铅对水稻植物激素含量的影响

目的:研究铅对水稻植物激素含量的影响.方法:以湘早籼24和八两优100为材料,通过盆栽试验,采用高效液相色谱法测定不同浓度铅处理下水稻根和叶中植物激素的含量.结果:在低浓度铅胁迫下,湘早籼24叶中GA1和CTK含量以及与ABA比值、八两优100叶中GA1和IAA含量以及与ABA比值均增加,两个品种根中GA1和IAA含量以及与ABA比值增加、而ABA含量均有降低趋势.在高浓度铅胁迫下,两个品种的叶和根中GA1、IAA和CTK含量以及与ABA比值均降低;根中ABA含量增加.两个品种叶中ABA含量均随铅处理浓度的增加而增加.结论:低浓度铅能促进水稻的生长发育,而在高浓度铅胁迫下,水稻的生长发育受到抑制,这些作用与其差异调节水稻体内多种植物激素含量和激素间比值有关.     

大田遮阴对夏玉米籽粒形成过程中内源激素作用的影响

以振杰2号(ZJ2)、登海605(DH605)和郑单958(ZD958)为试验材料,大田条件下设置花粒期遮阴(S1)、穗期遮阴(S2)和全生育期遮阴(S3)3个处理,遮光度为60%,以自然光为对照(CK),研究大田遮阴对夏玉米籽粒形成过程中内源激素作用的影响.结果表明:遮阴条件下,雌穗原基分化的总小花数、花丝数、受精小花数均较CK不同程度地减少,败育籽粒数增多,不同处理的穗粒数表现为CKS2S1S3,S2、S1和S3的穗粒数较CK平均减少18.9%、43.7%和80.8%.遮阴后玉米籽粒的吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉素(GA)和玉米素核苷(ZR)含量较CK略有降低,脱落酸(ABA)含量升高;且各处理的同一激素含量随籽粒发育的变化趋势一致.与正常籽粒相比,败育籽粒IAA含量的峰值由20 d前移至10 d,且积累少、下降快;GA和ZR含量均显著降低,而ABA含量在花后20 d内始终保持较高水平.因此,籽粒激素含量的变化可能是遮阴引起籽粒败育进而降低产量的重要原因之一.     

不同类型春玉米灌浆期间籽粒中内源激素IAA、GA、ZR、ABA含量的变化

田间种植的高淀粉（‘郑单19’）、高油（‘通油1号’）和普通型（‘吉单209’）春玉米在籽粒灌浆过程中,‘郑单19’的IAA在授粉后28d达到峰值,‘吉单209’和‘通油1号’的峰值出现在35d;在3个杂交种中,‘郑单19’的IAA峰值最大,‘吉单209’次之,‘通油1号’最低;整个籽粒灌浆期间,‘通油1号’和‘吉单209’的GA含量高于‘郑单19’,在灌浆后期,‘通油1号’仍保持较高的GA含量;‘通油1号’ZR含量的峰值最高,直到后期仍保持较高的水平;‘郑单19’在籽粒灌浆前期的ABA含量较低,但在后期的含量较高。     

遮荫对两个基因型玉米叶片解剖结构及光合特性的影响

以耐荫性不同的玉米品种郑单958(ZD958,耐荫性较强)和豫玉22(YY22,耐荫性较弱)为材料,研究了苗期50%遮荫对玉米叶片形态结构和光合特性的影响。结果表明:形态结构上,苗期遮荫处理后,玉米叶片变薄,单位面积叶绿体数目减少,基粒数、基粒厚度和片层数增加,但是YY22的叶绿体大部分发育不良,肿胀呈球形,基粒片层和基质片层出现不同程度的松散;而ZD958大部分叶绿体结构良好,各部分发育基本正常。光合特性上,弱光胁迫使玉米叶片叶绿素含量升高,净光合速率(Pn)、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)和实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)降低,胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)和非光化学猝灭(NPQ)增加,但是YY22的Pn、Fv/Fm和Φ_PSⅡ显著下降,Ci和NPQ显著升高;而ZD958的Fv/Fm和Φ_PSⅡ下降幅度较小,且NPQ增加亦不显著。研究结果提示,弱光胁迫对玉米叶片形态结构和光合特性影响较大,且存在基因型差异,耐荫性较强的品种对弱光环境的适应性较强。     

低氮胁迫对不同基因型夏玉米源库性状和灌浆特性的影响

2007和2008年连续2年在低氮（105 kg·hm^-2）和正常施氮（337.5 kg·hm^-2）两种施肥水平下,分析了6个不同基因型玉米品种的群体源库关系及籽粒灌浆特性间的差异.结果表明：低氮胁迫对不同基因型玉米品种的群体产量、叶面积指数（LAI）、群体源库性状和籽粒灌浆特性影响明显,在低氮胁迫下,先玉335、郑单958等耐低氮能力较好品种的籽粒活跃灌浆期较长、最大灌浆速率高、最大叶面积指数持续期较长,群体库源关系比较协调;陕单902和豫玉22等耐低氮能力较差品种吐丝后的籽粒活跃灌浆时数、最大灌浆速率、灌浆速率最大时的生长量及LAI较低,源的供应能力显著下降;低氮胁迫明显加剧了不同基因型玉米品种间的产量差异.     

弱光胁迫对不同基因型玉米生长发育和产量的影响

以不同基因型玉米为材料,在玉米生长发育的3个主要阶段(苗期、穗期、粒期)进行分期遮光试验,研究不同时期弱光胁迫对不同基因型玉米生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明,遮光延缓了玉米叶片的出生速度,使叶片变薄;遮光可以延缓叶片的衰老,但遮光解除后则加速叶片的衰老;遮光造成植株高度增加,但恢复正常光照后,其株高却逐渐低于对照;遮光使干物质积累下降,抽雄吐丝日期推迟,尤其是吐丝日期推迟更多,并使产量降低,但不同基因型玉米不同遮光处理下降程度不同。试验的4个品种中,掖单2 2和豫玉2号受遮光影响较小,而掖单36 38和丹玉13受影响较大,即不同基因型玉米对弱光胁迫的敏感性不同     

壳聚糖对镉胁迫下玉米幼苗根系抗氧化酶活性和内源激素水平的影响

为探究壳聚糖对增强玉米幼苗抗镉胁迫能力的生理生化机制,以玉米(Zea mays L.)杂交种‘郑单958’为试验材料,采用室内Hoagland水培法,探讨外施100mg·L~(-1)壳聚糖对镉胁迫(80mg·L~(-1))不同时间(0h、24h、48h、72h和96h)下玉米幼苗根系抗氧化酶活性和内源激素水平的影响。结果显示:(1)镉胁迫显著抑制玉米幼苗根系生长,并诱导根系活性氧产生、抗氧化酶活性增加、内源激素的平衡受到破坏。(2)镉胁迫下,外施壳聚糖处理96h后根系干重提高16.1%,根系的O-·2产生速率和H2O2含量分别降低9.1%和19.2%,SOD、POD和CAT活性分别提高32.5%、20.4%和21.3%,IAA、ZR和GA含量分别增加34.4%、40.4%和42.5%,ABA含量减少19.1%,IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA和GA/ABA分别提升66.1%、73.5%和76.0%。研究表明,壳聚糖能够调控镉胁迫下玉米幼苗根系内源激素的含量及平衡,减轻胁迫对抗氧化酶系统的破坏,增强其清除活性氧的能力,从而降低镉胁迫对根系的毒害,提高玉米幼苗对镉胁迫的抵抗能力,为玉米抗逆栽培提供了理论及试验依据。     

噻苯隆-乙烯利复配对春玉米籽粒灌浆特性的影响及其激素调控机理

以"先玉335"和"鑫鑫2号"为试验材料,于花后25 d喷施噻苯隆和噻苯隆-乙烯利复配剂,清水为对照,探究噻苯隆-乙烯利复配对玉米籽粒灌浆后期灌浆特性的影响及其激素调控机理。结果表明:噻苯隆-乙烯利复配可以缩短籽粒灌浆快增期和缓增期的灌浆持续时间,提高灌浆平均速率和籽粒重量,显著增加春玉米灌浆后期籽粒中生长素(IAA)和赤霉素(GA)含量,降低脱落酸(ABA)和细胞分裂素(CTK)含量;同时显著提高灌浆期籽粒IAA与ABA、GA与ABA比例,降低CTK与IAA、CTK与GA比例,对CTK与ABA、GA与IAA比例影响较小。相关分析表明,噻苯隆-乙烯利复配处理后,春玉米籽粒中ABA和CTK含量与灌浆快增期速率呈显著负相关。本研究表明,噻苯隆-乙烯利复配主要通过影响籽粒中IAA、ABA、CTK和GA含量及其比例,从而调控春玉米籽粒灌浆进程,最终实现春玉米产量提高,熟期提前的功效。研究为噻苯隆-乙烯利复配应用到玉米生产上提供理论及试验依据。     

断根对盐胁迫下玉米生长、光合及叶片抗氧化酶的影响

通过盆栽试验,以全根玉米为对照,研究了断根对不同浓度NaC1(无盐0、低盐0.2％、中盐0.4％、高盐0.6％)胁迫下2个玉米杂交种(郑单958、登海9)的生长、灌浆期光合及叶片抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明:低盐胁迫下,断根郑单958籽粒产量比全根玉米增加13.1％,登海9籽粒产量比全根玉米增加31.4％.拔节期,玉米生长受断根影响,其根及地上部干质量小于同盐度下的全根玉米,无盐和低盐条件下断根玉米生长恢复迅速.乳熟期,无盐和低盐条件下断根玉米的根及地上部干质量、叶面积、根总长、根总表面积、根系活力、叶绿素含量,以及穗位叶净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、POD和CAT活性均显著高于全根玉米,而茎粗和穗位叶MDA含量小于全根玉米;中、高盐度胁迫对断根玉米影响较大,干质量、根系形态及光合指标均小于全根玉米,产量也略低于全根玉米.在整个生育期,断根对盐胁迫下玉米生长的影响与盐浓度有关,无盐和低盐浓度下促进玉米生长,中、高盐度则抑制生长.     

玉米品种耐阴性指标的筛选与评价

采用大田试验,研究了24个玉米品种在50%遮光处理下的形态、生理与产量性状的变化.结果表明：与自然光照相比,遮光处理后,玉米的株高降低,茎粗减小,雌雄间隔期延长,净光合速率减小,比叶重减小,地上部干物质量减少,果穗缩短变细,穗轴直径减小,行粒数减少,籽粒产量显著降低,其中雌雄间隔期、净光合速率、比叶重和行粒数变化的百分率与地上部干物质量和籽粒产量减少的百分率之间呈显著或极显著相关,可作为田间鉴定玉米耐阴性的有效指标.采用综合耐阴性状作为评价参数,经聚类分析表明,郑单958、浚单20、登海602等14个品种属耐阴型品种,安玉12、豫玉22等10个品种属非耐阴型品种.表明以形态、生理指标结合产量性状来评价玉米耐阴性较为客观,且简单易行.     

不同基因型玉米间作的群体质量

采用大田试验,研究了不同基因型玉米间作的群体质量特征.结果表明,HF9‖XD20间作,植株中部叶片平均叶龄延长,而对下部和上部叶片影响不大;ZD958‖LD981间作,ZD958植株下部叶片平均叶龄延长,而中、上部叶片则缩短,LD981植株下、中、上部叶片平均叶龄均有所延长.吐丝前,群体叶面积指数(LAI)单间作无明显差异,吐丝后,HF9和LD981的LAI分别大于和显著大于单作群体,而ZD958和XD20则分别小于和显著小于单作群体.紧凑型品种和半紧凑型品种间作增加了群体透光率,吐丝后10d,4个品种棒三叶叶色值(SPADR)均有所增加,并且除ZD958外,其余3个品种棒三叶净光合速率均有所增加,其中LD981增加显著.间作对吐丝以前的群体干物质积累量影响不大,吐丝后,半紧凑型品种(HF9和LD981)的干物质积累量增加,其中LD981增加显著,而紧凑型品种(XD20和ZD958)的干物质积累量减少,其中ZD958显著减少;间作还提高了收获指数,并且两种间作群体的土地当量比(LER)均大于1.结果提示,紧凑型与半紧凑型玉米品种的间作可以提高群体质量,延长叶片功能期,提高光合效率,增加籽粒产量.     

不同基因型玉米间作对叶片衰老、籽粒产量和品质的影响

 采用大田试验, 研究了不同基因型玉米(Zea mays)间作对叶片衰老、籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明, ‘豫玉19’(YY19)与‘周单 041’(ZD041)、‘郑单958’(ZD958)与‘鲁单981’(LD981)间作, 可提高叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活 性, 降低丙二醛(MDA)含量, 延缓叶片衰老。具体表现为, 在吐丝后10 d, 4个玉米品种叶片中的SOD和POD活性均有所提高或显著提高, ZD041和 ZD958叶片中的CAT活性提高或显著提高, YY19和LD981变化不显著; 4个玉米品种叶片中的MDA含量降低。在吐丝后40 d, SOD和POD活性及MDA含 量的变化与吐丝后10 d基本一致, CAT活性均有所提高, 其中以YY19较为显著。研究还表明, 间作增加了复合群体产量, 土地当量比(Land equivalent ratio, LER)均大于1, 籽粒品质也有所改善。     

遮阴和种植密度对东北春玉米穗部发育和植株生产力的影响

探讨遮阴对玉米穗部特性的影响及其产量效应,可以为应对气候变化与密植栽培条件下的玉米品种选育和高产栽培提供参考依据.本研究选用2个品种(紧凑型‘中单909’、平展型‘内单4’)和2个种植密度(4.5、9.0万株·hm^-2),在吉林省公主岭市开展田间遮阴试验,设置遮阴(遮阴度65%,小喇叭口期-成熟期)和不遮阴(对照)2个处理,研究遮阴和种植密度对不同株型玉米的穗部发育和植株生产力的影响.结果表明: 遮阴显著影响春玉米雌穗发育,造成散粉和吐丝期推迟,导致散粉吐丝间隔期延长3～15 d;遮阴显著降低春玉米干物质积累,籽粒产量下降50%以上(50.8%～87.0%);密植条件下春玉米穗部特性和产量性能受遮阴的影响显著高于稀植栽培;不同玉米品种相比,紧凑型品种的穗部特性和产量受遮阴和种植密度的影响低于平展型品种,紧凑型品种对生态环境变化的适应性较强,耐阴性和耐密性表现出一致性.     

Response of maize genotypes with different nitrogen use efficiency to low nitrogen stresses

Objectives

This paper aims to compare the property difference of spatial and temporal distribution of different nitrogen use efficiency maize genotypes and discuss the physiological mechanism of nitrogen efficiency of maize.

Kernel set in maize genotypes differing in nitrogen use efficiency in response to resource availability around flowering

Environmental conditions affect grain yield in maize (Zea mays L.) mainly by altering the kernel number per plant (KNP). This number is determined during a critical period of about 2 weeks around silking. The objectives of this study were to assess how the rate and timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications affect biomass partitioning and KNP in two genotypes with different N use efficiency, and to compare kernel set of these genotypes under varying regimes of carbohydrate and N availability during the critical period for kernel set. In the first field experiment, plant density and the rate of N supply per plant were varied independently. In the second field experiment, N availability was controlled via the application of N fertilizer, and carbohydrate availability was controlled by shading or thinning at silking. In both experiments, low rates of N supply reduced KNP more strongly in the non-efficient genotype when compared to the efficient genotype. The genotypic differences in kernel set were neither associated with N uptake into the above-ground biomass at maturity, nor above-ground biomass at silking. In the non-efficient genotype, application of N fertilizer at silking increased KNP. This increase was not associated with an increase in plant growth but with increased partitioning of biomass towards the reproductive organs during the critical period for kernel set. The genotype which had been selected for its high N use efficiency also showed higher kernel set at high plant density and shading during flowering when compared to the non-efficient genotype. Under conditions of restricted resource availability per plant, plant and ear growth rates during the critical period of about 14 days after onset of flowering declined compared with non-limiting conditions. However, these growth rates were less reduced in the efficient genotype. Pooling treatments of different plant density and different available N, each hybrid showed linear responses of KNP to plant growth rate and to ear growth rate. Furthermore, in the efficient genotype KNP was reduced to a lesser extent in response to decreasing growth rates. We conclude that higher kernel set of the efficient genotype compared to the non-efficient genotype under stressful conditions was associated with low sensitivity of plant growth and dry matter distribution towards reproductive organs to low assimilate availability during the critical period of kernel set, and particularly with low sensitivity of kernel set to decreasing plant and ear growth rates.     

大田淹水对夏玉米叶片衰老特性的影响

选用登海605(DH605)和郑单958(ZD958)为试验材料,在大田条件下研究了不同淹水时期(三叶期、拔节期和开花后10 d)和持续时间(3 d、6 d)淹水对夏玉米叶片衰老特性的影响.研究表明: 淹水胁迫后超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)等保护酶活性以及可溶性蛋白含量较不淹水对照显著下降,而丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高,三叶期淹水6 d后DH605和ZD958的含量较对照分别升高35.3%和34.1%.淹水胁迫后叶片叶绿素含量降低,产量显著下降.三叶期淹水6 d对夏玉米产量的影响最大,DH605和ZD958较对照分别减产32.1%和35.2%.不同生育期中,三叶期淹水造成的影响最大,拔节期次之,开花后10 d淹水造成的影响较小,且影响程度随淹水持续时间的延长而加剧.     

Effects of S-Abscisic Acid (S-ABA) on Seed Germination,Seedling Growth,and Asr1 Gene Expression Under Drought Stress in Maize

The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of the phytohormone S-abscisic acid (S-ABA) to protect maize seedlings grown under drought stress and to measure their increased drought tolerance. The maize hybrids ‘Zhengdan 958’ (ZD958; drought tolerant) and ‘Xundan 20’ (XD20; drought sensitive) were treated with nutrient solutions of different concentrations (1, 2, 4, 8, and 10 mg/kg) of S-ABA under polyethylene glycol (PEG, 15% w/v, MW 6000) simulated drought stress. Optimal concentrations of S-ABA were designed to be sprayed onto the leaves of seedlings, and their effect on endogenous ABA, malondialdehyde (MDA), osmotic substances, antioxidant enzyme activities, and Asr1 gene expression in seedlings were studied. Results indicated that, under drought stress, S-ABA treatment significantly improved maize seed germination rate (GR), germination energy (GE), and seedling biomass (p < 0.05). After spraying 4 mg/kg S-ABA onto leaves, the endogenous hormone ABA, osmotic substances, antioxidant enzyme activities, and expressive quantity of the Asr1 gene were extended and MDA content dropped significantly (p < 0.05). Moreover, ZD 958 endogenous ABA content, osmotic substances content, antioxidant enzyme activity and Asr1 gene expressive quantity were higher than that of XD 20 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, S-ABA treatment increased the content of endogenous ABA, induced an increase in antioxidant enzyme activity and Asr1 gene expression level, reduced the oxidative damage caused by drought to maize leaves, and improved the adaptability of maize seedlings to withstand drought stress. The promoting effect of S-ABA on the drought-tolerant variety ZD 958 was more obvious (p < 0.05). These results serve as a reference for the use of S-ABA in mitigating drought stress in maize.

     

弱光胁迫影响夏玉米光合效率的生理机制初探

大田条件下, 以普通夏玉米(Zea mays) ‘泰玉2号’为材料, 于授粉后1-20天遮光55% (+S), 以大田自然光照条件下生长的玉米作为对照(-S), 研究了遮光及恢复过程中玉米植株的光合性能、叶绿体荧光参数、叶黄素循环以及光能分配的变化, 初步揭示夏玉米开花后弱光条件下光适应的生理机制, 为玉米高产稳产提供理论依据。结果表明, 遮光后玉米穗位叶叶绿素含量及可溶性蛋白含量均减少, RuBP羧化酶和PEP羧化酶活性显著降低, 导致穗位叶净光合速率(P_n)迅速下降, 光饱和点也明显降低; 恢复初期P_n迅速升高, 光合关键酶活性有所增强。遮光后植株的最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学效率(Ф_PSII)显著降低, 非光化学淬灭(NPQ)则显著升高, 而恢复初期植株穗位叶Ф_PSII有所升高, 表明突然暴露在自然光下的光合电子传递速率明显加快, 这与其光合速率及光合酶活性的趋势保持一致; 遮光处理对穗位叶叶黄素循环库的大小(紫黄质+花药黄质+玉米黄质(V + A + Z))影响不显著, 但使叶黄素循环的脱环氧化状态(A + Z)/(V + A + Z)增加; 遮光后植株分配于光化学反应的光能明显减少, 天线耗散光能比率显著增加, 恢复过程中植株主要以过剩非光化学反应的形式耗散过剩的光能。遮光后及恢复初期, 玉米植株的PSII原初光化学活性明显下降, 限制了光合碳代谢的电子供应从而抑制了光合作用, 主要依赖叶黄素循环途径进行能量耗散, 而在光照转换后遮光的玉米叶片在适应自然光过程中的光保护机制不断完善, 光合能力逐渐得到 恢复。     

Effect on Root Growth of Endogenous and Applied IAA and ABA: A Critical Reexamination

Applications of indole-3yl-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) were done on two-day-old intact maize (cv LG 11) roots. The effect of the treatment on the root growth depends on their initial elongation rate. The slow growing roots were all inhibited by exogenous IAA and ABA at any concentrations used whereas for the fast growing roots their elongation was promoted by these two hormones at low concentrations. Quantitative analyses of endogenous IAA and ABA were performed using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. Detection and quantification of endogenous IAA and ABA were done on the zone of the root implicated in elongation. These techniques were achieved by electron impact on the IAA-Me-heptafluorobutyryl derivative and by negative ion chemical ionization with NH₃ on the ABA-Me ester derivative. A negative correlation between the growth and the endogenous content of these two hormones was obtained. ABA presented a larger range of endogenous level than IAA on the whole population of roots tested. When using applied IAA and ABA at different concentrations the same differentiating effect on the growth was observed. This allowed us to conclude that for identical concentrations, IAA has a more powerful effect on root elongation than ABA. Present results are discussed in relation to previous data related to the role of IAA and ABA in the growth and gravireaction of maize roots.     

The influence of salt stress on ABA and auxin concentrations in two maize cultivars differing in salt resistance

The plant hormones abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin (IAA, IBA) play important roles in plant responses to environmental stresses such as salinity. Recent breeding improvements in terms of salt resistance of maize have lead to a genotype with improved growth under saline conditions. By comparing this salt-resistant hybrid with a sensitive hybrid, it was possible to show differences in hormone concentrations in expanding leaves and roots. In response to salinity, the salt-resistant maize significantly increased IBA concentrations in growing leaves and maintained IAA concentration in roots. These hormonal adaptations may help to establish favorable conditions for growth-promoting agents such as β-expansins and maintain growth of resistant maize hybrids under salt stress. Moreover, ABA concentrations significantly increased in resistant maize leaves under salt stress, which may contribute to acidifying the apoplast, which in turn is a prerequisite for growth.