不同蔬菜与番茄轮作对设施土壤微生物多样性、酶活性及土壤理化性质的影响

【目的】番茄是一种受连作障碍影响明显的蔬菜作物,本试验旨在研究不同蔬菜作物与番茄轮作后对设施土壤微生物多样性、酶活性及土壤理化性质的影响,以期筛选出适宜与番茄轮作的蔬菜作物,为从设施栽培模式选择角度缓解或避免番茄连作障碍提供理论依据。【方法】试验以连续两茬种植番茄后分别种植大白菜(A)、黄瓜(B)、辣椒(C)、茄子(E)、秋葵(F)、西葫芦(G)6种作物为不同处理,以继续种植番茄(D)和休耕闲置土壤(H)为对照,采用16S rRNA和真菌ITS区测序、同时测定土壤酶活性、pH值、有机质含量、速效氮、磷、钾含量,研究不同蔬菜作物与番茄轮作对土壤微生物多样性、酶活性及土壤理化性质的影响。【结果】种植作物土壤细菌和真菌多样性指数均显著高于闲置土壤(H);番茄连作与轮作土壤中的细菌门水平群落结构比较固定,但不同物种的丰度差异较大。真菌对于环境变化的响应比细菌更加敏感,轮作各样本间真菌群落结构差异明显大于细菌群落结构,在物种丰度和门水平上均存在较大差异;轮作茄子和大白菜显著增加了土壤中硝化细菌[亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)、亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)]的丰度;PCA分析表明轮作茄子和空白闲置土壤细菌和真菌的群落结构与其他处理的差异较大;轮作不同作物土壤酶活性差异显著,但变化规律不明显。轮作大白菜、黄瓜和空白闲置土壤过氧化氢酶活性显著高于番茄连作和轮作其他作物。不同蔬菜轮作土壤肥力主成分分析结果表明土壤pH值、有机质、速效氮与速效磷是主要贡献因子,综合肥力排名第一的为空白土样,其次为轮作黄瓜的土样,综合肥力最低的为轮作茄子土样。【结论】种植作物可以显著提高土壤微生物多样性;轮作茄子和大白菜显著增加了土壤中硝化细菌的丰度,有利于土壤中氮素代谢和利用;轮作黄瓜和大白菜,显著提高土壤中过氧化氢酶的活性,有利于降低番茄连作产生的自毒作用。因此综合分析认为,茄子、黄瓜和大白菜是避免或缓解番茄连作障碍的潜在优势轮作作物。     

氮添加对贝加尔针茅草原土壤线虫群落特征的影响

以内蒙古贝加尔针茅草原为研究对象,通过氮素添加(0、15、30、50、100、150、200、300 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1))模拟氮沉降的控制实验,研究氮沉降对内蒙古贝加尔针茅草原土壤线虫的群落结构和多样性的影响。结果表明,在本实验所有样品中共鉴定出52个属,优势类群为螺旋属(Helicotylenchus)、丽突属(Acrobeles)和真滑刃属(Aphelenchus)。土壤线虫具有明显的表聚现象,相对密度变化不显著。从功能类群上看,随着氮素添加水平的增加,食细菌类群(Bacterivores)线虫和捕食类群/杂食类群(Predators/Omnivores)线虫氮素添加水平均成负相关。从生态指标来看,在N50施氮范围内对土壤线虫的丰富度(SR)、多样性(H')、均匀度(J')等生态指标有促进作用;通路指数在试验的所有处理中都小于0.75,表明土壤中的有机质分解途径是以真菌为主;瓦斯乐思卡指数表明,少量施氮可以改善土壤的环境状况,减少植物寄生类群(Plant parasites)线虫对植物群落及生产力的影响。当施氮量N100时,土壤pH值显著降低,硝态氮和铵态氮显著增加,土壤中生活史k对策者的线虫显著减少,r对策者显著增加,世代交替加快,土壤线虫群落结构显著变化。     

青藏高原禾草混播对土壤微生物多样性的影响

土壤微生物多样性的形成、维持和变化机理是生态学研究的核心内容, 已有大量研究表明土壤微生物群落构建不仅受到土壤环境的深刻影响, 也与植物群落物种多样性密切相关。由于自然群落中土壤环境和植物多样性协同影响土壤微生物, 难以区分和厘清植物多样性和土壤环境对土壤微生物多样性构建的各自影响。该研究基于在青藏高原高寒草地构建的人工草地群落, 比较分析了3种优势禾本科牧草单播和混播及施肥处理13年后, 土壤细菌和真菌物种多样性及其与植物群落和土壤理化因子的关系。主要结果: 1)与各单播处理相比, 3种牧草两两混播一致显著降低了土壤细菌群落的丰富度和多样性, 其中变形菌门和放线菌门相对丰度显著增加, 而酸杆菌门、拟杆菌门和浮霉菌门相对丰度显著减小; 牧草混播对土壤真菌多样性没有显著影响。2)牧草混播显著降低了土壤pH和土壤全氮含量, 增加了土壤全磷含量; 施肥显著降低土壤pH, 增加了土壤速效磷含量; 但这些土壤理化因子的变化不足以解释土壤细菌和真菌多样性在处理间的差异。3)施肥显著提高了植物群落地上生物量, 降低了植物物种丰富度, 土壤细菌多样性随植物物种丰富度增加而减小, 而与植物生物量变化无关。该研究在野外条件下, 通过长期控制实验揭示了高寒草地禾草混播并不增加土壤微生物多样性, 为高寒地区牧草混播人工草地实践提供了科学依据。     

崂山茶区茶树根围AM真菌多样性

为调查崂山茶区土壤中丛枝菌根(AM)真菌资源的分布状况, 于2007年9月从青岛崂山茶区12个茶园采集茶树(Camellia sinensis)根围土样, 采用湿筛倾注–蔗糖离心法分离AM真菌, 测定其物种丰度、频度、孢子密度、相对多度、重要值、多样性指数等。共分离到AM真菌3属22种, 无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)出现的频度最高, 其次是球囊霉属(Glomus)。AM真菌孢子密度以晓望村茶园最高, 高家村茶园最低; 种丰度以常家村茶园最高; 常家村茶园和万来客茶园的Shannon-Wiener指数显著高于其他茶园。光壁无梗囊霉(Acaulospora laevis)是北崂茶厂、万里江茶园、樱山春茶园、万里江有机茶园、常家村茶园和桑园村茶园的优势种; 波状无梗囊霉(Acaulospora undulata)为万里江有机茶园和万来客茶园的优势种; 隐球囊霉(Glomus occultum)为樱山春茶园、晓望村茶园和万来客茶园的优势种。应用典型相关分析(CCA)对环境因子与崂山茶区AM真菌群落组成的关系进行了分析, 各因子的影响大小依次为: 土壤速效磷含量＞土壤有机质含量＞种植年限＞土壤碱解氮含量＞土壤pH值＞土壤速效钾含量。     

不同连作年限甜瓜种植土壤性质和微生物多样性

[背景]连作种植和化肥、农药过量施用导致设施甜瓜土壤质地恶化、病害严重,甜瓜产量和质量下降.[目的]明确甜瓜连作种植年限对土壤化学性质、土壤酶活性和微生物多样性的影响.[方法]以甜瓜种植1年、5年和10年的温室耕层土壤为研究对象,采用常规分析方法、土壤酶活测定试剂盒、稀释涂布平板法和Illumina MiSeq高通量测...     

不同树叶凋落物对人参土壤理化性质及微生物群落结构的影响

树种选择是林下山参护育成败的关键,研究树叶凋落物对人参土壤养分、微生物群落结构组成的影响,旨在为林下山参护育选择适宜林地及农田栽参土壤改良提供科学依据和理论指导。通过盆栽试验,研究添加5.0 g色木槭Acer mono.Maxim.var.mono(A)、赤松Pinus densiflora Sieb.et Zucc.(B)、胡桃楸Juglans mandshurica Maxim.(C)、紫椴Tilia amurensis Rupr.(D)、蒙古栎Quercus mongolica Fisch.ex Ledeb.(E)树叶凋落物到土壤中,种植人参(Panax ginseng C.A.meyer)后研究土壤理化性质以及微生物群落结构的变化。结果表明:添加不同树叶处理后人参土壤性质发生改变,土壤p H值显著高于对照土壤5.91(P0.05),土壤全氮、速效氮磷、微生物碳氮在所有树叶处理中显著增加(P0.05),而土壤容重、速效钾和C/N在添加树叶处理中降低。18个土壤样品基因组,经16S和ITS1测序分别得到6064和1900个OUTs。其中细菌涵盖了42门、117纲、170目、213科、225属,真菌涵盖了24门、98纲、196目、330科、435属。不同树叶处理人参土壤细菌和真菌地位发生改变,细菌Proteobacteria是树叶分解的关键微生物,添加树叶后其多样性显著高于对照(P0.05)。而细菌Bacteroidetes和真菌Basidiomycota可能是区别阔叶林和针叶林树种的关键微生物,针叶林中含量显著低于阔叶林(P0.05),而真菌Ascomycota是针叶林分解的关键微生物。进一步从不同分类水平上得到特定树叶凋落物的特异细菌和真菌。典型相关分析(CDA)表明细菌Bacteroidetes、Chloroflexi、Actinobacteria及真菌Basidiomycota、Zygomycota、Chytridiomycota及Ascomycota的位置及多样性的改变均与土壤因子SMBN、TN、AP、SOC、AK、C/N、p H有关。综上所述,添加不同树叶后不仅提高土壤微生物量碳氮、改善土壤理化性质,同时改变微生物群落结构组成,不同树叶处理土壤理化性质不同导致人参土壤微生物组成的差异,本结果对于林下参选地和农田栽参土壤微生物改良具有理论指导作用。     

麦田土壤真菌多样性对麦玉轮作长期秸秆还田和配施有机肥的响应

【背景】土壤真菌主导田间秸秆腐解的过程,秸秆还田配施有机肥可为真菌提供良好的营养物质。【目的】研究麦玉轮作模式下长期秸秆还田配施有机肥对麦田土壤真菌多样性的影响。【方法】依托山西南部麦玉轮作区长达14年的秸秆还田和施有机肥长期定位试验,采用高通量测序开展土壤真菌群落结构和多样性对不施肥+秸秆清茬(CK)、氮磷化肥+秸秆清茬(NP)、氮磷化肥+秸秆还田(SNP)、氮磷化肥+有机肥+秸秆清茬(NPM)及氮磷化肥+秸秆还田+有机肥(SNPM)的响应差异研究。【结果】秸秆还田和施有机肥处理组的物种丰富度指数、Chao1指数和ACE指数均高于CK。5个处理共产生953个分类操作单元(operational taxonomic units, OTU),CK、NP、NPM、SNP和SNPM分别具有398、451、472、462和440个OTU。在门水平上共检测出9个菌门,其中子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、毛霉门(Mucoromycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)为3个主要菌门,各处理中所占丰度差异显著;在属水平上共检测出262个真菌属,其中CK丰度较高的3个属为柄孢壳菌属(Podospora) 18.85%、被孢霉属(Mortierella) 16.67%和镰刀菌属(Fusarium) 7.77%;NP、NPM、SNP和SNPM丰度较高的前3个相同属均为Dendrostilbella、毛葡孢属(Botryotrichum)和被孢霉属(Mortierella),但相对丰度值存在差异。由聚类分析可知,NPM和SNPM群落组成相似度高,归为一类,而CK、NP、SNP各独立为一类。与环境因子间冗余分析发现,TN含量是影响土壤真菌群落结构的关键因子,也受速效磷、pH、速效钾、碱解氮和全磷等环境指标影响。【结论】长期秸秆还田和施有机肥改变了小麦土壤真菌种群结构和多样性。     

秸秆还田及磷细菌对土壤微生态及豆角产量的影响

为研究秸秆还田及外源添加磷细菌对土壤微生态及农作物产量的影响,以玉米秸秆和具有解磷能力的恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)为研究对象,通过在设施大棚中栽培豆角,研究了不同处理对土壤和豆角根际解磷类细菌数量、土壤有效磷含量、解磷能力以及豆角产量的影响。研究结果显示,玉米秸秆(处理1)、玉米秸秆+磷细菌(处理2)、磷细菌(处理3)三个处理的土壤中解磷类细菌数量有较大差异,其中处理2数量最高,比对照区高31.89%,差异显著(P<0.05);三个处理均能明显增加豆角根际解磷类细菌数量,差异达到显著水平(P<0.05),其中处理2最高,比对照高86.30%,差异达到极显著水平(P<0.01);三个处理土壤有效磷含量均明显高于对照,差异显著(P<0.05),其中处理2最高,比对照高9.8%;三个处理土壤解磷能力差异较大,处理1和处理2可明显提高土壤解磷能力,分别比对照高50.2%和65.2%,差异极显著(P<0.01);三个处理对豆角均有增产效果,但差异较大,处理2比处理1、处理3产量增加明显,分别增产6.8%、10.3%,差异达到显著水平(P&l...     

宁夏黄土高原马铃薯连作栽培对土壤可培养细菌遗传多样性的影响

采用平板培养、BOXAIR-PCR和16S rDNA RFLP技术对宁夏黄土高原马铃薯连作栽培土壤可培养细菌遗传多样性进行研究。结果表明,4个连作年限2个生育期8份土样共分离到91株细菌菌株, BOXAIR-PCR分析发现,91株细菌菌株的遗传相似系数为0.531～0.939,相同连作年限不同生育期根际土细菌菌群分布不同,不同连作年限同一生育期根际土细菌菌群的分布也不同,随着连作年限增加,可培养细菌遗传多样性呈现下降趋势;结合16S rDNA 的序列分析,从91株菌株中筛选出的41个代表菌株可分为23个物种,分属于细菌域的12个属,其中,芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）占同一连作年限菌株数的53.6%。连作导致土壤细菌菌群结构发生变化,出现各自特有的菌属。系统发育分析表明,23个细菌物种分布于6个系统发育群。     

Glomalean mycorrhizal fungi from tropical Australia

 The isolation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi from natural (savanna, rocky hill, wetland and rainforest) and disturbed (minesite) habitats in a seasonally-dry tropical region in the Northern Territory of Australia into open-pot cultures was undertaken to supplement knowledge about the diversity of these fungi. This experiment considered factors affecting the diversity of fungi obtained in trap cultures started using diluted soil from field sites and two host plants. A range of soil phosphorus and other nutrient levels from severely deficient to sufficient for maximal growth was used to determine the impact of nutrition on mycorrhizal associations of sorghum (Sorghum sp.) and clover (Trifolium subterraneum). Soil cores taken from pots at 6-week intervals provided roots and soil to assess mycorrhiza formation and sporulation without substantial damage to plants. The identification of VAM fungi to genus by observing morphological patterns within clover roots revealed substantial differences in fungus populations between soils and a moderate effect of nutrient levels on fungal diversity. Changes in the proportion of different fungi in roots over the 31 weeks of the experiment were also observed. Glomus spp. were initially the most abundant fungi within roots, but Scutellospora spp. gradually became more dominant at later harvests, while colonisation by Acaulospora spp. was limited at all times. For both clover and sorghum, sporulation was limited and was dominated by single species of Scutellospora and Acaulospora. This contrasted with the much higher diversity of spore types in the original field soils.     

西藏高原针茅草地土壤因子对丛枝菌根真菌物种多样性的影响

在对西藏高原北部针茅草地根围土壤中的丛枝菌根(AM)真菌种类分离鉴定基础上,研究了藏北针茅草地的土壤质地、pH、有机质和有效磷含量对AM真菌孢子密度、分离频度、相对多度、重要值、物种多样性指数和均匀度的影响.结果表明: 针茅草地根围土壤中共分离鉴定出AM真菌3属15种,其中,球囊霉属9种、无梗囊霉属6种、盾巨孢囊霉属1种.球囊霉属和无梗囊霉属为藏北针茅草地AM真菌的优势属;近明球囊霉和光壁无梗囊霉为藏北高寒草原针茅属植物根围AM真菌的优势种.不同质地土壤中AM真菌孢子密度、分离频度、相对多度和重要值均表现出球囊霉属＞无梗囊霉属＞盾巨孢囊霉属的趋势;土壤pH值对AM真菌种群组成无明显影响,球囊霉属和无梗囊霉属真菌分离频度、相对多度和重要值随土壤pH升高而增加,盾巨孢囊霉属则呈现相反趋势;不同土壤有机质含量范围内,AM真菌孢子密度等各项指标均呈球囊霉属＞无梗囊霉属＞盾巨孢囊霉属,而AM真菌属的分布没有明显规律;土壤有效磷含量对AM真菌种丰度和孢子密度影响较小.研究区域内AM真菌物种多样性指数和均匀度随着土壤有效磷含量升高而增加.     

Impact of soil stockpiling on ericoid mycorrhizal colonization and growth of velvetleaf blueberry (Vaccinium myrtilloides) and Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum)

Soil stockpiling is a common practice prior to the reclamation of surface mines. In this study, velvetleaf blueberry and Labrador tea plants were grown from seed in fresh soil, stockpiled soil (1 year), and autoclaved stockpiled soil (1 year) obtained from the Canadian boreal forest. After 7 months of growth, the root colonization intensity with ericoid mycorrhizal (ERM) fungi in both plants growing in stockpiled soil was lower compared to plants growing in the fresh soil. The diversity of ERM fungal species in roots also decreased due to soil stockpiling and Pezoloma ericae was absent from the plants growing in stockpiled soil. Changes in the ERM root colonization in plants growing in stockpiled soil were accompanied by decreases in root and shoot dry weights. Leaf chlorophyll, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentrations of velvetleaf blueberry were higher in fresh soil compared to 1‐year stockpiled soil. Plants grown in the autoclaved stockpiled soil became colonized by the thermotolerant ERM fungus Leohumicola verrucosa and showed higher root and shoot biomass compared to the nonautoclaved stockpiled soil. The results point to the importance of ERM fungi for growth of ericaceous plants, even under favorable environmental conditions and adequate fertilization, and suggest that reduced ERM colonization intensity and ERM fungal diversity in roots likely contributed to the negative effects of soil stockpiling on growth of velvetleaf blueberry and Labrador tea.     

连作花魔芋软腐病株与健株根域丛枝菌根真菌群落多样性

【目的】解析不同连作年限花魔芋软腐病株、健株根域的丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)群落多样性。【方法】使用AMF 18S SSU rRNA基因特异引物AMV4.5NF/AMDGR对正茬及连作2年和3年的软腐病株、健株魔芋根系和根际土壤DNA扩增建库,通过高通量测序和生物信息学分析探究魔芋软腐病与其根域AMF群落多样性的关系。【结果】魔芋根系具有明显的AMF菌丝、泡囊和丛枝等结构。在相同连作年限条件下,健株根系AMF总侵染率、侵染强度和孢子密度均显著高于病株(P<0.05);在不同连作年限条件下,病株根系AMF总侵染率和侵染强度随连作年限延长而降低。从所有样品中共鉴定到9属53种AMF,其中有49个已知种和4个新种。球囊霉属(Glomus)和类球囊霉属(Claroideoglomus)是AMF群落的优势属,其AMF种分别占总AMF种数的41.5%和26.4%;丰度最高的Paraglomus sp.VTX00308是所有样品的共有种。连作、软腐病及二者的交互作用显著影响根系AMF群落的Shannon指数和Simpson指数及根际土壤AMF的Chao1指数(P<0.05)。通过丰度差异分析发现6个在连作软腐病发生后丰度差异显著的AMF种(P<0.05);NMDS分析表明,不同连作年限的魔芋软腐病株与健株之间的根域AMF菌种组成、相对丰度和群落结构存在差异。相关性分析表明,软腐病发病率和病情指数与魔芋根系和根际土壤AMF的Shannon指数、根系AMF的Chao1和Simpson指数以及AMF总侵染率、侵染强度和孢子密度极显著负相关(P<0.01)。【结论】比对健株,连作魔芋软腐病株根际土壤AMF孢子密度以及根系AMF侵染率、种数和多样性均降低,其群落结构显著改变。     

Soil eukaryotic microorganism succession as affected by continuous cropping of peanut--pathogenic and beneficial fungi were selected

Peanut is an important oil crop worldwide and shows considerable adaptability but growth and yield are negatively affected by continuous cropping. Soil micro-organisms are efficient bio-indicators of soil quality and plant health and are critical to the sustainability of soil-based ecosystem function and to successful plant growth. In this study, 18S rRNA gene clone library analyses were employed to study the succession progress of soil eukaryotic micro-organisms under continuous peanut cultivation. Eight libraries were constructed for peanut over three continuous cropping cycles and its representative growth stages. Cluster analyses indicated that soil micro-eukaryotic assemblages obtained from the same peanut cropping cycle were similar, regardless of growth period. Six eukaryotic groups were found and fungi predominated in all libraries. The fungal populations showed significant dynamic change and overall diversity increased over time under continuous peanut cropping. The abundance and/or diversity of clones affiliated with Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Glomerales, Orbiliales, Mucorales and Tremellales showed an increasing trend with continuous cropping but clones affiliated with Agaricales, Cantharellales, Pezizales and Pyxidiophorales decreased in abundance and/or diversity over time. The current data, along with data from previous studies, demonstrated that the soil microbial community was affected by continuous cropping, in particular, the pathogenic and beneficial fungi that were positively selected over time, which is commonplace in agro-ecosystems. The trend towards an increase in fungal pathogens and simplification of the beneficial fungal community could be important factors contributing to the decline in peanut growth and yield over many years of continuous cropping.     

小蓬竹根际土壤微生物及内生真菌多样性分析

为了解喀斯特典型物种-小蓬竹根际土壤微生物及不同部位内生真菌多样性,采用沿等高线等距离取样法采集小蓬竹根际土壤及健康植株,通过可培养对根际土微生物及内生菌进行分离,利用分子技术对其进行鉴定,根据鉴定结果构建系统发育树,并计算小蓬竹根际土壤微生物和根茎叶内生真菌多样性。结果如下：（1）共从根际土壤、根、茎、叶分离得到139个真菌菌株,隶属于27属,其中根际土壤分离得到34个真菌菌株隶属于12属,根部分离得到的63个内生真菌菌株隶属于17个属,茎部分离得到的14个内生真菌菌株隶属于8个属,叶部分离得到28个内生真菌菌株隶属于9个属;（2）根际土壤共分离得到41株细菌菌株,隶属于7个属26个种,20株放线菌菌株,隶属于1属15种;从Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀度指数、Simpson指数排序来看,真菌主要表现为根 > 根际土壤 > 茎 > 叶,细菌和放线菌多样性均较低。（3）按层次聚类分析可分别将真菌、细菌、放线菌聚为3支。小蓬竹根际土壤、根、茎和叶具有丰富的微生物多样性,不同部位菌群组成存在差异性（P<0.05）,且存在以假单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌属等为优势属的抗盐耐旱菌群,这有助于揭示小蓬竹对喀斯特生境的适应性,以及为微生物-植物群落之间相互关系提供一定基础数据,为后期寻找小蓬竹相关耐性功能菌奠定基础。     

南疆四种盐生植物根际土壤真菌群落结构特征

盐生植物特殊的生境孕育了独特的根际微生物群落。为了解南疆干旱区不同盐生植物根际土壤真菌群落结构特征,探讨影响真菌群落结构的土壤环境因子,选取南疆伽师县同一盐碱地盐爪爪（Kalidium foliatum）、黑果枸杞（Lycium ruthenicum）、花花柴（Karelinia caspia）和旱生芦苇（Phragmites australis）四种优势盐生植物,采用Illumina NovaSeq高通量测序技术分析根际土壤真菌群落结构和多样性,并探究其与土壤理化因子的相关性。结果表明,四种盐生植物根际土壤理化特征不尽相同,土壤pH均超过8.0,电导率（EC）由高到低为旱生芦苇 > 盐爪爪 > 花花柴 > 黑果枸杞,黑果枸杞根际土壤的有机质（SOM）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）、全钾（TK）、速效氮（AN）和速效磷（AP）含量均最高,旱生芦苇根际土壤的SOM、TN、TP、TK和AN值均最低,但土壤水分含量（SWC）和EC值最高。四种盐生植物共有的操作分类单元（OTUs）数量为153个,各自特有的OTUs数量不尽相同。根际土壤真菌群落丰富度（ACE、Chao 1指数）依次为盐爪爪 > 旱生芦苇 > 黑果枸杞 > 花花柴,Shannons指灵第和Simpson指数大小依次为盐爪爪 > 黑果枸杞 > 旱生芦苇 > 花花柴。从四种盐生植物根际共检测到真菌8门、21纲、44目、89科、124属,子囊菌门（Ascomycota）在四种盐生植物根际土壤中占绝对优势地位。镰孢菌属（Fusarium）、支顶孢属（Acremonium）、曲霉属（Aspergillus）和青霉菌属（Penicillium）是四种盐生植物根际土壤共有优势属,非优势属数量多但相对丰度因植物种类而异。典范对应分析（CCA）显示,土壤速效钾、AP、pH和EC是影响根际土壤真菌群落结构变化的主要驱动因子。研究表明南疆四种盐生植物根际土壤真菌群落具有相似性,但优势菌属丰度差异明显,具有植物种类特异性。     

Interaction of soil microbes with mycorrhizal fungi in tomato

In this study, the interaction of soil microbes with mycorrhizal fungi (MF) was performed to understand the effect on tomato. A pot and a field experiment were employed to investigate the impact of soil microbes i.e. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Trichoderma harzianum, Aspergillus niger and Rhizobium leguminosarum, on AM fungi in pots and field studies. The soils without microbes which treated controls with or without mycorrhizal inoculation were also included. Plant growth and root colonisation were measured 36, 75 and 120?days post inoculation (dpi) in the both pot experiment and field study. Soil microbes’ effects on the growth behaviour of the tomato plant were determined via the shoot and root weight. R. leguminosarum and A. niger did not affect the colonisation ability much, but F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and T. harzianum resulted in the inhibition of AM fungal colonisation in both pot and field studies. Our study provides evidence for the effects of soil microbes on the diversity of AM fungi and their effect on the tomato plants. The higher concentrations of phosphorus and of proteins in the root tissues, previously colonised with AM fungi, point out their effect as biofertilizers, according to the concept of sustainable agriculture.     

三峡库区次生黄栌灌木林的群落特征及种间联结性

以三峡库区次生黄栌(Cotinus coggygria)灌木林群落为研究对象,基于样地调查,分析了生境特征和群落特征。结果显示:该群落共有植物30科37属56种,物种组成简单、多样性低,群落中以喜光、耐干旱瘠薄和碱性土壤的物种居多。海拔和土壤有效磷含量是生境差异的重要因素;海拔、坡度和坡向对物种分布的影响最大。海拔与物种密度极显著负相关,坡向与物种高度极显著正相关;土壤pH与物种多样性和均匀度显著负相关,速效钾含量与物种密度呈极显著正相关,有效磷含量与物种丰富度和多样性显著正相关,与盖度显著负相关。综上,海拔、坡度和坡向是影响物种分布的因素;土壤有效磷和pH是影响物种多样性的因素;海拔、坡向、坡度、土壤有效磷和速效钾是影响群落数量特征的因素。群落总体关联性和物种种间联结性均呈显著负相关,种间联结较松散,处于不稳定的灌草阶段,生态系统脆弱,对生境变化十分敏感。因此,在对三峡库区黄栌群落进行生态修复时,应以保护现有群落及其生境为前提,选择适生乡土植物进行合理配置,增加物种多样性,促进群落演替。     

Mycelium of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) from different genera: form, function and detection

It is often assumed that all species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have the same function because of the ubiquity of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and the fact that all AMF occupy the same plant/soil niche. Despite apparent differences in the timing of evolutionary divergence and the morphological characteristics of AMF from the different genera, the majority of studies on these fungi use only species of Glomus. There is increasing evidence, however, that the mechanisms involved in the establishment of a mycorrhiza may differ for species and genera of AMF and influence their subsequent function. The aim of this paper is to highlight the diversity in the form and function of AMF from different genera, knowledge of which is vital in understanding their ecological roles. Potential use of biochemical and molecular approaches to detect AMF in planta and ex planta is also discussed. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Fertilization regimes affect the soil biological characteristics of a sudangrass and ryegrass rotation system

The sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) rotation is an intensive and new cropping system in Central China. Nutrient management practices in this rotation system may influence soil fertility, the important aspects of which are soil biological properties and quality. As sensitive soil biological properties and quality indicators, soil microbial community activity, microbial biomass, enzyme activities, soil organic matter (SOM) and total N resulting from different fertilization regimes in this rotation system were studied through a four-year field experiment from April 2005 to May 2009. Treatments included control (CK), fertilizer phosphorus and potassium (PK), fertilizer nitrogen and potassium (NK), fertilizer nitrogen and phosphorus (NP) and a fertilizer nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium combination (NPK). Soil microbial community activities in the NK, NP and NPK treatments were significantly lower than those in the CK and PK treatments after the sudangrass and ryegrass trial. The highest microbial biomass C, microbial biomass N, SOM, total N, sucrase and urease activities were found in the NPK treatment, and these soil quality indicators were significantly higher in the NK, NP and NPK treatments than in the PK and CK treatments. Soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities were positively associated with SOM in the sudangrass and ryegrass rotation system, indicating that fertilization regimes, especially N application, reduced microbial community activity in the soil. Proper fertilization regimes will increase microbial biomass, enzyme activity and SOM and improve soil fertility.