人为干扰对川西金凤山楠木次生林群落结构和物种多样性的影响

物种多样性是群落功能复杂性和稳定性的重要量度指标,人为干扰对森林群落的影响可以通过群落结构和物种多样性的变化直接表现出来,不同干扰强度下群落结构和多样性特征不同。金凤山景区主要有选择性采伐和旅游活动这两种人为干扰形式,为研究不同强度人为干扰对金凤山楠木次生林群落的多样性和稳定性的影响,在实地充分考察的基础上,将干扰强度划分为3个等级:重度干扰:紧靠核心景区0—40 m,中度干扰:距离核心景区40—80 m,轻度干扰:远离核心景区80—120 m,采用典型取样法,调查3种不同强度的人为干扰对群落不同林分层次的物种组成、群落结构和多样性的影响,采用物种丰富度指数S值、Shannon-Wienner指数H值、Simpson优势度指数D值和均匀度指数Jsw值来综合衡量群落的物种多样性水平。结果表明:(1)在总面积为3600 m2的9个样地中,共记录到维管束植物155种,隶属于69科136属;物种数随着人为干扰强度增加呈递减趋势,轻度、中度和重度干扰下群落的物种数依次为:113种,88种,77种。(2)从群落结构上看,轻度和中度干扰下乔木个体多分布在小中径级(4胸径DBH20 cm)和低中高度级(5高度H13 m);而重度干扰下乔木个体多分布在小径级(DBH8 cm)、大径级(DBH≥28 cm)和低高度级(3H7 m)、高高度级(H≥15 m),其群落结构与轻度和中度干扰下乔木层的群落结构明显不同。(3)受不同强度人为干扰的楠木次生林群落各物种多样性指数大小排序为:轻度干扰中度干扰重度干扰,S值、H值和Jsw随着人为干扰强度的增加而降低。     

北京东灵山暖温带落叶阔叶林枯立木与活立木空间分布格局

东灵山暖温带落叶阔叶次生林,是保存较完整的落叶阔叶次生林,其物种组成、群落结构是次生林演替过程的重要体现,也是下一步演替发生的基础。为了更好地研究其演替动态、生物多样性维持机制,以东灵山20hm~2样地为固定监测平台,分析了暖温带落叶阔叶次生林的活立木、枯立木物种组成、径级结构、空间格局。结果表明:(1)样地中DBH≥1 cm的活立木共有103702株,植株密度为5185.1株/hm~2;枯立木共有4543株,植株密度为204.9/hm~2二者均包括了分枝和萌枝的个体数。样地内DBH≥1 cm的活立木共有58种,分属于33属18科,DBH≥1 cm的枯立木共有33种,分属于23属15科。(2)活立木与枯立木整体分布随径级增大,均表现出先增大后减小的趋势,小径级个体多度在分布中优势显著。(3)活立木空间分布随径级增大,聚集强度减小,10 cm≤DBH20 cm、DBH≥40 cm此趋势明显,而20 cm≤DBH40 cm在0—50 m的尺度范围内,规则、随机、聚集分布均出现。枯立木的空间格局,DBH5 cm,DBH≥40 cm,尺度接近30 m时,随机分布;5 cm≤DBH40 cm,0—50m尺度范围内,聚集分布。空间分布格局显示了径级大小在空间分布上互补,不同径级的个体占据了样地内不同的生态位。(4)不同径级活立木与枯立木关联性分析表明,小径级小尺度,关联显著,大径级大尺度空间关联性逐渐减弱。枯立木的产生,是活立木受密度制约调控、演替地位及演替阶段、生境异质性等因素调控的结果,影响机制有待进一步研究。     

暖温带–北亚热带过渡带落叶阔叶林群落不同径级系统发育结构的变化

群落的系统发育结构能够有效地反映各种生态过程对群落组成的影响,通过研究群落系统发育结构能推断出其形成的生态过程,对于揭示群落动态具有重要意义。作者将宝天曼1 ha落叶阔叶林样地分为10 m×10 m、20m×20 m、25 m×25 m三个尺度的样方,将样地内乔木个体划分为小径级(1 cm≤DBH5 cm)、中径级(5 cm≤DBH10 cm)、大径级(DBH≥10 cm)三个径级,通过比较各个阶段系统发育结构的变化,来分析其群落系统发育结构的生态过程。不同零模型的比较发现,宝天曼落叶阔叶林群落的净系统发育亲缘关系指数(net relatedness index,NRI)和最近种间亲缘关系指数(net nearest taxa index,NTI)值都随着研究尺度和径级的增加而降低,表明该群落在不同时空尺度上都表现出群落系统发育结构发散,而且系统发育密度制约对大径级个体的系统发育结构的影响大于小径级个体。上述结果说明密度制约是地处暖温带–亚热带过渡带的宝天曼落叶阔叶林群落物种多样性维持的重要机制。     

1992-2015年鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林群落结构动态

季风常绿阔叶林是中国南亚热带地区的地带性植被, 其群落结构及其动态变化直接影响着该森林能为该地区提供的生态系统服务功能质量。该文利用1992-2015年共24年的长期定点监测数据, 从群落种类组成、生物量、径级、密度等数量特征方面研究了鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林群落结构的动态变化。结果表明: 1)到2015年该森林群落林分个体密度增加了42.7%, 总生物量减少了5.1%; 24年间基于生物量的β多样性指数群落差异为37.4%, 基于个体数的差异则高达65.6%; 2)灌木和小乔木的个体数剧增, 生物量增大, 中乔木和大乔木的个体数变化虽不显著, 但生物量显著降低; 3)小径级(胸径<15 cm)个体数呈显著增加趋势, 其他径级个体数也有显著变化, 但各径级生物量变化基本不显著; 4)香楠(Aidia canthioides)、鼎湖血桐(Macaranga sampsonii)、柏拉木(Blastus cochinchinensis)等物种个体数急剧增加, 锥(Castanopsis chinensis)、木荷(Schima superba)、黄果厚壳桂(Cryptocarya concinna)等树种生物量大量减少, 白颜树(Gironniera subaequalis)、窄叶半枫荷(Pterospermum lanceifolium)等树种生物量增加, 这些物种是群落结构变化的主要贡献者。鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林群落结构在1992-2015年发生了巨大变化, 与演替、虫害和气候变化等影响有关。     

浙江东白山次生针阔混交林群落组成及结构动态

次生针阔混交林是亚热带地区常见的森林类型,研究次生针阔混交林群落的演替特征及其更新规律,将为本地区植被恢复及森林经营管理提供重要依据。该文基于2013和2018年两次调查东白山次生针阔混交林1 hm²固定样地的数据,从木本植物组成、群落物种多样性、物种重要值、径级结构等方面,分析了东白山次生针阔混交林群落组成和结构的动态变化。结果表明:(1)2013—2018年间,群落内物种数和植株数均显著下降(P<0.05);(2)样地内DBH≥1 cm的个体死亡1 505株,年均死亡率6.40%,新增个体71株,年均补员率0.35%;(3)群落物种多样性指数均显著下降(P<0.05),其中Margalef丰富度指数下降最多,降低了25.03%,Shannon-Wiener指数降低了11.88%;(4)林冠层中常绿阔叶树种的优势地位在进一步加强,而针叶树种的优势度在逐渐下降;(5)5 a间,大、中径级的个体比例逐渐增加,小径级植株的存活个体比例逐渐下降。该研究表明,2013—2018年间,东白山次生针阔混交林群落组成和结构总体发生了较为显著的动态变化,群落处于次生针阔混交林向常绿阔叶林快速演替阶段。     

干热河谷次生稀树灌木林物种组成变化及群落结构动态

为揭示四川攀枝花苏铁国家级自然保护区干热河谷次生稀树灌木林群落演替动态规律,该研究以2015年群落内建立的1 hm²永久固定样地为研究对象,经2020年首轮复查,对物种组成、群落多样性、重要值、死亡率、补员率以及胸径(DBH)进行调查研究,以分析5年间群落物种组成及结构动态。结果表明:(1)2020年,群落木本植物共18种,隶属15科18属,较2015年新增1属1种,优势物种组成并无变化,但优势度变化显著。与2015年相比,在重要值(IV)> 1的6个种群中,5个树种IV增高,仅攀枝花苏铁种群IV降低,但其仍为群落优势建群种,铁橡栎和滇榄仁等乔木种群优势度显著增加。(2)2020年,群落中DBH≥1 cm的木本植物个体数增至1 710株,平均胸径由11.10 cm增至11.17 cm。群落年死亡率0.29%,死亡个体平均胸径11.84 cm,年补员率2.75%,补员个体平均胸径4.96 cm。与2015年相比,群落中7个种群出现个体死亡,9个种群出现补员个体。(3)虽然沙针种群规模缩小,但仍有9个种群规模扩大,4个种群规模保持稳定。只有攀枝花苏铁和沙针种群平均胸径减小,其余种群平均胸径均有不同程度的增大。随着森林演替的进行,群落内种间竞争的重要性将逐渐增大,铁橡栎和滇榄仁等乔木树种将在未来演替进程中占据优势地位,但短期内并不会威胁攀枝花苏铁种群优势地位,大径级植株个体的死亡是其优势度显著降低的主要原因。在未来群落演替进程中,攀枝花苏铁将与铁橡栎、滇榄仁等乔木树种组成以乔木树种逐渐占据优势的干热河谷次生稀树灌木林向气候顶极群落演替的过渡型次生林群落。     

人为干扰对川西碧峰峡山矾次生林群落结构和物种多样性的影响

为探讨人为干扰对川西碧峰峡山矾(Symplocos sumuntia)次生林群落结构和物种多样性的影响,对其群落结构、物种组成和物种多样性特征进行了研究。结果表明,在总面积为7200 m~2的12块样地中共记录到维管束植物151种,隶属于58科98属,以樟科(Lauraceae)、山矾科(Symplocaceae)、蔷薇科(Rosaceae)等为主。单因素方差分析表明,不同强度人为干扰对山矾次生林群落径级、高度级结构影响的差异不显著(P0.05),群落乔木层径级为单峰型结构,高度级结构分布呈倒“J”型,群落天然更新能力强。受不同人为强度干扰的山矾次生林群落各层次物种组成和优势种数量不同,乔木层优势种数量差异显著,且轻度干扰中度干扰重度干扰;灌木层和草本层中,中度干扰的优势种数量最多,轻度干扰次之,重度干扰的最少。总体上看,人为干扰对山矾次生林群落乔木层、草本层物种多样性水平具有负面影响,群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)、Simpson优势度指数(H′)、物种丰富度指数(S)和均匀度指数(J_(sw))随人为干扰强度的增加而降低,物种多样性水平呈下降趋势;中度干扰下灌木层的物种多样性有增加的趋势。总体上物种多样性指数表现出灌木层乔木层草本层的规律。     

黔西北地区不同演替阶段植物群落结构与物种多样性特征

该文采用"空间代替时间"的方法,研究了贵州省威宁县喀斯特地区植被演替过程中的群落结构、物种组成、生活型谱和物种多样性的变化规律。结果表明:(1)该调查共记录到种子植物174种,隶属于52科117属,物种分布较多的有菊科、蔷薇科、禾本科、杜鹃花科、小檗科、唇形科、蓼科。(2)随着植被的正向演替,物种丰富度逐渐增加,群落结构趋于复杂,高位芽植物所占比例逐渐增大。(3)随着植被的恢复,群落层次分化逐渐明显,大径级植株所占比例呈现增加趋势。(4)随着植被的恢复,群落各层次的ShannonWiener多样性指数(H)、Simpson多样性指数(DS)、均匀度指数(J)和Margalef丰富度指数(DM)逐渐增加;不同演替阶段植物群落之间的Srensen相似系数呈现先上升后下降的趋势,Cody指数则表现为逐渐增加的趋势。黔西北地区不同演替阶段植物群落结构和物种多样性不同,建群种和关键种发生了明显变化,不同演替阶段植物群落结构和物种多样性的研究对喀斯特地区植被演替规律的认识和生态恢复具有重要意义。     

山西陵川南方红豆杉自然保护区鹅耳枥植物群落谱系结构特征

分析植物群落谱系结构,可以探究乔木层、灌木层和草本层物种对环境变化的响应情况。以山西陵川南方红豆杉自然保护区鹅耳枥群落为研究对象,采用样方法,分别从不同径级和不同坡向对鹅耳枥群落净谱系亲缘关系指数(Net relatedness index,NRI)和净最近种间亲缘关系指数(Nearest taxon index,NTI)进行研究,探讨了鹅耳枥群落沿着径级梯度形成群落谱系结构特征,进而分析了鹅耳枥群落构建的历史进程。结果表明:(1)该保护区鹅耳枥群落乔木层(26种)、灌木层(32种)和草本层(39种)谱系结构树可分为5个类群、5个类群和4个类群;乔木层(86.67%的样地,下同)和灌木层(73.33%)物种群落谱系结构呈谱系发散格局(NRI0,NTI0),但草本层(86.67%)物种群落谱系结构呈谱系聚集格局(NRI0,NTI0)。(2)鹅耳枥群落乔木层中,DBH在Ⅰ级至Ⅱ级间,NRI指数随着DBH的增大而减小,NTI指数随着DBH的增大而增大;在Ⅱ级至Ⅴ级之间,随着植物DBH增大NRI指数和NTI指数值均呈下降趋势;而且在不同DBH水平上群落NRI和NTI指数均差异显著(P0.05),说明随着径级的增大,群落谱系结构由谱系聚集变为谱系发散。(3)灌木层物种谱系结构在阴坡和阳坡均呈聚集型,乔木层阴坡物种的谱系结构呈发散型(NRI0,NTI0),乔木层阳坡和草本层阴阳坡群落均无法判定群落谱系结构是聚集还是发散。     

关帝山寒温性云杉次生林样地树种组成、结构和空间分布

云杉次生林是关帝山的优势森林植被类型,也是华北亚高山地区寒温性常绿针叶林的代表类型.为更好地了解其物种组成、群落结构等基本特征及其潜在的生态学过程和机制,于2010年在关帝山庞泉沟国家自然保护区建立了4 hm²的云杉次生林固定监测样地(GDS样地).本文以第一次本底调查数据为基础,分析了样地树种组成、结构和空间分布.结果表明: 样地共有木本植物30种,隶属于11科22属.包括分枝的总个体数为26218(其中独立个体数为10266).植物区系组成属北温带成分;不同树种个体数、平均胸径和胸高断面积差异较大,导致群落成层分明,各层优势种明显.乔木层第一亚层树种径级结构呈双峰偏正态分布,乔木层第二亚层树种径级呈近似正态分布,灌木层树种径级呈“L”型分布.乔木优势树种青杄和华北落叶松的空间分布无论在个体数量还是聚集程度上均随径级变化而呈现不同的格局特征.相同径级的两树种,胸径(DBH)≥30 cm的华北落叶松在样地居多且聚集分布于样地中部,而DBH≥30 cm的青杄则相对较少,没有表现出空间聚集性.DBH≤10 cm的华北落叶松个体很少且散生于样地,而DBH≤10 cm的青杄大量聚集于样地中部.DBH≤10 cm的青杄在样地偏西北区域也有大量分布,而DBH≤10 cm的红桦主要分布于样地偏东南区域.灰栒子、土庄绣线菊和四川忍冬等灌木树种也表现出一定的异质性空间分布特征.树种分布格局受生境条件影响,同时与自身发育规律、更新特征及生态习性等相关.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.