施氮量对小麦叶片硝酸还原酶活性、一氧化氮含量和气体交换的影响

研究了不同施氮量对冬小麦分蘖到抽穗期叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)活性、一氧化氮(NO)含量、气体交换参数和籽粒产量的影响.结果表明:叶片光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、瞬时水分利用效率（IWUE）和产量均随施氮量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,在180 kg·hm^-2氮处理时达到最高.随施氮量的增加,叶片NR活性提高; 在分蘖期和拔节期,叶片NR活性与NO含量呈显著线性相关（R²≥0.68,n=15）,NO含量和气孔导度（G_s）呈显著正二次相关（R²≥0.43,n=15）;低氮处理下,NR活性较低使叶片NO含量维持在较低水平,促进气孔开放,高氮处理下,NR活性较高使叶片NO含量增加,诱导气孔关闭;在抽穗期叶片NR活性和NO含量无显著相关关系,虽然NO含量和G_s也呈显著正二次相关（R²≥0.36,n=15）,但不能通过施氮提高NR活性来影响叶片NO含量,进而调节叶片气孔行为.合理施氮使小麦叶片NO含量维持在较低水平,可提高叶片G_s、T_r和IWUE,增强作物抗旱能力,促进光合作用,提高小麦产量.     

施氮量和每穴苗数对双季杂交早稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响

研究施氮量和每穴栽插苗数对双季杂交早稻产量、产量构成及氮肥吸收利用率的影响,可为双季杂交早稻的高产高效栽培提供理论基础。采用完全随机区组试验设计,设5个施氮水平(0、120、150、180和210 kg·hm~(-2),以N_0、N_1、N_2、N_3和N_4表示)和3种每穴栽插苗数(2、3和4根苗每穴,以M_1、M_2和M_3表示),在成熟期对干物质、叶面积指数和产量及产量构成进行测定,并分析氮肥吸收利用等指标。结果表明:施氮量和每穴栽插苗数对双季早稻产量具有显著影响;产量各因子相关性分析表明,有效穗数、每穗粒数与产量呈显著正相关,结实率和千粒重与产量呈显著负相关;随着施氮量的增加,水稻氮素积累总量增加,而氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥生理利用率和氮肥收获指数降低,氮肥吸收利用率和产量则呈先上升后下降的趋势;增加每穴栽插苗数,氮肥农学利用率呈下降趋势,适量增苗能增加总生物量和产量可提高氮肥利用率;与其他处理相比,施氮量为180 kg·hm~(-2)和每穴栽插3~4根苗的组合产量均较高,同时可获得较高的氮肥吸收利用率。适宜的施氮量和每穴栽插苗数组合可显著增加有效穗数、产量和氮积累量,建议双季杂交早稻栽培中采用施氮量为180 kg·hm~(-2)、每穴栽插苗数为3~4根苗的组合。     

氮肥和密度对双季杂交稻干物质积累和产量的影响

以早稻“陆两优996”,晚稻“Y两优86”为试验品种,设4个氮肥水平、3个栽插密度,研究了双季超级杂交稻在不同氮肥水平和栽插密度条件下的干物质积累、冠层光能截获率和产量及其构成因素的特性.结果表明:早晚稻产量与氮肥水平呈现单峰曲线关系,以中氮处理产量最高,分别为10245.04和11015.37 kg· hm-2,有效穗随施氮量的增加而增加,但每穗实粒数以中氮处理(早N135、晚N180)最高,分别达143.92和142.80粒·穗-1;3个栽插密度之间早晚稻产量差异不显著,且对早稻产量构成因子无显著影响,但对晚稻有效穗、结实率的影响有极显著差异,高密度处理有效穗高、结实率低,低密度处理有效穗低、结实率高;氮肥与密度互作对早晚稻产量均无显著影响,但从高产高效节氮栽培综合考虑,双季早稻“陆两优996”和晚稻“Y两优86”的适宜施氮量分别为135和180 kg· hm-2,栽插密度为45×104和30×l04穴·hm-2.     

施锌对石灰性褐土上小白菜光合作用及保护酶活性的影响

通过田间试验的方法,采用30(低锌)、75(中锌)和120kg/hm2ZnSO4(高锌)3个施锌水平,研究施锌对山西省石灰性褐土上小白菜叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、硝酸还原酶(NR)活性、抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.结果表明:随着施锌量的提高,小白菜叶片各叶绿素组分含量、总叶绿素含量、净光合速率和NR活性均呈先升后降的变化趋势,并均以中锌处理最大,且中、高锌处理显著高于对照(不施锌);小白菜叶片过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性也呈先升后降的趋势,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性持续增加,CAT、POD和SOD活性分别在低锌、中锌和高锌处理时达到最大值,所有施锌处理的3种保护酶活性均显著高于缺锌对照;各处理小白菜叶片MDA含量随着施锌量增大而逐渐降低,且所有施锌处理均显著低于缺锌对照.研究发现,施锌能有效增强石灰性褐土上小白菜叶片光合能力和氮同化能力,显著提高其抗氧化酶系活性,并以75kg/hm2ZnSO4效果最佳.     

开放式二氧化碳浓度提高对武香粳14叶片硝酸还原酶活力的影响

大田栽培条件下,研究了开放式大气CO₂浓度提高（FACE）200 μmol·mol^-1对粳稻品种武香粳14各生育期功能叶片硝酸还原酶活力(NRA)的影响.结果表明,FACE明显提高了各生育期功能叶片NRA,拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、穗后10 d、穗后20 d水稻功能叶片NRA平均值分别比对照提高了50%、20%、60%、80%和30%,其中,FACE处理对拔节期、抽穗期和穗后10 d水稻功能叶片NRA水平影响较大.施氮处理明显影响了FACE条件下水稻功能叶片NRA,并且在不同生育期存在不同的趋势：拔节期,中氮＞低氮＞高氮;孕穗期和抽穗期,高氮＞中氮＞低氮;而穗后10 d及20 d则为中氮＞高氮＞低氮.FACE处理与施氮量对NRA存在互作效应,拔节期及穗后20 d两者互作效应达极显著水平,穗后10 d达显著水平,而孕穗期及抽穗期互作效应不显著.     

施氮量对冬小麦根际土壤酶活性的影响

在大田高产条件下,研究了不同施氮水平对大穗型小麦品种兰考矮早八和多穗型小麦品种豫麦49-198根际土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明:两种穗型冬小麦品种根际土壤酶活性随生育进程的变化趋势一致,即蛋白酶、脲酶及脱氢酶活性均呈先升后降的变化趋势;过氧化氢酶活性随生育进程的推进逐渐增加,在成熟期达到最大值.在同生育时期内,随着施氮水平的提高,土壤蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶及脱氢酶活性均呈先增后降的变化趋势,以180 kg N·hm-2施氮水平的活性最高;脲酶活性则随施氮水平的提高而上升,在360 kg N·hm-2施氮水平下达到最高.     

硝酸还原酶抑制剂钨酸钠对油菜硝态氮积累的影响

采用溶液培养方法,选取硝酸盐积累差异明显的两个油菜品种（低硝态氮积累品种‘红油3号’和高硝态氮积累品种‘中双6号’,研究苗期根系硝酸还原酶（NR）活性被抑制以后两个油菜品种叶片、叶柄和根系中NR活性和硝态氮含量的变化。结果表明：1.0mmol.L-1的NR活性抑制剂Na2WO4对两个油菜品种的根系NR活性抑制效果最佳;根系NR活性被抑制以后,两个油菜品种的根系NR活性、硝态氮吸收速率均显著下降,而硝态氮含量却显著上升;且Na2WO4对‘中双6号’硝态氮吸收的抑制程度强于其对‘红油3号’的抑制。叶片和叶柄的NR活性变化不显著,但叶柄硝态氮含量显著下降,叶片硝态氮含量稳定,且这一趋势在低积累品种‘红油3号’中表现得更为明显。     

氮磷肥配施对苦荞根系生理生态及产量的影响

以苦荞品种‘迪庆’为材料,在盆栽试验条件下,研究了氮(纯氮用量分别为0g/kg、0.1g/kg、0.2g/kg)、磷(P2O5用量分别为0.1g/kg和0.2g/kg)配施对苦荞根系生长、生理指标及其产量的影响,旨在为黄土高原苦荞高产优质栽培提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)在相同施磷量条件下,苦荞幼苗的株高、茎粗、茎叶干重、主根长、根表面积、根系体积、根系直径、根系干重以及壮苗指数等均随施氮量的增加而呈先升后降的趋势,但根冠比随施氮量的增加而呈先降后升的趋势;叶片叶绿素含量以及根系活力、酸性磷酸酶(Apase)活性、可溶性蛋白含量和植株氮积累量随施氮量的增加呈抛物线变化趋势,根系硝酸还原酶(NR)活性和植株氮含量随施氮量的增加而增加;而根系可溶性糖含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和游离脯氨酸含量等指标均随施氮量的增加而呈先降后升的趋势,0.1g/kg施氮处理各指标均显著低于其他处理;成熟期单株粒重、百粒重随施氮量的增加呈先升后降的趋势,0.1g/kg施氮处理各指标均显著高于其他处理。(2)在相同施氮量条件下,随着施磷量的增加,苦荞根系酸性磷酸酶(Apase)活性、SOD活性、POD活性、MDA含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白以及游离脯氨酸含量等指标均降低,其余各指标则呈增加趋势。(3)无论施磷量条件如何,0.1g/kg的施氮处理下苦荞产量最高,与其他施氮处理相比,在低磷和高磷处理下的增产幅度分别为7.04%~37.40%和14.73%~68.26%;在施氮量一定的情况下,高磷处理比低磷处理增产15.96%~42.00%。(4)在该试验条件下,适当的氮磷肥配施表现出了明显的正加和效应,但过量施肥也有可能导致增产幅度下降,中氮高磷(施纯N量0.1g/kg,施P2O5量0.2g/kg)配施效果最优。     

不同生育期花生叶片蛋白质含量及氮代谢相关酶活性分析

以5个珍珠豆型花生(Arachis hypogaea Linn.)品种(系)‘汕E’(‘Shan E’)、‘汕G’(‘Shan G’)、‘TH’、‘TJ’和‘泉花7号’(‘Quanhua No.7’)为研究对象,分析了花针期、结荚期和饱果期花生叶片中可溶性蛋白质含量及硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性的变化趋势,并比较了5个品种(系)荚果和秆产量的差异。结果表明:在3个生育期内,5个花生品种(系)叶片可溶性蛋白质含量和GDH活性的变化趋势基本一致,而NR和GS活性的变化趋势则有差异。其中,可溶性蛋白质含量均呈"低—高—低"的变化趋势,在结荚期最高;GDH活性均逐渐升高,至饱果期达最高;‘泉花7号’叶片NR活性呈"高—低—高"的变化趋势,而其他4个品种(系)叶片NR活性均逐渐降低;‘汕E’、‘TJ’和‘泉花7号’叶片GS活性呈逐渐降低趋势,而‘汕G’和‘TH’叶片GS活性呈"低—高—低"的变化趋势。总体上看,5个品种(系)中,‘汕G’和‘泉花7号’叶片的可溶性蛋白质含量及NR和GDH活性、‘汕E’叶片的NR和GS活性以及‘TH’叶片的GDH活性均较高。5个品种(系)的2个产量指标(单株荚果鲜质量和单株秆鲜质量)均有明显差异,总体上看,‘汕G’、‘泉花7号’和‘TH’的2个产量指标均较高,而‘汕E’和‘TJ’的2个产量指标均较低。综合分析结果显示:‘汕G’和‘泉花7号’叶片可溶性蛋白质含量及NR和GDH活性均相对较高,其荚果和秆产量也均较高,表明花生荚果和秆产量与不同生育期叶片氮代谢水平有一定关系。     

水稻不同基因型耐低氮能力差异评价

以水稻单株谷重及其氮素反应指数作为耐低氮能力指标,分析不同施氮水平下水稻种质资源的耐低氮能力以及单株谷重及其氮素反应指数与其他农艺性状的相关关系。结果表明,水稻种质资源的耐低氮能力在不同施氮水平间均有较大差异,多数农艺性状的表型差异顺序为未施氮〉施低氮〉普通施氮;不同施氮水平间单株谷重、单株草重和穗数的差异大于其他农艺性状。在不同施氮水平下,单株谷重与单株草重均呈极显著正相关;单株谷重的氮素反应指数与单株谷重、单株草重和谷草比均呈极显著正相关。在未施氮水平下,单株谷重与株高、穗数、穗粒数和单株草重的相关性以及单株谷重的氮素反应指数与穗数、单株谷重、单株草重和谷草比的相关性比施低氮或普通施氮水平更为密切。花峰稻、中作9059、旱稻9号、旱稻502和IRAT359等种质资源表现较迟钝的氮素反应,具有较强的耐低氮能力。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.