叶片投影盖度--描述植物群落结构的有效方法

植物群落盖度是描述植物群落结构及其重要性的主要指标之一。但长期以来植物群落盖度的测定往往是基于野外目视估计 ,影响了植物群落盖度特征度量的准确性。本文引入植物群落叶片投影盖度 (FPC)的概念 ,其含义是植物群落叶片覆盖地表的百分率 ,它具有生态意义明确、适于描述植物群落水平结构的特点。使用自制的FPC测量仪 ,在新疆的两个地区进行了FPC的测定 ,同时将测定数据与采用Stella模型工具开发的植物群落生理生态模型的模拟FPC值进行比较 ,二者相符较好。因此 ,认为FPC是描述干旱区植物群落水平结构的有效方法 ,并可用于所有植物群落叶片投影盖度的度量。     

民勤荒漠区主要植物群落的稳定性及生态效应

以民勤荒漠区5种主要植物群落10个样方12年的定位观测资料为基础,运用植被盖度和投影盖度2个指标对荒漠区植物群落的稳定性及其生态效应进行分析,以期阐释随着全球变暖荒漠植物群落的稳定性和生态效应的变化规律。观测结果表明,沙蒿(Artemisia arenaria)的植被盖度和麻黄(Ephedra przewalskii)的植被盖度以及沙蒿的投影盖度和梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)人工林的投影盖度显著下降,白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)的植被盖度亦下降。分析结果表明:(1)植被盖度相对较低的群落的稳定性较强,而植被盖度相对较高的群落的稳定性相对较差。(2)当年降水量是决定植被盖度及其投影盖度的关键因子。(3)单位面积的白刺的生态功能最大,其次是麻黄,再次是白刺+梭梭,单位面积的沙蒿的生态功能最低。荒漠区植被稀疏,植株枝条分布极不规则,以冠幅计算所得的植被盖度不能反映植被实际覆盖地表的状况。     

毛乌素沙地南缘沙漠化临界区域土壤水分和植被空间格局

应用地统计学和经典统计学方法,对毛乌素沙地南缘沙漠化临界区域土壤水分和植被特征的空间分布格局及其相互关系进行研究,结果表明: 0-5 cm和5-10 cm土壤水分符合指数模型,10-15 cm土壤水分和植物群落物种数、植被盖度、植被密度都符合球状模型;0-5 cm土壤水分、植物群落物种数和植被盖度都具有强空间自相关性,5-10 cm、10-15 cm土壤水分和植被密度都具有中等程度的空间自相关性;从牛枝子群落到黑沙蒿群落,各层土壤水分与植物群落物种数之间具有相似的空间格局,都呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,而植被盖度和植被密度呈逐渐减小的变化趋势;0-5 cm土壤水分与植物群落物种数之间具有显著的正相关,是制约植被物种空间分布的关键因素。     

中国北方草地植物群落季节生长格局模拟

中国北方草地横跨干旱、半干旱及亚湿润干旱气候区,水分是限制中国北方草地植物群落生产力的主要气候因子.采用基于水分平衡过程的、简单的植物群落模型,利用460个气象站40年气象数据的月平均值,模拟中国北方7种草地类型的季节及年生长、叶片投影盖度(FPC)、蒸发系数(k)及净第一性生产力(NPP).野外观测数据对模型的验证显示模拟结果与观测值相符较好.温性草地自东向西,青藏高原自东南向西北,植物群落的k、NPP与FPC呈递减趋势,显示了中国温性草地自东向西,青藏高原自东南向西北逐渐干旱的水分梯度;其中高寒草甸的3个模拟参数值均最高,高寒草原FPC次于高寒草甸,而NPP却与温性典型草原相近,温性典型荒漠的3个参数最低.高寒草甸、高寒草原、温性草甸草原、温性典型草原、温性荒漠草原、温性草原化荒漠和温性典型荒漠等7种类型草地的畜群承载力约为每公顷5.2、2.3、3.6、2.1、1.0、0.6和0.2只羊单位,区域最适恢复植被盖度分别以93%、79% 、56%、50%、44%、38%和37%为宜.     

鄂尔多斯高原植物群落多样性时空变化特点

作者利用1999年和2000年野外植物群落调查资料,结合李博(1990)的植物群落调查结果,分析了鄂尔多斯高原植物群落多样性的时空变化特点。鄂尔多斯高原主要植物群落类型有23类,不同植被类型的群落多样性表现出一定的差异性,其中丰富度指数的差异不显著,而Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数及群落盖度的差异明显。中东部典型草原表现为高多样性高盖度;西鄂尔多斯荒漠草原和草原化荒漠物种多样性较高,但盖度较低;毛乌素沙地植物群落物种多样性低,但盖度较高。从1986年到2000年,该地区典型草原群落、荒漠草原和沙地植被的群落多样性指数都有下降趋势;典型草原和草原化荒漠的群落盖度有所增加,荒漠草原有所下降。以上结果表明,沙地植被和草原化荒漠生物多样性已经得到了一定的保护,但还有待加强,而荒漠草原的保护亟待引起重视。     

基于改进SW模型的千烟洲人工林蒸散组分拆分及其特征

蒸散组分拆分是准确评估陆地生态系统生产力以及估算水分利用效率的重要基础。利用改进后的Shuttleworth-Wallace模型,将蒸散拆分为植被蒸腾、土壤蒸发和冠层截留蒸发,并采用Monte Carlo随机参数化方案对模型参数进行优化。将模型与千烟洲亚热带人工针叶林站点的2011年涡度相关及小气候观测资料结合,对千烟洲人工林蒸散及其组分进行模拟。研究结果表明:半小时尺度上蒸散量模拟值与实测值的一致性在晴天和雨天都较高。半小时尺度上全年蒸散模拟值与实测值的决定系数、均方根误差和平均偏差为0.73、1.55 mmol m~(-2)s~(-1)和0.21 mmol m~(-2)s~(-1)。蒸散是该生态系统水分输出的最主要贡献项,占全年降水的80%。在蒸散中,植被蒸腾约占总蒸散量的85%,可推测2011年千烟洲人工林生态系统有较高的水分利用效率。该生态系统的蒸腾量季节变化明显,主要受饱和水汽压差和气温两种环境因素以及植被的叶面积指数影响且与三者均呈正相关;土壤蒸发约占总蒸散量的5%,季节变化平缓;模拟的冠层截留蒸发量约占总蒸散量的10%,季节变化大,与降水量呈正相关,与暴雨频次呈负相关,说明冠层无法有效截留强降水。该模型参数较少、时间分辨率高且可以有效模拟蒸散及其组分特征,是陆地生态系统水分循环过程研究有力的模型工具。     

生态模型在农田蒸散及土壤水分模拟中的适用性评价

为评价生态模型在农田蒸散及土壤水分运动模拟中的适用性,利用2013—2015年南京农业气象测站观测数据,评估了BEPS(Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator)模拟冬小麦农田生态系统逐日蒸散及与土壤水分动态的可靠性,并进一步开展了植被冠层蒸腾和农田土壤蒸发分离。模拟结果表明:BEPS适用于研究冬小麦农田蒸散量及土壤水分运动规律;由于考虑了叶片聚集指数和冬小麦根系垂直分布递减系数随生育期变动的参数化改进,BEPS分别可以解释2013—2014年和2014—2015年两个生长季农田生态系统蒸渗仪实测蒸散量变化的83%和74%,参数化改进前后模型效率ME相当(前:0.8,后0.74),标准差RMSE(前:1.50,后1.05),平均偏差MBE(前:0.5,后0.35),误差减小;两个生长季中,土壤蒸发占冠层上方总蒸散的比例随生育进程而变化,全生育期发散比平均值分别为34%和29%;BEPS模拟的0~40 cm土层深度土壤水分随时间变化趋势与实测值基本一致,可以解释78%以上的土壤水分实测值变化,并能快速地响应降水变化。本研究表明,生态模型可以用于模拟冬小麦农田蒸散和土壤水分变化,并有助于厘定农田冠层中难以区分的植被蒸腾和土壤蒸发的比例关系,可为进一步开展气候变化背景下的区域蒸散发评估及与之相联系的农田节水管理奠定基础。     

异质景观年平均蒸发量空间格局模拟

理解景观格局如何影响生态过程是景观生态学的核心问题。建立了一个多尺度的空间显式景观过程模型 EPPML(Ecosystem Productivity Process- based Model at L andscape Scale) ,对中国东北长白山自然保护区生态系统碳 -水循环变量和生产力的时空格局进行了模拟 ,其中年平均蒸发量和蒸散量的空间格局是模型的主要输出结果之一。模拟值与实测值的数量级一致 ,这表明 EPPML 可以比较合理而准确地模拟该保护区主要生态系统的年平均蒸发量和蒸散量 ,但仍需进一步的模型验证和不确定性分析。年平均蒸发量的模拟值平均为 0 .198± 0 .0 93m / a,空间格局随海拔变化的趋势不明显 ,其中最高为云冷杉林(0 .2 76± 0 .0 81m/ a) ,最低为阔叶林 (0 .0 94± 0 .0 30 m / a)。环境因子 (气象因子和土壤含水量 )和植被因子 (植被类型和叶面积指数 L AI)等景观要素在空间格局上的变化会直接或间接地影响蒸发过程 ,进而调控整个景观的水平衡。环境因子对蒸发的影响比对蒸腾的影响要复杂得多。相对湿度对蒸发的影响最大 (R=0 .4 0 ) ,其它依次为气温、总辐射、降水量、风速和土壤含水量。年平均蒸发量与 L AI负相关 (R=- 0 .39) ,但两者并不呈简单的反比关系 :当 L AI较小时 ,蒸发量随 L AI的增加迅速地降低 ;当L AI进一步     

皇甫川流域柠条林地水分动态模拟——坡度、坡向、植被密度与土壤水分的关系

在皇甫川流域,随着林草覆盖度的增加,植被与水的矛盾日益突出,其中一个重要的问题就是植被密度与土壤水分之间的矛盾。土壤水分的降低影响了植被的生长,甚至导致了部分植被的死亡,因此对土壤水分与植被密度之间的关系进行研究非常重要,有助于合理造林密度的确定。在已有研究及实验观测的基础上,建立了柠条(Caragana intermedia)林地土壤水分动态模拟模型,模型考虑了主要的土壤、植物过程,包括土壤性状、降雨入渗、植物蒸腾、地表蒸发等;模拟了从1971至2000年,30年里各种立地条件(不同盖度、坡向和坡度)下的柠条林地土壤水分、蒸腾和蒸发等的日动态过程。通过比较不同立地条件下的土壤水分动态,研究了皇甫川流域典型柠条林地土壤水分与植被盖度、坡向和坡度之间的关系,并得出了它们之间的关系式。由得到的平地上柠条的适宜密度,同时结合上述关系式,得出了不同坡度、坡向的适宜密度。坡度小于10°时,适宜造林密度对坡度反应敏感,在10°~30°时,适宜盖度对坡度反应不敏感。对于小于10°的坡地,植被建设时要特别注意设计合理的植被密度。     

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区三种植被蒸散特征

利用称重式蒸渗仪结合Penman-Monteith公式研究了黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区苜蓿、柠条和茵陈蒿3种植被不同时间尺度的蒸散特征,分析了植被株高、盖度和降水等因子对蒸散的影响并确定了作物系数(KC).结果表明:Logistic三参数模型可以较好拟合3种植被株高、盖度随时间的变化情况并确定了模型的参数.3种植被逐日蒸散变化受降水量的影响波动明显,反映了土壤水分状况控制条件下的蒸散过程.其月蒸散量的季节性差异均不明显,研究时段内总耗水量分别为苜蓿316 8mm、柠条317.7mm、茵陈蒿361.9mm,均高于同期降水量.苜蓿和茵陈蒿初期、中期和后期的KC分别为0.48、0.54、0.42和0.58、0.67、0.62,柠条初期和中期的KC为0 45、0.57,均高于当地典型农作物谷子的KC.     

Indicators of environmentally sound land use in the humid tropics: The potential roles of expert opinion,knowledge engineering and knowledge discovery

Despite abundant literature on indicators for sustainable resource management, practical tools to help local users to apply its general concepts at a local to regional level are scarce. This means that decisions over land evaluation and land use at a local level are often not based on the formal application of indicators or decision support systems for environmentally sound management but instead on the opinion of local expertise, for instance forest managers, cattle breeders, farmers and/or academics. This is particularly seen to be the case in the tropics where access to modern communication and information technologies is restricted.As the opinions of experts are often based on and influenced by personal experience, intuition, heuristics and bias, their evaluations and decision are often unclear to the non-expert working at a local level. In order to make their reasoning more comprehensible to the non-expert, the ecological condition of 176 plots in the tropical Southeast of Mexico were evaluated by experts on soil fertility, forest management, cattle breeding and agriculture. With the assistance of a knowledge engineer (one who converts expert knowledge and reasoning into a model), these expert opinions and reasoning were then translated into a formal computer model.As an alternative approach we applied a knowledge discovery technique, namely the induction of regression trees and automatically developed models using the expert evaluations as training data. Where knowledge engineering was tedious and time consuming, regression models could be rapidly generated. Moreover, the correspondence between regression trees and expert opinions was considerably higher than the correspondence between expert opinion and their own models. The regression trees used less explicative variables than the models generated by the experts. The minimisation of sampling effort due to variable space reduction means that the application of regression tree induction has a high potential for a rapid development of indicators for narrowly defined ecological assessments, needed for decision making on a local or regional scale.     

Chinanteco management ofAechmea Magdalenae: Implications for the use of TEK and TRM in management plans

The importance of incorporating traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and traditional resource management (TRM) into resource management plans is increasingly recognized, but little quantitative data exists on the ecological and economic implications of these systems. We quantitatively evaluate the TEK and TRM associated with the nontimber forest species, Aechmea magdalenae, in indigenous Chinanteco communities in Mexico. Two TRM systems forA. magdalenae are described and their effects on growth rates of individuals and populations are measured. Simulations using matrix population models combined with yield experiments reveal that one management system is higher yielding and less costly than the other. Thinning and transplanting are two of the most important management practices that enable populations to withstand higher rates of harvest than those predicted in a management plan that was not based on TRM. Quantitative evaluation of Chinanteco TEK is used to discuss how it may be best combined with science in management plans for nontimber forest species.     

Livestock grazing: A matter of ecology

Summary   Agricultural ecology is the study of agricultural systems, their component parts (particularly the ecological components) and their internal and external interactions. This paper explores how we, as a family of graziers, employ ecological principles in agricultural land management, specifically livestock grazing, and illustrates this with some specific farm management practices. Implications are explored for natural resource management policy and practice that endeavours to engage land mangers adept at the practical application of ecological principles in managing their grazing businesses.     

Forest harvesting decisions: the economics of household forest owners in the presence of in situ benefits

Within the even-aged forestry management regime, the length of the rotation period determines the age class structure of a forest area. In many countries harvesting decisions are made by households that own forest land. This paper discusses how different type of values can be included in a model that aims to explain the household forest owners' harvesting decisions. The model suggests that the in situ or amenity preferences make the forest rotation problem considerably more complex than in the classical rotation models based on maximum sustainable yield or maximization of timber revenues. This extended model is able to explain several empirical findings on harvesting behavior and prices of forest land. The model and its features are compared to certain ecological views on renewable resource management.     

水足迹研究进展

水为生命之源,水资源的合理分配与科学管理是区域可持续发展与流域综合管理的核心环节;水足迹作为一种全面核算人类活动对水资源真实占用的综合指标,将人类消费终端与水资源利用密切关联,为维护流域水资源安全、提高区域水资源利用效率提供了重要的科学依据,已成为当前国际水资源管理的前沿研究领域。在明确水足迹及水资源生态足迹相关概念的基础上,对比分析了水足迹与生态足迹、水资源生态足迹模型的异同,明晰了过程、产品及区域等不同研究对象的水足迹核算方法,系统梳理了产品和区域水足迹评价、基于水足迹的区域水资源安全研究、区域水足迹可持续性分析等水足迹主要研究内容的近今进展,并展望了进一步的重点研究方向,即水足迹综合研究、水足迹评价不确定性分析、水足迹与物质流核算的关联研究,以及基于足迹整合的可持续发展多维测度等。     

Value of long‐term ecological studies

Long‐term ecological studies are critical for providing key insights in ecology, environmental change, natural resource management and biodiversity conservation. In this paper, we briefly discuss five key values of such studies. These are: (1) quantifying ecological responses to drivers of ecosystem change; (2) understanding complex ecosystem processes that occur over prolonged periods; (3) providing core ecological data that may be used to develop theoretical ecological models and to parameterize and validate simulation models; (4) acting as platforms for collaborative studies, thus promoting multidisciplinary research; and (5) providing data and understanding at scales relevant to management, and hence critically supporting evidence‐based policy, decision making and the management of ecosystems. We suggest that the ecological research community needs to put higher priority on communicating the benefits of long‐term ecological studies to resource managers, policy makers and the general public. Long‐term research will be especially important for tackling large‐scale emerging problems confronting humanity such as resource management for a rapidly increasing human population, mass species extinction, and climate change detection, mitigation and adaptation. While some ecologically relevant, long‐term data sets are now becoming more generally available, these are exceptions. This deficiency occurs because ecological studies can be difficult to maintain for long periods as they exceed the length of government administrations and funding cycles. We argue that the ecological research community will need to coordinate ongoing efforts in an open and collaborative way, to ensure that discoverable long‐term ecological studies do not become a long‐term deficiency. It is important to maintain publishing outlets for empirical field‐based ecology, while simultaneously developing new systems of recognition that reward ecologists for the use and collaborative sharing of their long‐term data sets. Funding schemes must be re‐crafted to emphasize collaborative partnerships between field‐based ecologists, theoreticians and modellers, and to provide financial support that is committed over commensurate time frames.     

The limnological basis for planning water quality management

The planning of water quality management needs to be organized in a rational manner, based on sound limnological and ecological principles. Criteria for management need to be clearly defined. Management plans must be formulated in the contex of activities and interests in the whole catchment area, not just those within the boundaries of water bodies. A procedure is outlined for approaching water quality management decisions.     

产业生态系统资源代谢分析方法

产业生态系统是由企业群、资源及环境组成的社会-经济-环境复合生态系统。资源代谢是其功能运行的重要保障。资源代谢在时间和空间尺度上的耗竭及阻滞是造成严重生态环境问题的主要原因。根据生态学原理,运用物质流分析手段解析了产业生态系统的物质流、能流及资金流结构,构建了产业生态系统资源代谢分析模型,提出了资源输入-使用-输出-循环共生四方面的资源代谢分析指标体系和基于模糊综合分析的资源代谢问题树分析方法。在此基础上提出了基于循环共生网络结构模型的生态管理模式。以期为产业资源的生态管理提供方法支撑。     

The practice and principles of community-based wildlife management in Zimbabwe: the CAMPFIRE programme

This paper describes Zimbabwe's wildlife-based CAMPFIRE programme. It suggests that community-based natural resource management is a potential solution to the inter-linked problems of poverty and conservation if it is based on sound management principles that also incorporate transparency, accountability and democracy because the unit of management is a community.This first section suggests that many of the causes of these natural resource problems in communal lands are a result of the failure of mechanisms to price and allocate resources efficiently. The second section describes the evolution of CAMPFIRE, while the third section summarizes the principles that underpin the programme. The fourth section discusses the governance of natural resources and describes the process by which rights to wildlife have been devolved. This emphasizes how important political and administrative systems are to wildlife conservation. CAMPFIRE can be viewed as a five-step process: getting an enabling political, legal, administrative and economic environment; creating awareness and a demand for the programme; generating revenues; using these revenues effectively; and, finally, setting in place the institutions and capacity for locally-based natural resource management. The first four sections of the paper deal with step on — the enabling environment, what it is and how it came about. The final section describes the actual implementation of the programme and is rather brief.     

城市生态基础设施管理研究进展

城市生态基础设施作为城市生态系统的重要组成部分,在维持自然生态过程稳定、促进社会经济发展、保障人居环境质量方面发挥着重要的作用。在快速城市化进程中,对城市生态基础设施进行科学的管理显得尤为重要。在重新明确城市生态基础设施管理概念和内涵的基础上,归纳提炼了4项管理原则,并对现有管理类型进行了梳理。对生态基础设施管理涉及的3个关键问题的常见解决方法进行了总结、分类,并对每类方法的优劣进行了分析讨论。针对此领域的工作做了展望。对于现有城市生态基础设施管理问题与方法的整合研究既有利于明确今后研究重点,也为城市生态基础设施管理提供了科学依据和案例参考。