不同品种水稻对稻纵卷叶螟生长发育和产卵量的影响

研究了4个不同类型水稻品种(中早39、中浙优8号、秀水134和甬优12)对稻纵卷叶螟生长发育和产卵量的影响。取食中早39、中浙优8号、秀水134和甬优12四个不同类型的水稻,对稻纵卷叶螟的幼虫发育历期和存活率无显著影响;取食中早39的稻纵卷叶螟的蛹历期最短,仅9.6 d;在秀水134取食后的稻纵卷叶螟蛹最轻(12.45 mg),羽化后的雌成虫产卵量最低,为34.1粒/雌。综合来看,在供试的4个类型的水稻品种中,与杂交籼稻中浙优8号和籼粳杂交稻甬优12相比,粳稻品种秀水134不利于稻纵卷叶螟的种群发展。     

稻纵卷叶螟(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Gene))在水稻品种上的半自然种群生命表参数及对植株含糖量的影响

在排除天敌情况下,用生命表方法比较了稻纵卷叶螟在5个常用栽培水稻品种扬粳9538、淮稻9号、扬辐粳8号、扬稻6号和汕优63上的半自然种群生命表。结果表明,取食淮稻9号的稻纵卷叶螟种群趋势指数最低,表现为较强的抗耐性;扬辐粳8号的稻纵卷叶螟种群趋势指数最高;各品种间稻纵卷叶螟不同虫期的存活率、♀/♂、蛹重、产卵量、卷叶率有一定差异;稻纵卷叶螟为害后,植株内可溶性糖含量品种间无明显差异,但不同品种与对照(未接虫)相比含量有增有减;还原糖含量品种间差异显著。     

稻纵卷叶螟(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Güenée))在水稻品种上的半自然种群生命表参数及对植株含糖量的影响

在排除天敌情况下,用生命表方法比较了稻纵卷叶螟在5个常用栽培水稻品种扬粳9538、淮稻9号、扬辐粳8号、扬稻6号和汕优63上的半自然种群生命表。结果表明,取食淮稻9号的稻纵卷叶螟种群趋势指数最低,表现为较强的抗耐性;扬辐粳8号的稻纵卷叶螟种群趋势指数最高;各品种间稻纵卷叶螟不同虫期的存活率、♀/♂、蛹重、产卵量、卷叶率有一定差异;稻纵卷叶螟为害后,植株内可溶性糖含量品种间无明显差异,但不同品种与对照(未接虫)相比含量有增有减;还原糖含量品种间差异显著。     

稻纵卷叶螟（Cnaphalocrocis medinalis（Güenée））在水稻品种上的半自然种群生命表参数及对植株含糖量的影响

在排除天敌情况下,用生命表方法比较了稻纵卷叶螟在5个常用栽培水稻品种扬粳9538、淮稻9号、扬辐粳8号、扬稻6号和汕优63上的半自然种群生命表。结果表明,取食淮稻9号的稻纵卷叶螟种群趋势指数最低,表现为较强的抗耐性;扬辐粳8号的稻纵卷叶螟种群趋势指数最高;各品种间稻纵卷叶螟不同虫期的存活率、♀／♂、蛹重、产卵量、卷叶率有一定差异;稻纵卷叶螟为害后,植株内可溶性糖含量品种间无明显差异,但不同品种与对照（未接虫）相比含量有增有减;还原糖含量品种间差异显著。     

水稻品种对稻纵卷叶螟抗性的物理及生化机制

稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis连年大发生,为在其治理中培育和推广抗虫品种,本文应用扫描电镜和生化测定研究了5个常用水稻栽培品种扬辐粳8号、扬稻6号、扬粳9538、淮稻9号和宁梗1号叶片中的硅含量、硅颗粒大小、蜡质含量等物理指标和一些生化指标与抗虫性的关系,并比较了稻纵卷叶螟幼虫危害不同水稻品种后其体内生化反应的差异。结果表明抗虫品种宁梗1号、淮稻9号叶片表面的硅含量显著高于感虫品种,硅颗粒大小在品种间无显著差异。宁粳1号叶片蜡质含量显著高于其他品种。由此表明叶片表面硅和蜡质含量与抗性有关。稻纵卷叶螟幼虫取食后,抗虫品种体内的过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）活性显著高于感虫品种,但丙二醛(MDA)含量低于感虫品种。稻纵卷叶螟幼虫取食不同品种后,其体内一些酶的活性明显不同,取食抗虫品种的幼虫体内POD和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性显著高于取食其他品种的幼虫,SOD活性显著低于取食感虫品种的幼虫, 表明抗虫品种对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫有毒害作用。     

不同寄主植物上灰飞虱种群生命表的比较

为比较不同寄主植物上灰飞虱种群发展趋势,通过室内实验,组建了灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus Fallèn在武育粳3号、盐稻8号、徐稻3号、Ⅱ优084、Ⅱ优42、扬麦12、稗草和千金子这8种寄主植物上的实验种群生命表;通过田间调查,比较了粳稻武运粳7号和籼稻Ⅱ优084上灰飞虱自然种群发生动态。不同寄主植物上灰飞虱实验种群生命表的比较结果表明,灰飞虱的若虫发育历期在稗草上最短,其次为扬麦12和粳稻上,而在杂交籼稻Ⅱ优084、Ⅱ优42和杂草千金子上的发育历期长达近30 d;灰飞虱在稗草上的种群趋势指数亦最高,为45.57,其次为粳稻品种盐稻8号（39.36）、徐稻3号（34.54）和武育粳3号(31.70)上,其中盐稻8号与稗草上无显著差异;杂交稻Ⅱ优084和Ⅱ优42上灰飞虱的种群趋势指数显著低于粳稻上的;而灰飞虱在千金子上的种群趋势指数最低,仅为11.04。大田调查则表明,一定时期粳稻武运粳7号上灰飞虱种群个体数量显著高于籼稻Ⅱ优084上。研究表明灰飞虱的适宜寄主植物依次为稗草、粳稻品种和小麦。     

长江下游不同类型水稻分蘖期耐淹能力比较

在分蘖期对长江下游稻作区主栽的9个水稻品种进行大田模拟没顶淹涝处理,研究淹涝胁迫对水稻植株农艺性状、生理指标和产量性状的影响,比较分析了常规粳稻、杂交籼稻和杂交粳稻对淹水胁迫环境适应性的差异.结果表明:淹水胁迫4d后,水稻株高及顶部全展3片叶长均比对照有不同程度的增加,伸长程度为杂交粳稻＞杂交籼稻＞常规粳稻.杂交粳稻的茎蘖数、绿叶数和地上部干质量损失率分别为18.0％、41.4％、13.2％,显著小于常规粳稻;杂交籼稻则介于杂交粳稻和常规粳稻之间,且整株死亡率显著低于常规粳稻.常规粳稻叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量比对照增加1.91 μmol·g-1 FM,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性明显降低;杂交粳稻和杂交籼稻MDA含量分别降低2.32和2.10 μmol·g-1 FM,SOD和CAT活性显著提高.不同类型品种的减产程度差异显著,常规粳稻的产量损失率达到38.5％,显著高于杂交粳稻和杂交籼稻,杂交粳稻产量损失率仅为4.1％.长江下游水稻分蘖期的耐淹涝能力为杂交粳稻强于杂交籼稻,常规粳稻的耐淹能力最低.     

水稻和玉米苗上饲养的稻纵卷叶螟对温度的反应

比较了水稻和玉米苗上饲养的稻纵卷叶螟在不同温度下的存活、生长发育与繁殖情况。结果表明,在24℃和27℃下,稻纵卷叶螟在玉米苗上的发育速率要比在水稻上的慢1—3 d;33℃不会抑制水稻上饲养幼虫的生长发育,但玉米苗上饲养的幼虫在30℃时就受到了抑制,且在33℃下不能发育到成虫。水稻上饲养时,稻纵卷叶螟各阶段的存活率在27—33℃间无显著差异,且36℃时死亡率很高,只有部分幼虫可发育到预蛹阶段;但是玉米苗上饲养时,稻纵卷叶螟在33℃下的存活率显著低于21—30℃,36℃下幼虫不能发育到2龄。水稻和玉米苗上饲养的稻纵卷叶螟的产卵量均表现为在24℃和27℃条件下最高;在30℃和33℃条件下,水稻上饲养出的成虫能产少量卵,而玉米苗上饲养出的成虫却不能产卵。水稻和玉米苗上饲养的稻纵卷叶螟卵的孵化率均在27℃下最高,且两寄主间无显著差异;玉米苗上饲养所得的卵在33℃和36℃下均不能孵化,而水稻上的则少量能孵化。水稻上饲养的稻纵卷叶螟相对要比玉米苗上饲养的耐高温。在24—27℃下用玉米苗饲养的稻纵卷叶螟除历期有所延长外,其它生物学特性与用水稻饲养的无显著差异。     

寄主转换对稻纵卷叶螟寄主种群适合度及生命表参数的影响

【目的】稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis是水稻的迁飞性害虫之一,同时也能在玉米上完成世代。本研究旨在探究寄主转换对稻纵卷叶螟寄主种群适合度的影响。【方法】稻纵卷叶螟玉米种群和水稻种群分别取食原寄主和转换寄主,形成取食玉米的稻纵卷叶螟玉米种群、取食水稻的稻纵卷叶螟玉米种群、取食玉米的稻纵卷叶螟水稻种群和取食水稻的稻纵卷叶螟水稻种群4个处理组合,构建这些处理组合的稻纵卷叶螟寄主种群年龄 龄期两性生命表,测定其适合度和生命表参数。【结果】稻纵卷叶螟幼期发育历期以取食水稻的稻纵卷叶螟水稻种群最长(29.2 d),以取食水稻的稻纵卷叶螟玉米种群最短(24.8 d);适合度指标(蛹重、化蛹率、羽化率、产卵量)、生命表参数(存活率、最大繁殖力、最高繁殖值、幼期寿命期望值)、种群参数(内禀增长率、周限增长率、净增殖率)均在两种群取食玉米时最大,在取食水稻的稻纵卷叶螟玉米种群中最小(除蛹重外),而且取食玉米的稻纵卷叶螟水稻种群又往往优于取食水稻的稻纵卷叶螟水稻种群。【结论】稻纵卷叶螟玉米种群在寄主转换后适合度和种群增长显著下降,而稻纵卷叶螟水稻种群在寄主转换后适合度和种群增长有所上升,表明玉米比水稻更有利于提高稻纵卷叶螟的适合度和种群增长,这一与自然条件下稻纵卷叶螟极少在玉米上发生为害相悖的现象值得深入研究。     

成虫期温度对稻纵卷叶螟生殖特性的影响

温度是影响昆虫生殖的重要环境因子,本文通过成虫期不同日龄低温处理研究了温度对稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée成虫生殖和寿命的影响。结果表明:羽化后1日龄15℃处理对稻纵卷叶螟雌蛾生殖有显著的促进作用,体现在成虫产卵显著提前,产卵量显著增加,首次产卵历期显著缩短,交配次数显著增加,交配率明显上升,而在其他日龄处理仅导致首次产卵历期显著缩短,对成虫其他生殖指标无显著影响。1日龄10℃处理对稻纵卷叶螟成虫生殖并没有显著影响,但显著缩短成虫的寿命。这些结果表明,1日龄是低温调控稻纵卷叶螟生殖的敏感时期,此时期15℃刺激能显著促进成虫生殖。     

Silicon-Mediated Resistance in a Susceptible Rice Variety to the Rice Leaf Folder,Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée), is one of the most destructive rice pests in Asian countries. Rice varieties resistant to the rice leaf folder are generally characterized by high silicon content. In this study, silicon amendment, at 0.16 and 0.32 g Si/kg soil, enhanced resistance of a susceptible rice variety to the rice leaf folder. Silicon addition to rice plants at both the low and high rates significantly extended larval development and reduced larval survival rate and pupation rate in the rice leaf folder. When applied at the high rate, silicon amendment reduced third-instars’ weight gain and pupal weight. Altogether, intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase and net reproduction rate of the rice leaf folder population were all reduced at both the low and high silicon addition rates. Although the third instars consumed more in silicon-amended treatments, C:N ratio in rice leaves was significantly increased and food conversion efficiencies were reduced due to increased silicon concentration in rice leaves. Our results indicate that reduced food quality and food conversion efficiencies resulted from silicon addition account for the enhanced resistance in the susceptible rice variety to the rice leaf folder.     

Resistance of transgenic rice events (rbcS:cry1Ac) against three lepidopteran rice pests

The transgenic rice expressing cry1Ac gene, which is linked to the rice rbcS promoter and its transit peptide sequence (tp), was highly resistant against all instars of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenetée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). In this study, we evaluated the larval mortality, behavior change, and field occurrence of three main rice pests, C. medinalis, Naranga aenescens (Moore) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and Parnara guttata (Bremer & Grey) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) in T4 generations of three Bt rice events (rbcS3:cry1Ac; 608102, 608104 and 608107) and non-Bt rice. All of the three Bt rice events were resistant to C. medinalis which showed significantly higher mortality for all instars compared to non-Bt rice. The resistance of Bt rice events against the larvae decreased gradually as the larvae developed. However, the survived larvae which ingested Bt rice events died eventually without further development. The resistance of three Bt rice events was investigated in the pot test, which was conducted with 3rd instars of C. medinalis, N. aenescens, and P. guttata, showed mortalities of over 70%. In behavioral assay, C. medinalis fed on the Bt rice events showed feeding avoidance and less leaf rolling behavior compared to that of the larvae fed on non-Bt rice. A 2-yr field survey conducted with larvae of C. medinalis and P. guttata also showed that the three Bt rice events significantly had lower damaged on leaves compared to that of non-Bt rice. Overall, the three Bt rice events were highly resistant to the larvae of lepidopteran target rice pests.     

Cloning,characterization, and RNAi effect of the chitin synthase B gene in Cnaphalocrocis medinalis

The rice leaf folder (RLF), Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, is one of the major pests of rice, and chitin synthase is a key enzyme for the chitin synthesis pathway in insects. In this study, the chitin synthase B gene from C. medinalis (CmCHSB) was cloned and characterized. The cDNA of CmCHSB is 4824 bp in length, containing an open reading frame of 4578 nucleotides that encodes 1525 amino acids. The CmCHSB zymoprotein consists of 10 transmembrane domains (TMDs) in the N-terminus, a middle conserved catalytic domain, and 7 TMDs in the C-terminus. Homology and phylogenetic analyses revealed that CmCHSB possesses the closest relationship with its homolog in Ostrinia furnacalis. CmCHSB was expressed throughout development and in all of the adult tissues tested, with the highest expression level in the adult and in the midgut. Silencing of CmCHSB through RNA interference (RNAi) severely affected RLF larval growth and caused larval lethality. Our results revealed that CmCHSB is essential for RLF growth and development, which sheds new light on the characteristics and functions of this gene. These findings will be helpful for green control of RLF, by targeting the CmCHSB gene using RNAi technology.     

光照条件下低温对水稻籼粳亚种幼苗抗氧化物质含量的影响

与对低温不敏感的粳稻台北309和武育粳相比,对低温敏感的籼稻IR64、CA212和Pusa经光照条件下8℃处理后最大光合速率(Pmax)和原初光化学效率(Fv/Fm)下降较多,出现了O2-·、过氧化氢、氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)和氧化型抗坏血酸(DHA)的大量累积,其GSSG和DHA的含量分别与叶绿素含量的下降呈极显著负相关,表明光照条件下低温胁迫下,还原态的谷胱甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸的再生受阻,不能有效地清除活性氧,导致其叶绿素含量降低和光合能力受抑,而汕优63的变化位于上述两种类型之间。其中AsA/DHA和GSH/GSSG的变化与叶绿素含量的变化呈极显著正相关。     

几个粳稻品种抗白背飞虱的研究

本研究用苗期群体鉴定法对若干水稻品种进行了抗白背飞虱(Sogatella furcifera)比较测定,并探讨籼、粳稻品种抗性差异和粳稻抗性性质.结果指出:在供试“80079”,“中国91”、“盐粳2号”等粳稻品种上,白背飞虱生物学表现明显不同.粳稻抗性可分两类:(1)“80079”对白背飞虱取食、生存、发育没有抗生作用,对种群为害还表现有耐虫性;(2)“中国91”、“盐粳2号”对白背飞虱取食、生存、发育没有抗生作用,但却有一定的拒产卵机制,对种群为害还兼有耐虫性,从而能有效地抑制白背飞虱种群的建立.     

不同水稻品种对三化螟抗性差异的机理

研究了不同水稻品种对三化螟Scirpophaga incertulas抗性差异的机理。结果表明, 在汕优63、镇稻2号和92-109稻株中, 虫体的游离必需氨基酸含量极低（0.422～0.875 nmol/mg）, 幼虫生长发育缓慢;而在9-92、武育粳3号等稻株中, 虫体的游离必需氨基酸含量高（2.788～5.421 nmol/mg）, 幼虫生长快。虫体的游离必需氨基酸含量和生长发育的差异, 与不同水稻品种的游离必需氨基酸含量、总必需氨基酸含量、还原糖含量和叶鞘硅化细胞密度均无明显相关。叶鞘维管束间距、鞘脊宽度及小于蚁螟头宽的叶鞘维管束间距百分率的差异, 是不同水稻品种抗螟性差异的主要作用因子。     

Microsatellite diversity within Oryza sativa with emphasis on indica-japonica divergence

The molecular evolution of cultivated rice Oryza sativa L. has long been a subject of rice evolutionists. To investigate genetic diversity within and differentiation between the indica and japonica subspecies, 22 accessions of indica and 35 of japonica rice were examined by five microsatellite loci from each chromosome totalling 60 loci. Mean gene diversity value in the indica rice (H=0.678) was 1.18 times larger than in the japonica rice (H=0.574). Taking the sampling effect into consideration, average allele number in the indica rice was 1.40 times higher than that in the japonica rice (14.6 vs 10.4 per variety). Chromosome-based comparisons revealed that nine chromosomes (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10 and 11) harboured higher levels of genetic diversity within the indica rice than the japonica rice. An overall estimate of F(ST) was 0.084-0.158, indicating that the differentiation is moderate and 8.4-15.8% of the total genetic variation resided between the indica and japonica groups. Our chromosome-based comparisons further suggested that the extent of the indica-japonica differentiation varied substantially, ranging from 7.62% in chromosome 3 to 28.72% in chromosome 1. Cluster analyses found that most varieties formed merely two clusters for the indica and japonica varieties, in which two japonica varieties and five indica varieties were included in the counterpart clusters, respectively. The 12 chromosome-based trees further showed that 57 rice varieties cannot be clearly clustered together into either the indica or japonica groups, but displayed relatively different clustering patterns. The results suggest that the process of indica japonica differentiation may have proceeded through an extensive contribution by the alleles of the majority in the rice genome.     

二化螟蚁螟在不同类型水稻品种上的存活率及寄主选择性

二化螟Chilo suppressalis Walker是我国主要水稻害虫之一,近年来发生量呈上升趋势.本文研究表明二化螟蚁螟在不同类型水稻品种上3d的存活率不同.在两优培九上,3d的存活率最高,为60.8％.其次为南京11,其存活率为45.8％;在南粳44、武运粳7号、常优3号、武育粳3号和香糯8333上3d的存活率与南京11差异不显著,为40.0％ ～45.0％.在Ⅱ优084上蚁螟3d的存活率最低,只有25.8％.蚁螟对不同类型水稻品种的选择性也有差异.在8个水稻品种中,蚁螟对杂交籼稻两优培九的选择性最高,圆盘法测定其选择率为21.0％;Y型嗅觉仪法测定结果与圆盘法一致,在所有组合中蚁螟对两优培九的选择率均大于50.0％,明显高于常规籼稻和粳稻.蚁螟对南粳44(16.5％)和南京11(15.5％)的选择性仅次于两优培九,其后为常优3号(13.5％).对香糯8333的选择性最低,圆盘法测定其选择率仅有5.6％.进一步利用SPSS软件回归分析蚁螟在不同水稻品种上3d的存活率和对该品种的选择性,发现二者间存在明显的正相关关系.