回交进行不育系转育,结合分子标记辅助选择和农艺性状筛选,获得3个抗性基因纯合、农艺性状和开花习性均与臻达A相似的改良不育系株系。利用福建省近年来致病性代表的22个稻瘟病菌株对3个改良不育系及其15个杂交种进行抗性鉴定,3个改良不育系的抗性频率为95.45%~100%,15个杂交种的抗性频率均达75%以上,而原始对照臻达A及其杂交种的抗性频率仅为54.55%和40.91%~63.64%。自然病圃诱发鉴定表明,3个改良不育系的叶瘟和穗颈瘟均为0级,表现高抗,而对照臻达A的叶瘟为5级,穗颈瘟为7级,表现感病;15个杂交种均表现良好的稻瘟病抗性。进一步分析比较15个杂交种的产量、农艺性状和稻米品质表现,结果表明臻达A-Pi25-3改良不育系的综合性状表现最优,继续回交转育,于2015年育成了稻瘟病抗性强、配合力好、群体整齐和性状稳定的不育系,命名为157A。研究表明,抗稻瘟病基因Pi25不仅在水稻不育系臻达A的遗传背景下的抗性表达完全,且在不同水稻恢复系测交种的背景下同样表现出较高水平的抗性,说明抗性基因Pi25对不育系稻瘟病改良的效果明显。创制的新不育系157A的稻瘟病抗性显著提高,还基本保留了原来不育系高配合力等优良特性,为选育高产、优质、抗病杂交稻新品种提供了不育系新种质。     

籼型三系杂交水稻稻曲病抗性遗传研究

用抗稻曲病三系不育系与抗和感稻曲病的恢复系配组,研究杂交水稻抗稻曲病不育系的胞质效应和恢复系稻曲病抗性遗传。结果表明,杂交水稻抗稻曲病不育系无胞质效应,抗病不育系与感病恢复系所配组合的杂种一代均表现感病。杂种F1的稻曲病抗性主要受核基因控制,其遗传表达特征有：抗性显性、抗性不完全显性和抗性隐性三种类型,恢复抗性遗传为显性和不完全显性的频率占81.25%。F1稻曲病病穗穗率、病情指数、平均每穗病粒数和病穗最高病粒数与恢复系相对应的稻曲病病情指标极显著相关,相关系数（r）分别为0.898**、0.868**、0.901**和0.569**;杂种F1与恢复系之间的?稻曲病病情指标极显著相关。创制和筛选出HA188、HA197、HA198等抗稻曲病恢复系新种质。讨论了杂交稻稻曲病抗病育种。     

分子标记辅助选择改良蜀恢527对白叶枯病的抗性

以含抗性基因Xa2 1和Xa4的抗白叶枯病近等基因系IRBB6 0为供体亲本 ,以不抗白叶枯病强恢复系蜀恢5 2 7为轮回受体亲本 ,连续回交 3代 ,自交 1代 ,在分离世代用分别与Xa2 1和Xa4紧密连锁的标记pTA2 48和MP12对目标基因Xa2 1和Xa4进行辅助选择 ,直至BC3F2 。在BC3F2 中选出株型、粒型、播抽期等农艺性状与蜀恢 5 2 7相似且pTA2 48和MP12的扩增带型纯合的 10个单株 ,用 10 0个RAPD和 12 0对SSR引物进行背景选择 ,决选出 5个单株 ,作为改良的蜀恢 5 2 7。抗性分析表明 ,这些改良的蜀恢 5 2 7株系对我国菌系CⅠ CⅦ和来自菲律宾的P1 和P6 均表现抗性 ,说明抗性基因已成功导入蜀恢 5 2 7中并表达。同时对pTA2 48和MP12在亲本间的多态性和选择的准确性也进行了分析 ,结果显示这两个标记在亲本间的多态性明显 ,共显性 ;选择的准确率分别在 97%和 83%以上 ,可以用其进行标记辅助选择。     

抗稻瘟病和抗白叶枯病两系水稻不育系的选育及其初步应用

以优质两系不育系Y58S与携有多个抗病基因的优质保持系M215B杂交,F1抽穗期再与优质两系抗病不育系RGD-7S复交,通过分子标记辅助选择技术和系谱法育种相结合,选育出同时携有Pi-2、Pi-1、Pi-Kh、Xa21和Xa23的两系不育系禾9S。稻瘟病抗性表明,禾9S田间鉴定平均叶瘟发病率仅为2.5%(感病对照为83.0%),病情指数为0.6(感病对照为52.9),表现抗苗瘟;穗颈瘟平均发病率为38.3%(感病对照为88.5%),病情指数为8.0(感病对照为62.3),表现中抗穗颈瘟;室内鉴定抗菌株率为87.5%(感病对照为6.25%),表现为抗稻瘟病;田间和室内鉴定综合评价为中抗稻瘟病。白叶枯接菌鉴定表明,禾9S在用PX099、ZHE173和GD1358 3个菌株接菌14 d后的病斑长度分别为0.1 cm、0.1 cm和0.4 cm,与抗性供体亲本M215B相近(病斑长度分别为0.1 cm、0.1 cm和0.3 cm),明显短于对照品种RGD-7S(病斑长度分别为2.2 cm、7.4 cm和7.8 cm)和Y58S(病斑长度分别为1.3 cm、5.1 cm和5.5 cm)的病斑长度。主要特征特性观察表明,禾9S具育性转换起点温度低(23℃左右)、可繁性好、柱头外露率高、米质优等特点,目前利用禾9S已配组出禾两优676等10多个杂交稻新品种,其中禾两优676和禾两优639表现生育期适中、产量高、抗性好、稳产性好等特点,已分别于2019年5月和2020年6月通过福建省农作物品种审定委员会审定,另有多个品种已进入各级续试或生产试验,表明该不育系具较好的推广应用前景。     

辽宁地区水稻资源抗稻瘟病基因的检测分析

为了明确辽宁地区水稻资源中抗稻瘟病基因的分布情况及抗病效应,选取辽宁地区水稻资源176份,鉴定了抗稻瘟病基因pi21、Pi36、Pi37、Pita、Pid2、Pid3、Pi5及Pib在这些材料中的分布情况,并接种鉴定了这些材料对稻瘟病的抗性。结果表明:176份供试材料中,83份对稻瘟病表现抗病,栽培稻、杂草稻及农家种中抗病品种所占的比率分别为41.48%、1.14%及4.54%。抗稻瘟病基因pi21、Pi36和Pi37在所有参试材料中均未检测到,且分别有74份、49份、47份、52份及89份材料携带Pita、Pid2、Pid3、Pi5及Pib的抗病等位基因。抗病基因绝大部分分布在栽培种中,农家种和杂草稻中分布较少。不含有抗稻瘟病基因和只携带单个抗病基因的材料对稻瘟病的抗性均较差,而抗病基因聚合可不同程度提高材料的抗性。经检测,不含有本试验鉴定的pi21等8个已克隆抗病基因的材料共32份,其中表现抗病的占21.87%;只携带1个抗稻瘟病基因的材料为52份,表现抗病的占17.31%;携带2个抗稻瘟病基因的材料为39份,表现抗病的占69.23%,其中以携带Pita+Pi5的材料最多(14份),且均表现抗病;携带3个抗稻瘟病基因的材料为31份,表现抗病的占77.42%,以携带Pita+Pid3+Pi5的材料抗性最强;携带4个抗稻瘟病基因的水稻材料22份,表现抗病的占72.73%,携带5个抗病基因的水稻材料未检测到。     

湖南桃江病圃稻瘟病菌的无毒基因及水稻抗瘟单基因联合抗性分析

【目的】鉴定湖南省桃江病圃稻瘟病菌无毒基因型,为合理搭配种植湖南省水稻抗瘟品种和抗病育种提供依据。【方法】在湖南桃江病圃采集水稻品种"丽江新团黑谷"(LTH)稻瘟菌病样,用单孢分离法分离稻瘟病菌单孢并纯化获得单孢菌株,用针刺离体法将菌株接种到以"LTH"为轮回亲本培育而成的24个含单抗瘟基因的水稻5叶期第5叶片上,对供试菌株进行无毒基因鉴定,并应用联合致病性系数和联合抗病性系数分析抗瘟基因组合间的互作。【结果】供试92个稻瘟病单孢菌株含有全部的24个无毒基因,对24个已知含单抗瘟基因的水稻材料表现出不同程度的毒力水平,含水稻抗瘟基因Pi-20对供试菌株抗菌频率最高,达54.35%;通过联合致病性系数和联合抗病性系数分析抗瘟基因组合间的互作,结果表明最佳搭配组合为Pi-20×Pi-k~s(RAC=0.28,PAC=0.23)。【结论】湖南省桃江病圃稻瘟病菌致病力较强,24个抗瘟基因多已感病化,含抗性基因Pi-20与Pi-k、Pi-k~s、Pi-3组合的水稻品种目前可在湖南省推广利用,但需研究引进新的抗瘟基因。     

稻瘟病抗性基因Pita和Pib在我国水稻主栽品种中的分布

主效抗稻瘟病基因Pita和Pib在我国很多稻区表现高水平的稻瘟病抗性,被广泛应用于我国的水稻育种和生产.但这2个基因在国内主栽品种中的分布及利用情况一直缺乏详细的资料,致使育种利用上存在着盲目性.本研究利用源于Pita和Pib基因本身的特异性分子标记,结合稻瘟病菌接种鉴定,检测和分析了我国58份水稻主栽品种(杂交稻亲本)的Pita和Pib抗性基因型.结果表明,特籼占25、佳禾早占、密阳46、测64-7等4个籼稻品种携带Pita和Pib 2个基因;籼小占等4个籼稻品种(系)和早丰9号等5个粳稻品种携带抗性基因Pita;绵恢501等5个籼稻品种(系)和粳稻品种武育粳7号、辽粳454携带抗性基因Pib.     

应用分子标记技术改良京作1号的稻瘟病抗性

稻瘟病是危害水稻产量的重要生物胁迫之一。实践证明,解决这一问题的最有效方法是培育具广谱、持久稻瘟病抗性的品种并推广种植。本研究以优质、高产、感稻瘟病的京作1号为轮回亲本,与稻瘟病抗性基因Pi9、Pigm和pi21的供体材料进行杂交、回交和复交,结合分子标记辅助选择和农艺性状筛选,培育不同的单基因导入系和聚合系。苗期人工接种多个稻瘟病菌的结果显示,Pi9抗性改良系的抗性频率达到100%,Pigm抗性改良系平均为90%,均极显著高于轮回亲本京作1号的抗性频率,且农艺性状与京作1号基本一致。pi21抗性改良系的抗性水平与京作1号没有明显差异,单株产量极显著低于京作1号。与轮回亲本相比,Pi9和pi21聚合系的抗性频率极显著提高,达到93.33%,但单株产量明显降低。研究结果证实了Pi9和Pigm基因在大幅度提高抗瘟性的同时对主要农艺性状影响小,都具有较大的育种利用价值。基因pi21抗谱较窄,抗性不强,且可能存在对产量的负效应,不宜单独用来改良水稻品种的稻瘟病抗性,需要与抗性强的主基因聚合,通过多次回交和自交打破该基因与产量的不利连锁累赘。     

体细胞突变体HX-3抗水稻白叶枯病基因的鉴定

以感病杂交稻恢复系明恢63的成熟胚为外植体,利用离体筛选技术获得了抗水稻白叶枯病细胞突变体HX-3。连续8年以我国长江流域白叶枯病代表菌析浙173（IV型）对HX-3的R1到R9代进行抗性鉴定,HX-3的抗病性可以稳定遗传。抗性遗传分析表明HX-3的抗性由1对显性核基因控制。1999～2000年连续两年利用我国、菲律宾和日本的32个水稻白叶枯病菌株,测定HX-3及IRBB1等13个具不同显性抗病基因的近等基因系抗性,HX-3抗谱广,且与已知显性抗病基因的抗谱不同。在此基础上,以抗白叶枯病近等基因系IRBB4、IRBB7、CBB12和IRBB21和HX-3杂交,进行等位性分析,4个杂交组合的F2代均出现抗、感分离,说明HX-3与这4个基因不等位。综合以上研究结果,HX-3具有1个新的抗白叶枯病基因,暂命名为Xa-25(t）。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.