脱水休眠小卷蛾斯氏线虫的超微结构

采用扫描电镜,透视电镜和光学显微镜,对在SB高渗液中脱水体眠的小卷蛾斯氏线虫（Steinernema carpocapsae)BJ品系首次进行表态特征观察,结果表明：未脱水处理线虫体表光滑,侧线呈直线状,脱水体眠线虫体躯体稍弯曲,体表出现排列整剂的横向皱纹,侧线弯曲成有规律垢波浪状,脱水体眠后,线虫体长,体宽的明显减小达到了一个稳定值,比未处理线虫分别减少了33．1％和28．4％,脱水休眠线虫皮层和基质层变薄,皮下肌肉层明显变厚,肌肉纤维变形,排列没有方向性,食道与细胞器收缩,单位体积脂肪粒增多,以上这些变化可作为衡量小卷蛾氏线虫进入眠的形态特征参数。     

中国尖顶小卷蛾属系统学研究(鳞翅目,卷蛾科,新小卷蛾亚科)

尖顶小卷蛾属Kennelia全世界已知2种,中国均有分布.本文记录3种,包括1新种:凹尖顶小卷蛾K.apiconcava sp.nov..文中给出了尖顶小卷蛾属的分种检索表,提供了成虫图和外生殖器特征图.研究标本及模式标本均保存在南开大学生命科学学院昆虫标本室.新种与鼠李尖顶小卷蛾K.xylinana(Kennel)在雄性外生殖器上相似,两者的主要区别是:前者较后者个体小;爪形突末端凹陷呈\"M\"状,不膨大;尾突端部尖锐;抱器瓣颈部很细,约为抱器端宽的1/4;抱器端近圆形.鼠李尖顶小卷蛾K.xylinana(Kennel)个体较大;爪形突端部膨大,末端平截;尾突端部钝圆;抱器瓣颈部粗,约为抱器端宽的1/2;抱器端斜卵圆形.     

杉梢小卷蛾生物学特性及其防治

杉梢小卷蛾是福建省杉木的一种重要害虫,该虫在福建闽北一年发生２－３代,以蛹越冬。虫应以生物防治为主,应用芜菁夜蛾线虫北京品质、白僵菌防治,均有良好防治效果,可在生产上推广应用。     

中国圆点小卷蛾属研究及一新种记述(鳞翅目,卷蛾科,小卷蛾亚科)(英文)

记述了我国圆点小卷蛾属EudemisHbner的种类,共4种,其中包括1新种:郑氏圆点小卷蛾E.zhengi sp.nov.。提供了分种检索表、新种的形态特征图和生殖器图。模式标本保存在南开大学昆虫标本室。郑氏圆点小卷蛾,新种Eudemis zhengi sp.nov.(图1~2)新种与杨梅圆点小卷蛾E.gyrotis(Meyrick)相似,但可通过下列特征区别:雄性外生殖器之颚形突中部的突起宽短,同时侧缘还具尖角状突起并被细齿,抱器瓣仅在抱器腹近基部具1簇刺丛;后者颚形突中部的突起长指状,侧缘无突起,抱器瓣腹缘具3簇刺丛,分别位于抱器腹基部和端部及抱器端基部2/5处。正模♂,云南勐腊补蚌(21°29′N,101°33′E;海拔650m),25Aug.2005,任应党采;玻片号YHL05159。词源:新种种名以郑哲民教授的姓氏命名,以示对郑先生在我国昆虫系统学研究领域做出显著贡献的敬意。     

检疫性害虫苹果异胫小卷蛾的形态特征及危害

苹果异胫小卷蛾Thaumatotibia(=Cryptophlebia)leucotreta(Meyrick)已成为非洲亚撒哈拉的大部分地区,南非、大西洋和印度洋岛屿上的重要经济害虫,严重危害玉米、棉花、柑橘、澳大利亚坚果、桃、李等果树和田间作物。本文对苹果异胫小卷蛾的分类地位、形态特征、分布、寄主、危害、生物学特性等进行简要介绍。     

褐小卷蛾属分类研究及一新种记述(鳞翅目:卷蛾科:新小卷蛾亚科)

This paper deals with two species of the genus Antichlidas Meyrick. Antichlidas trigonia sp. nov. is described as new to science. The adult photograph and the genital structures of the new species are provided. A key to the described species is given.     

中国小卷蛾族五新种记述：鳞翅目：卷蛾科

作者系统研究了中国小卷蛾族标本,发现了五个新种：（１）曲茎小食心虫ＧｒａｐｈｏｌｉｔａｃｕｒｖｉｐｈａｌａＬｉｕｅｔＹａｎ,因其雄性外生殖器阳茎长而端部弯曲命名,分布在四川峨眉山;（２）顶平小食心虫Ｇ．ｇｌｏｂｅｌａＬｉｕｅｔＹａｎ,因其雄性外生殖器的抱器顶端平截而命名,分布在吉林长白山;（３）手指小食心虫Ｇ．ｄａｃｔｙｌａＬｉｕｅｔＹａｎ,因其雄性外生殖器的抱器腹有手指状突起而命名,分布在广东广州植物园;（４）球小食心虫Ｇ．ｇｌｏｂｏｖａｌｖａＬｉｕｅｔＹａｎ,因其雄性外生殖器的抱器端呈圆球形而命名;分布在山东泰山;（５）弯瓣小卷蛾Ｃｙ－ｄｉａｃｕｒｖｉｖａｌｖａＬｉｕｅｔＹａｎ,因其雄性外生殖器的抱器瓣从中部开始强烈向上弯曲而命名,分布在浙江,江西。新种的所有模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所。     

中国绿小卷蛾属Eucoenogenes分类研究(鳞翅目:卷蛾科:新小卷蛾亚科)

本文报道了中国绿小卷蛾属6种,包括2新种和1新记录种：长绿小卷蛾Eucoenogenes elongata,sp．nov．,武夷绿小卷蛾Eucoenogenes wuyiensis,sp．nov．和叉绿小卷蛾Eucoenogenes cyanopsis(Meyrick)。文中给出中国已知6个种的检索表。模式标本保存在南开大学生物系。1．长绿小卷蛾Eucoenogenes elongata,新种(图1～2)翅展13．5mm。正模：♂,云南巍山县巍宝山,海拔2200m,2001-Ⅶ-20,李后魂,玻片号ZAH03725。本种与同属其它种的区别在于：雄性爪形突下垂,抱器瓣狭长,左侧颈部具5根粗刺,右侧具四根。2．武夷绿小卷蛾Eucoenogenes wuyiensis,新种(图3～4)翅展13．0mm。正模：♂,福建武夷山仙峰岭,海拔1000m,2004-Ⅴ-26,于海丽采,玻片号ZAH04215副模：1♂,同正模。本种与其余种明显不同,区别在于：雄性爪形突细长,尾突侧生,三角形,抱器瓣颈部具一根粗刺。     

槐小卷蛾生物学研究

通过室内饲养和野外调察,明确了槐小卷Cydia trasias(Meyrick)在山东泰安的发生规律,结果表明:该虫在泰安1年3代,以幼虫蛀食国槐(Sophora japonicaL.)等槐属的叶柄及果荚,一头幼虫危害9～12个叶柄,群体爆发时造成大量叶柄脱落、秃枝、果荚变黑,影响国槐的观赏和经济价值。10月份以老熟幼虫在原蛀孔、树皮缝、果荚内越冬。     

利用吸附性物质贮存昆虫病原线虫

昆虫病原线虫制剂产业化需要有效的贮存方法.本试验利用国产硅藻土和高分子凝胶,比较硅藻土和凝胶不同比例、不同温度及添加防霉剂,对线虫存活率、霉菌控制和线虫毒力的影响.线虫在10℃下24周后存活率仍达90.5%,线虫对大蜡螟幼虫的感染率仅下降19.5%.23℃下贮存8周时,存活率高于93%,但16周后几乎全部死亡;对测定昆虫的感染率8周后下降了26.8%.加入的食品抗霉剂对线虫存活率和感染率无明显影响,但防霉效果仅维持2周.结果表明,利用国产硅藻土可贮存Steinernema carpocapsae线虫.     

Latent infection: a low temperature survival strategy in steinernematid nematodes

1. Entomopathogenic nematodes penetrate and kill Galleria mellonella within 48 h at optimal temperatures.

2. Low temperature induces infection latency, preventing host death until optimal conditions resume.

3. Infected Galleria survived 25 days at 5°C. On transfer to 25°C, 100% and 12.5% of Steinernema carpocapsae and Steinernema riobravis infected larvae died within 72 h.

4. Infective juvenile penetration decreased with decreasing temperature; declining from 49.7 and 49.3 nematodes/host at 25°C to 6.3 and 0.25 nematodes/host at 5°C for S. carpocapsae and S. riobravis, respectively.

5. Latent infection occurs, albeit infrequently, due to low host penetration at low temperature.

Field efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against the beetle Maladera matrida (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Single, double and triple releases of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, reduced the population of the beetle Maladera matrida Argaman, infesting peanuts (’Shulamit’ cv.) by 70, 75 and 93% respectively in microplot tests. Simultaneous and late (2 weeks after infestation) applications reduced beetle numbers by 63 and 79% respectively, in the microplots, while early application (2 weeks prior to infestation) did not reduce the beetle population. In a field trial, reductions in insect population and damage to the crop were achieved by early treatment with the nematode as well as by Heptachlor, leading to reductions in the insect population of 60 and 90% respectively, when recorded 4 weeks after nematode application. However, the nematode treatment did not maintain its effectiveness for a longer period and pest damage increased to the same level as the untreated control after 7 weeks. When the nematodes were applied at different concentrations (0.25–1.0 x 10⁶ infective juveniles (IJs) m^‐2) their effectiveness was not related to the concentration level. The only significant (P < 0.05) reduction in insect levels was recorded in the treatment with 0.5 X 10⁶ IJs m^‐2. In a second field trial, both H. bacteriophora and Steinernema glaseri reduced insect populations significantly (P < 0.05) by approximately 50% in comparison to the control. In the third trial, treatment with H. bacteriophora resulted in a decrease in insect population of 90% while treatment with S. carpocapsae reduced the grub numbers by 40% in comparison to the control. A differential susceptibility of various grub developmental stages was recorded in the field. The small grubs (I‐4 mm long, lst‐2nd larval stage) were not affected by the nematode treatments while the numbers of medium and large size grubs were reduced by 2‐ and 3‐fold respectively in the various tests. Nematodes were recovered by ‘nematode traps’ containing Galleria mellonella larvae from treated field plots 78 days after application. The implications of the results from the present studies on the use of entomopathogenic nematodes are discussed in relation to the development of an integrated pest management programme.     

Evaluation of hydraulic,pneumatic and mechanical agitation for the spray application of Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)

The application of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) is generally done using standard spray application techniques. However, in contrast to chemical pesticides, these biological antagonists must remain viable during and after the application process. For the application of EPN, a good agitation system is indispensable as the nematodes tend to sediment fast in a spray tank without agitation. Three agitation systems, viz. mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic agitation were tested for their ability to keep Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) suspended in an undamaged way. Hydraulic agitation was tested using a centrifugal and a diaphragm pump. Nematode damage was quantified based on viability and infectivity of the EPN. The ability of the agitation system to keep the nematodes in suspension was examined by comparing the nematode concentration observed in the samples taken at different agitation times. Only the hydraulic agitation using the centrifugal pump damaged the nematodes. After 120 min of recirculation, only 19.3% of the nematodes survived. Infectivity was even reduced to 0%. An additional experiment revealed that the temperature rise, from 21.7 to 45.4°C, was responsible for the observed nematode damage. The concentration measurements showed that the pneumatic agitation was unstable. Agitation during 120 min using the other agitation systems resulted in a significant loss of nematodes at 15 cm above the spray tank bottom. In conclusion, mechanical and hydraulic agitation using a diaphragm pump can be recommended when S. carpocapsae is applied, although attention should be paid to possible nematode loss during application.     

Enhanced biological control potential of the entomopathogenic nematode,Steinernema carpocapsae,applied with a protective gel formulation

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are adapted to subterranean environments, and are prone to damage by UV light and desiccation. EPNs, Steinernema carpocapsae, combined with a protective gel, and anti-UV ingredients, have potential for above-ground pest management. We (1) ascertained whether the gel could provide protection to EPNs at low concentrations when applied in direct sun, (2) determined if other ingredients added to the gel increased efficacy, and (3) quantified retention and survival of EPNs applied to foliage with the gel. EPNs in 1% protective gel caused higher host mortality (60%) than other treatments (2–37%). UV protection provided by titanium dioxide (TD) and octyl methoxycinnamate with 1% protective gel solution was tested outdoors; these formulations resulted in higher host mortality (43% and 25%) than other treatments (2–7%). After 8?h in the greenhouse, 0.25% protective gel solution had the highest percentage of live EPNs on leaves. The gel at low concentration protects EPNs, and addition of TD enhanced the protective properties of the formulation. It is important to continually improve options for different growing systems and insect pest behaviour. TD added to a low-concentration formulation of the protective gel makes this application technique more viable for growers to use.     

Steinernema kraussei,an indigenous nematode found in coniferous forests: efficacy and field persistence against Hylobius abietis

1 More than 100 ha of forest restocking sites in Northern Britain are treated annually with the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae to control larvae of the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis. However, data on geographical distribution, thermal niche breadth and foraging strategy suggest that S. carpocapsae may be a poor choice for this application. 2 We undertook laboratory and field experiments that compared S. carpocapsae with Steinernema kraussei for efficacy towards H. abietis. Steinernema kraussei is indigenous to Northern Britain, active at low temperatures and is thought to adopt a ‘cruise’ foraging strategy particularly suitable for finding subterranean sedentary insects such as H. abietis. Conversely, S. carpocapsae has not been recorded in Northern Britain, prefers warmer temperatures and is thought to remain at the soil surface adopting an ambush foraging strategy. 3 There were no differences in the ability of the two nematodes to infect and kill larvae of H. abietis in laboratory experiments and, in two field experiments, both species were equally effective both in terms of parasitizing larvae within the stumps and reducing emergence of adult H. abietis. In one experiment, we monitored persistence of nematodes for 1 year after application and found S. kraussei persistence was much greater than that of S. carpocapsae. 4 The greater persistence of S. kraussei suggests that this nematode is better adapted to conditions in Northern Britain, but this may potentially represent a greater threat to nontarget insects. 5 Our data suggest that there would be little benefit associated with substituting S. kraussei for S. carpocapsae in integrated pest management systems for H. abietis.