洞庭湖DT01剖面的介形类现生种

本文首次记述了湖南省洞庭湖DT01剖面介形类现生种,包含3属4种,它们为比利时舍氏玻璃介(相似种)Schellencandonacf.belgica(Klie,1937)、布氏土星介Ilyocypris bradyi(Sars,1890)、土星介属(未定种)Ilyocypris sp.和豆形豆形玻璃介Fabaeformiscandona fabaeformis(Fischer,1851)。上述属种在洞庭湖区为首次报道,在湖南省亦是首次。此外,S.cf.belgica在我国还很少报道。本研究可丰富我国介形类现生种数据,同时为利用该类生物定量重建本区域全新世古气候奠定基础。     

华东地区元荡湖现生介形类新记录

本文首次记述了采自我国东部元荡湖的现生介形类7属9种,分别为:近球形金星介Cypris subglobosa Sowerby,1840、膨大丽神介Cypretta turgida(Sars,1896)、克氏丽星介Cypria kraepelini(G.W.Müller,1903)、无偶斗星介Cypridopsis vidua(O.F.Müller,1776)、塔尔薄丽星介Dolerocypria taalensis Tressler,1937、豆形豆形玻璃介Fabaeformiscandona fabaeformis(Fischer,1851)、弯叶豆形玻璃介F.myllaina Smith et Kamiya,2007、豆形玻璃介(未定种)Fabaeformiscandonasp.和粗糙土星介Ilyocypris salebrosa Stepanaitys,1960。这些属种在太湖流域的淀泖湖群系首次报道,其中F.myllaina和I.salebrosa均首次报道于我国东部湖区。本研究丰富了我国介形类记录,可为介形类地理区系研究提供基础资料。     

云南滇池淡水介形类新记录

本文记述了采自我国云南省滇池的淡水介形类5种现生种,即泽氏玻星介Candonocypris novaezelandiae(Baird)、青春金星介Cypris puberaO.F.Mller、黑纹斗星介Cypridopsis nigrovittataOkubo、非调和异星介Heterocypris incongruens(Ramdohr)和克氏瘤丽星介Physocypria kraepelini G.W.Mlle。它们在滇池和云南省系首次报道,其中C.novaezelandiae在我国是首次发现。同时描述了两个种的软体组织,增添了我国高原断陷湖泊现生介形类动物群名录。     

滴水湖现生介形类与水环境因子间的典范对应关系

滴水湖作为人工新建湖泊,其生态系统形成过程中的跟踪数据对重建其他湖泊生态系统具有重要的参考意义。2013年7月和2014年8月对滴水湖现生介形类分布状况及水环境因子分别进行了调查,结果发现,滴水湖湖水盐度范围介于1.4‰—2.0‰之间,属于微咸水湖。12个采样点共鉴定出现生介形类13种,包括非海相类克氏丽星介Cypria kraepelini(G.W.Müller)和无偶斗星介Cypridopsis vidua(O.F.Müller),海相类中华洁面介Albileberis sinensis Hou、向岛薄丽星介Dolerocypria mukaishimensis Okubo、腹结细花介Leptocythere ventriclivosa Chen、东台新单角介Neomonoceratina dongtaiensis Yang et Chen、长新中华花介Neosinocythere elongata(Hu)、闪光似异口介Paradoxostoma nitida Ho、典型中华美花介Sinocytheridea impressa(Brady)、长中华海花介Sinopontocythere elongata(Gou)、古屋刺花介Spinileberis furuyaensis Ishizaki et Kato、美丽刺面介Spinileberis pulchra Chen和丰满陈氏介Tanella opima Chen。应用典范对应分析(CCA)方法对滴水湖12个样点的8种介形类和9个环境因子进行了相关性研究,结果显示:介形类和环境因子间具有明显的相关性;9个环境因子中叶绿素、总磷和电导率对介形类的分布影响最大,总氮和湖水水温对介形类也有一定影响;从物种分布状况看,相对于低分布频度物种,高分布频度(Y>0.01)物种对环境的耐受性更大,其中Cypria kraepelini和Neomonoceratina dongtaiensis对环境因子的敏感性明显高于其它物种。结合历史资料分析发现,不仅自然环境因子(如电导率、水温等),而且人为干扰因素(如总磷、总氮)都对介形类分布的改变起到重要影响。     

内蒙古巴丹吉林沙漠东南部湖泊底质中现代介形类

本文对我国内蒙古西部巴丹吉林沙漠地区37个湖泊底泥样进行分析、鉴定,共鉴定出介形类6属7种(含一个未定种):意外湖花介(Limnocythere inopinata)、喜盐异星介(Heterocypris salina)、脆弱大带星介(Megazonocypris fragilis)、疏忽玻璃介(Candona neglecta)、纯净小玻璃介(Candoniella albicans)、近球形金星介比较种(Cypris cf.subglobosa)、金星介未定种(Cypris sp.)。其中L.inopinata是该地区的优势种,并且具有不同表型特征的个体均有存在,分析认为盐度的变化并不是影响其壳饰发育的唯一因素。     

牛磺酸对高糖培养下视网膜Mü ller细胞GFAP和TAUT表达的影响

目的:通过检测高糖培养条件下视网膜Müller细胞神经纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acid protein,GFAP)和牛磺酸转运蛋白(taurine transporter,TAUT)的表达变化,观察葡萄糖对Müller细胞牛磺酸(taurine)转运功能的影响,探讨牛磺酸对早期糖尿病视网膜病(DR)可能的保护作用。方法:高糖培养大鼠视网膜Mǜller细胞,用免疫细胞荧光化学双染色、Western blotting技术检测不同浓度牛磺酸干预下Müller细胞GFAP及TAUT的蛋白表达。结果:高糖可引起Müller细胞GFAP表达增强,TAUT表达减弱;牛磺酸可减弱高糖引起的Müller细胞GFAP表达增强,TAUT在0．1mmol/L～10mmol/L的牛磺酸干预后表达增强。结论:牛磺酸可以抑制高糖导致的Müller细胞功能改变。     

缺氧对鼠视网膜Müller细胞GLAST和GS表达及功能的影响

研究了缺氧对鼠视网膜Müller细胞谷氨酸转运体(L-glutamate/L-aspartate transporter,GLAST)和谷氨酰胺合成酶(glutamine synthetase,GS)表达的影响,及对谷氨酸摄取的作用.采用出生3～7天的小鼠视网膜组织进行Müller细胞培养,采用125μmol/L的氯化钴(CoCl2)溶液分别进行缺氧干预6、12、24、48和72 h,不加CoCl2溶液培养的Müller细胞为正常对照.采用RT-PCR法、Western blot法和免疫细胞化学染色法检测GLAST和GS的表达,并检测谷氨酸摄取及细胞凋亡情况.结果显示,缺氧早期GLAST表达较正常对照组增强(P<0.001),CoCl2溶液干预12 h后达到最强(P<0.05),之后逐渐降低.CoCl2溶液干预72 h后GLAST表达与正常对照组相比无明显差异(P>0.05).而缺氧也使GS的表达较正常对照组增加(P<0.001),CoCl2溶液干预48 h后GS表达最强(P<0.001),之后开始下降.缺氧促进Müller细胞对谷氨酸的摄取,CoCl2溶液干预48 h后L-[3,4-3H]-谷氨酸的摄取量最大(P<0.005),之后开始下降.CoCl2溶液干预后,Müller细胞死亡数较正常对照组无明显差异(P>0.05).结果表明,在一定时间范围内缺氧能够增强Müller细胞GLAST及GS的表达,增加谷氨酸的摄取.但持续缺氧最终会引起Müller细胞功能失代偿,从而导致谷氨酸的代谢能力降低.     

南京附近中三叠世海相介形类

本文首次报道了南京附近中三叠统中的海相介形类化石共4属7种,其中1新种Judahella longtanensis和2未定属种Gen.et sp.1及Gen.et sp.2;与介形类化石共生的还有海相瓣鳃类化石Myophoria(Costatoria)goldfussi mansuyi Hsü.此介形类动物群与贵州郎岱中三叠统关岭组的非常相似。     

EPO修饰增强Muller细胞对RCS大鼠视网膜变性的干预效果

目的：研究人源促红细胞生成素（hEPO）修饰的Müller（hEPO-Müller）细胞对视网膜退行性病变大鼠的干预作用。方法通过质粒转染法构建hEPO和GFP的Müller细胞稳转株（hEPO-Müller和GFP-Müller）;以体外共培养和体内细胞移植为研究体系,利用RT-PCR和冰冻切片及免疫荧光染色的方法检测hEPO-Müller对RCS大鼠视网膜退行性病变的干预作用。内核层与外核层厚度比较采用t检验。结果本实验成功构建了hEPO-Müller和GFP-Müller细胞系。将RCS大鼠的视网膜组织剥离并在体外不同条件下培养两周后测定视网膜各核层厚度发现,与对照细胞裂解液共培养组的内核层（15.94±1.77）μm和外核层（24.81±3.03）μm的厚度相比较,两核层的厚度分别在hEPO组为（23.03±3.29）μm,（33.92±7.59）μm（P〈0.05）;Müller 组为（24.81±2.02）μm,（32.15±3.03）μm（P〈0.05）;hEPO-Müller组为（32.40±8.35）μm,（40.25±3.29）μm（n=3, P〈0.01）;以hEPO-Müller组厚度增加最为显著（P〈0.05）。提示EPO和Müller细胞对视网膜变性都有干预作用且两者可以叠加。将hEPO-Müller和GFP-Müller分别移植到RCS大鼠的视网膜下腔,四周后取视网膜进行冰冻切片检测,染色结果显示,细胞移植后有更多的外核层细胞存活,且同样也是hEPO-Müller组的外核层细胞更多。此外,Müller移植并不会促进视网膜的胶质化。结论移植Müller细胞可以减缓RCS大鼠视网膜变性,而经hEPO修饰的Müller细胞对视网膜变性有更好的干预作用。因此,Müller细胞可以作为一种供体细胞兼携带hEPO等营养因子的载体用于视网膜变性的治疗。     

贵州早三叠世早期的介形类

该文报道的介形类化石系采自贵州省贞丰、遵义等地的飞仙关组,计7属11种,其中包括3新种和1未定种。这些介形类化石的发现,对认识我国早三叠世早期的介形类面貌,进一步提供了有意义的资料。Carinaknightina属在我国的首次发现,为我国二叠系与三叠系界线的研究,特别是与巴基斯坦盐岭地区相关地层的对比提供了可靠的生物依据。     

Annotated catalogue of the Haliplidae of China with the description of a new species and new records from China (Coleoptera, Adephaga)

A revised checklist of Haliplidae (Coleoptera: Adephaga) of China is presented. A new species Haliplus (Haliplus) latreilleisp. n. is described from Guizhou, China. Three species, Haliplus (Haliplidius) confinis Stephens, Haliplus (Haliplus) ruficollis (De Geer) and Haliplus (Haliplus) sibricus Motschulsky are reported from China for the first time. Haliplus dalmatinus Müller is excluded from the list of Chinese species. A number of new provincial records from China is presented.     

The structure of the ostracode carapace

The carapace ultrastructure of three Recent [Heterocypris incongruens (Ramdohr), Cypridopsis uidua (Müller), and Conchoecia belgica Müller] and one Cretaceous ostracode species [Cypridea propunctata Sylvester-Bradley] has been studied by means of standard electron microscope techniques. The carapace is shown to be an organic structure divisible into an outer epicuticle, a median exocuticle and an inner endocuticle in the three cypridacean ostracodes examined. In Conchoecia belgica only an outer epicuticle and an inner endocuticle were observed, but this may be due to preservation. The chitin structure of the carapace of calcareous ostracodes is shown to be essentially an interlocking lattice, more coarsely developed in the exocuticle; layered (lamellar) chitin is only present in the selvage and in the connective tissue joining the valves at the hinge. The non-calcareous Conchoecia belgica possesses the layered chitin structure common to other crustaceans and to insects. The relationship of the carapace structure to that present in the decapod and insect exoskeleton is discussed. The technical problems met with during this study are considered in order to outline the difficulties associated with the study of organisms of this size.     

MAPK signaling during Müller glial cell development in retina explant cultures

The Müller cell is the only glial cell type generated from the retinal neuroepithelium. This cell type controls normal retina homeostasis and has been suggested to play a neuroprotective role. Recent evidence suggests that mammalian Müller cells can de-differentiate and return to a progenitor or stem cell stage following injury or disease. In vivo exploration of the molecular mechanisms of Müller cell differentiation and proliferation will add essential information to manipulate Müller cell functions. Signal transduction pathways that regulate Müller cell responses and activity are a critical part of their cellular machinery. In this study, we focus on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway during Müller glial cell differentiation and proliferation. We found that both MAPK and STAT3 signaling pathways are present during Müller glial cell development. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF)-stimulated Müller glial cell proliferation is associated with early developmental stages. Specific inhibition of MAPK phosphorylation significantly reduced the number of Müller glial cells with or without CNTF stimulation. These results suggested that the MAPK signal transduction pathway is important in the formation of Müller glial cells during retina development.     

Genome-wide analysis of Müller glial differentiation reveals a requirement for Notch signaling in postmitotic cells to maintain the glial fate

Previous studies have shown that Müller glia are closely related to retinal progenitors; these two cell types express many of the same genes and after damage to the retina, Müller glia can serve as a source for new neurons, particularly in non-mammalian vertebrates. We investigated the period of postnatal retinal development when progenitors are differentiating into Müller glia to better understand this transition. FACS purified retinal progenitors and Müller glia from various ages of Hes5-GFP mice were analyzed by Affymetrix cDNA microarrays. We found that genes known to be enriched/expressed by Müller glia steadily increase over the first three postnatal weeks, while genes associated with the mitotic cell cycle are rapidly downregulated from P0 to P7. Interestingly, progenitor genes not directly associated with the mitotic cell cycle, like the proneural genes Ascl1 and Neurog2, decline more slowly over the first 10-14 days of postnatal development, and there is a peak in Notch signaling several days after the presumptive Müller glia have been generated. To confirm that Notch signaling continues in the postmitotic Müller glia, we performed in situ hybridization, immunolocalization for the active form of Notch, and immunofluorescence for BrdU. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we found that sustained Notch signaling in the postmitotic Müller glia is necessary for their maturation and the stabilization of the glial identity for almost a week after the cells have exited the mitotic cell cycle.     

湖北省楔桥弯藻属新种类

楔桥弯藻属(Gomphocymbella)是由Mueller在1905年建立的,它兼有桥弯藻属和异极藻属的双重特性。虽然对它的系统发育及分类问题仍在讨论之中,但一般把它归于异极藻科中。它较为罕见,至今报道的种类仅有10个左右。在我国至今只报道有一个种。近几年来,对湖北省硅藻类中的异极藻科(Gomphomenaceae)进行了分类学研究,发现有3个楔桥弯藻属的种类,其中2个为新种类：疏纹楔桥弯藻(Gomphocymbella laxistria Shi et N.Li）和不对称楔桥弯藻(G．asymmetrica Shi et N.Li);另一个种为我国首次报道的新记录：波润楔桥弯藻(G．brunii(Fricke)O．Mailer)。     

黔北晚奥陶世和早志留世四射珊瑚新资料

报道黔北早志留志中期（Middle Llandovery)地层中新发现的四射珊瑚7属--Cantrillia,Neocantrillia,Prototryplasma,Pycnostylus,Dalmanophyllum?.Rhegmaphyllum,Schlotheimophyllum,并描述产自黔东北石阡奥陶纪末期（Late Ashgill)观音桥层四射珊瑚2种--Grewingkia cf.bilateralis Neuman,Brachyelasma cf.medioseptatum(Neuman)及晚奥陶世（Early Ashgill期）涧草沟组中首次发现的四射珊瑚Crassilasma sp.。全文共描述四射珊瑚13属18种,其中6新种,它们是Crassilasma fenggangense sp.nov.,C.crebrumseptatum sp.nov.,Dinophyllum insolitum sp.nov.,Neocantrillia silurica sp.nov.,Prototryplasma guizhouense sp.nov.,Schlotheimophyllum regeneranum sp.nov.。     

Expression and high glucose-mediated regulation of K+ channel interacting protein 3 (KChIP3) and KV4 channels in retinal Müller glial cells

Normal vision depends on the correct function of retinal neurons and glia and it is impaired in the course of diabetic retinopathy. Müller cells, the main glial cells of the retina, suffer morphological and functional alterations during diabetes participating in the pathological retinal dysfunction. Recently, we showed that Müller cells express the pleiotropic protein potassium channel interacting protein 3 (KChIP3), an integral component of the voltage-gated K(+) channels K(V)4. Here, we sought to analyze the role of KChIP3 in the molecular mechanisms underlying hyperglycemia-induced phenotypic changes in the glial elements of the retina. The expression and function of KChIp3 was analyzed in vitro in rat Müller primary cultures grown under control (5.6 mM) or high glucose (25 mM) (diabetic-like) conditions. We show the up-regulation of KChIP3 expression in Müller cell cultures under high glucose conditions and demonstrate a previously unknown interaction between the K(V)4 channel and KChIP3 in Müller cells. We show evidence for the expression of a 4-AP-sensitive transient outward voltage-gated K(+) current and an alteration in the inactivation of the macroscopic outward K(+) currents expressed in high glucose-cultured Müller cells. Our data support the notion that induction of KChIP3 and functional changes of K(V)4 channels in Müller cells could exert a physiological role in the onset of diabetic retinopathy.     

Inhibition of Müller glial cell division blocks regeneration of the light-damaged zebrafish retina

The adult zebrafish retina possesses a robust regenerative response. In the light-damaged retina, Müller glial cell divisions precede regeneration of rod and cone photoreceptors. Neuronal progenitors, which arise from the Müller glia, continue to divide and use the Müller glial cell processes to migrate to the outer nuclear layer and replace the lost photoreceptors. We tested the necessity of Müller glial cell division for photoreceptor regeneration. As knockdown tools were unavailable for use in the adult zebrafish retina, we developed a method to conditionally inhibit the expression of specific proteins by in vivo electroporation of morpholinos. We determined that two separate morpholinos targeted against the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) mRNA reduced PCNA protein levels. Furthermore, injection and in vivo electroporation of PCNA morpholinos immediately prior to starting intense light exposure inhibited both Müller glial cell proliferation and neuronal progenitor marker Pax6 expression. PCNA knockdown additionally resulted in decreased expression of glutamine synthetase in Müller glia and Müller glial cell death, while amacrine and ganglion cells were unaffected. Finally, histological and immunological methods showed that long-term effects of PCNA knockdown resulted in decreased numbers of Müller glia and the failure to regenerate rod photoreceptors, short single cones, and long single cones. These data suggest that Müller glial cell division is necessary for proper photoreceptor regeneration in the light-damaged zebrafish retina and are consistent with the Müller glia serving as the source of neuronal progenitor cells in regenerating teleost retinas.