我国南方4种常见人工林林下植物多样性特征及影响因素

为了解长期植被恢复的成熟人工林林下植物组成与多样性特征及其影响因素,基于广东鹤山生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站的南亚热带人工林生态系统,对环境相似(坡度、坡向、海拔)、30 a生4种类型人工林(桉树混交林、马占相思纯林、乡土混交林、针叶混交林)进行调查研究,分析林下植物组成和物种多样性(Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Pielou指数)特征。结果表明,人工林林下植物类型丰富,均可形成乔-灌-草垂直结构;4种林型林下植物组成既有相似性,也有差异性,桉树混交林与针叶混交林、马占相思纯林与乡土混交林的灌木层组成相似;桉树混交林与马占相思纯林、乡土混交林与针叶混交林的草本层组成相似,而桉树混交林与针叶混交林的草本层组成极不相似。林分类型影响林下植物多样性,马占相思纯林林下灌草多样性显著低于其他3种混交林(P<0.05),灌木物种数、个体数最少;针叶混交林林下物种丰富度最高。林分郁闭度与林下植物多样性呈正相关(P<0.001),林下植物分布与土壤养分含量相关,桉树混交林、马占相思纯林林下植物多样性与不同形态氮含量相关,有效磷、全磷影响乡土混交林林下物种的分布,针叶混交林受土壤酸碱度、全钾的影响较为明显。在4种人工林林下植物群落中,乡土混交林多样性,均匀度最高,优势度最低,具有更佳的保育和维持林下生物多样性功能。因此,乡土树种混交林更适用于生态公益林构建或对一些针叶林及外来树种纯林进行林分改造。     

林分因子对成都绕城高速路域不同人工林群落物种多样性的影响

【目的】为探究林分因子对不同路域人工林群落物种多样性的影响,为成都路域人工林营造与管理提供参考。【方法】研究采用典型样地法对成都绕城高速路域现种植的5种不同人工林群落（Ⅰ,加杨纯林;Ⅱ,樟树、加杨混交林;Ⅲ,樟树纯林;Ⅳ,樟树、巨桉混交林;Ⅴ,巨桉纯林）进行全面踏查,调查林分因子及林下植被物种多样性。【结果】（1）研究区共记录植物184种,隶属于72科132属。5种不同人工林群落乔-灌-草三层的植物科属种数量均为草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层,其中樟树纯林记录到的林下物种数最多。（2）构树（Broussonetia papyrifera）和葎草（Humulus scandens）重要值占比大,分别占据不同人工林群落灌木层与草本层的优势地位。（3）在5种不同人工林群落中,樟树纯林的灌木物种丰富度指数D显著高于其他群落（P<0.05）;草本层的Shannon-Wiener指数H、Simpson指数H′和D大小变化趋势一致,表现为群落Ⅲ>Ⅳ>I>I>V,其中樟树纯林的H显著高于樟树、巨桉混交林外其他群落（P<0.05）。（4）冗余分析结果表明：乔木层平均冠幅与灌木层的D和H、草本层的H、H''、D、Jsw均呈显著正相关（P<0.01）,与灌木层的H''和Jsw均呈显著负相关（P<0.01）;乔木层平均枝下高与灌木层的H、H''、D、Jsw均呈显著正相关（P<0.01）。【结论】乔木层的树种组成、平均枝下高和平均冠幅显著影响路域人工林群落的物种多样性,选择合适树种并定期修枝管理,将有利于路域人工林良好乔灌草群落结构形成和林下植被物种多样性维持。 关键词 林分因子;路域人工林;林下植被;物种多样性     

南亚热带红锥、杉木纯林与混交林碳贮量比较

造林再造林作为新增碳汇的一种有效途径,受到国际社会的广泛关注。如何通过改变林分树种组成,优化造林模式提高人工林生态系统碳贮量已成为国内外学者关注的重点。通过样方调查和生物量实测相结合的方法,对南亚热带26年生红锥纯林(PCH)、杉木纯林(PCL)及红锥×杉木混交林(MCC)生态系统各组分碳含量、碳贮量及其分配特征进行了比较研究。结果表明:杉木、红锥各器官平均碳含量分别为492.1—545.7 g/kg和486.7—524.1 g/kg。相同树种不同器官以及不同树种的相同器官间碳含量差异显著(P0.05)。红锥各器官碳含量的平均值(521.3 g/kg)高于杉木(504.7 g/kg)。不同林分间地被物碳含量大小顺序为PCHMCCPCL;不同树种之间的土壤碳含量差异显著(P0.05),0—100 cm土壤平均碳含量为PCLMCCPCH。生态系统碳贮量大小顺序为PCL(169.49 t/hm2)MCC(141.18 t/hm2)PCL(129.20 t/hm2),相同组分不同林分以及相同林分的不同组分碳贮量均存在显著差异(P0.05)。造林模式对人工林碳贮量及其分配规律有显著影响,营建混交林有利于红锥生物量和土壤碳的累积,而营建纯林有利于杉木人工林生物量碳的吸收,也有利于土壤碳的固定。因而,混交林的固碳功能未必高于纯林,在选择碳汇林的造林模式时,应以充分考虑不同树种的固碳特性。     

桉树与红锥混交对土壤养分及林下植物功能群的影响

桉树人工林对生态环境的影响一直是全球性争议的热点问题,桉树与珍贵乡土树种混交的生态环境效应备受关注。为探究桉树混交营林措施对林地土壤养分及林下植物功能群的影响,该研究以桉树纯林(PE)、桉树×红锥混交林(MEC)和红锥纯林(PCH)为对象,开展了林下植物群落及环境因子的调查测定。研究结果显示：不同林分的土壤理化性质具有显著差异,混交林的土壤pH、有效氮(AN)和有效磷(AP)含量显著高于纯林;而土壤含水量(SMC)、有机碳(SOC)、总氮(TN)含量及C∶N和C∶P在混交林中没有显著优势,并呈现PEMEC>PCH的趋势。混交林显著增加林下木本植物功能群(WFG)的物种丰富度,而PCH显著增加蕨类植物功能群(FeFG)的物种丰富度。混交林的WFG和禾草植物功能群(GFG)的重要值均显著高于红锥纯林,而红锥纯林FeFG的重要值显著高于混交林。主坐标分析结果表明,MEC与PE的林下植物功能群组成差异不显著,但与PCH的差异显著;冗余分析结果揭示了AN和AP是WFG占优势的主要影响因子,SMC、TN...     

南亚热带不同植被恢复模式下土壤理化性质

分析了广西大青山南亚热带11种植被恢复模式下（1种天然次生林、2种人工针叶林、5种人工常绿阔叶林、2种人工针阔混交林和1种灌丛）土壤理化性质的变化特征.结果表明:不同植被恢复模式下土壤理化性质存在明显差异.其中,次生林林地土壤的物理性质良好,2种针叶林较差.2种针阔混交林土壤容重较小,土壤总孔隙度、土壤持水量均高于其他人工纯林;而5种人工常绿阔叶林的土壤孔隙度差异不明显.次生林土壤除全K低于柚木林外,其余养分含量均明显高于人工林,C/N和pH值相对较低.与荒草灌丛相比,9种人工林的土壤养分变化明显,全N和速效P含量均呈增加趋势;2种针叶纯林的土壤养分含量较低,但与红椎混交后,土壤养分含量明显改善,C/N值降低.     

湖南会同地区森林植被转变对土壤微生物生物量碳和酶活性的影响

研究了湖南省会同县森林植被从地带性植被天然常绿阔叶林到杉木人工林再到杉木火力楠混交林的转变过程中土壤微生物生物量碳和酶活性的变化趋势。结果表明:杉木纯林和混交林土壤微生物生物量碳含量均显著低于常绿阔叶林,分别仅为常绿阔叶林的76.8%和71.5%;与天然阔叶林相比,杉木人工林土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性分别降低了35.8%、22.1%和45.1%,而多酚氧化酶活性增高了40.0%;相反,杉木火力楠混交林土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性比杉木纯林分别增加了20.3%、12.6%和67.8%,而土壤多酚氧化酶活性则降低了41.0%;表明森林植被转变对土壤微生物生物量碳和土壤酶活性能够产生较大的影响,不同的树种对土壤微生物生物量碳和土壤酶活性的影响差异较大。     

元谋干热河谷20年生人工恢复植被生物量分配与空间结构特征

采用分层收获法,对元谋干热河谷20年生赤桉、新银合欢纯林及其混交林的生物量分配与空间结构进行对比研究.结果表明:混交林林分生物量(82.99t·hm-2)介于赤桉纯林(60.64t·hm-2)与新银合欢纯林(127.79t·hm-2)之间;混交林内赤桉单株平均生物量(44.32kg)较其纯林(29.58kg)提高了49.8%.新银合欢纯林的枝叶生物量分配比例(25.4%)显著高于赤桉纯林(8.9%),且地上部生物量分配比例(78.0%)显著高于赤桉纯林(73.4%).新银合欢纯林及混交林中新银合欢的根系主要分布于0～40cm土层,赤桉纯林及混交林中赤桉的根系则主要分布于0～80cm和0～60cm土层.混交林中新银合欢的侧根(中根、小根和细根)分配比例均高于其纯林,而赤桉则相反.新银合欢的引入在一定程度上可促进赤桉生长,尤其是增加其地上部生物量及表层土壤(0～20cm)中的侧根生物量,对该地区的水土保持具有重要意义.     

喀斯特地区三种人工林土壤微生物群落结构特征

为揭示不同人工植被修复模式对喀斯特土壤微生物群落的影响,采用氯仿熏蒸提取法和磷脂脂肪酸(phospholipid fatty acid, PLFA)法研究人工构建的降香黄檀(Dalbergia odorifera)纯林(PDOP)、顶果木(Acrocarpus fraxinifolius)纯林(PAFP)、顶果木×降香黄檀混交林(MADP)对土壤微生物生物量及土壤微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明:(1)PDOP的土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量显著高于PAFP和MADP,PAFP显著高于MADP。(2)三种人工林土壤真菌、丛枝菌根真菌和总PLFA含量无显著差异,但PDOP土壤细菌、放线菌、丛枝菌根真菌和总PLFA含量均高于PAFP和MADP,PAFP高于MADP。PDOP的土壤细菌、革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌、放线菌的PLFA含量显著高于MADP。MADP的真菌细菌比显著高于PDOP,但与PAFP无显著差异。(3)冗余分析表明,土壤阳离子交换量、pH和C:N是影响土壤微生物群落组成的最主要影响因子。从三种人工林的土壤微生物生物量及微生物群落结构来看,在喀斯特地区MADP并未显示出酸性土地区混交林提高土壤微生物生物量、改善土壤微生物群落结构的优势,但混交林的真菌细菌比最高,更有利于提高土壤生态系统的稳定性。     

甘南黄河流域4种典型林分土壤C、N、P化学计量特征

土壤碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）是参与植物光合作用和影响生态系统初级生产力的主要元素。甘南高原是黄河流域重要的生态屏障,为了解该区不同林分土壤养分状况的差异,选取该区4种典型林分：云杉林、华北落叶松林、巴山冷杉林以及岷江冷杉糙皮桦混交林为研究对象,研究土壤C、N、P化学计量特征。结果表明：（1）岷江冷杉及糙皮桦混交林土壤C、N含量最高,云杉林土壤N、P含量最低。不同林分间P含量差异显著（P<0.05）,不同土层间C、N含量差异均显著（P<0.05）。（2）云杉林土壤C ： N值显著高于其他林分,岷江冷杉及糙皮桦混交林土壤N ： P及C ： P高于其他林分。（3）海拔、土壤pH、容重与土壤含水量是影响土壤养分的重要因素。土壤C含量与N、P含量均显著相关（P<0.05）。总体来说,不同林分土壤化学计量特征具有显著差异,混交林土壤养分状况较纯林好,未来森林管理和植被建设中,可以通过选择合适的树种和提高树种多样性有效改善森林土壤质量。     

太行山区不同植被群落土壤微生物学特征变化

为评价太行山区不同植被群落土壤微生物学特征,比较分析了针阔混交林、针叶混交林、针叶纯林、落叶阔叶纯林、灌丛和裸露地6种不同植被群落中的土壤微生物区系、微生物生物量和呼吸强度等指标的变化.结果表明,6种不同植被群落土壤中的微生物学特征存在较大差异. 灌丛地在微生物数量和微生物生物量两项指标中均为最高,其余植被群落在这两项指标中的顺序从大到小依次为落叶阔叶纯林＞针阔混交林＞针叶纯林＞针叶混交林＞裸地,土壤呼吸强度也有相似的变化趋势.在进行退化山地的植被恢复时,应充分重视生态系统的自然恢复能力.     

Community Comparison and Determinant Analysis of Understory Vegetation in Six Plantations in South China

Plantations cover large areas in many countries, and the enhancement of plantation biodiversity is an increasingly important ecological concern. Many studies have demonstrated that overstory composition is important because it influences understory regeneration. To compare the understory vegetation and analyze its determinant factors, six typical plantations in South China were investigated: Acacia mangium plantation, Schima superba plantation, Eucalyptus citriodora plantation, E. exserta plantation, mixed‐coniferous plantation, and mixed native species plantation. The results show that native species plantations shaded out more grasses and herbs than exotic species plantations, mixed‐species plantations recruited more understory species than monoculture plantations, the leguminous species plantation had higher soil nitrogen than nonleguminous species plantations, and understory vegetation in the mixed‐coniferous plantation was similar to that of mixed, native broadleaf species plantation. Although light is the crucial environmental factor affecting the understory community and diversity among the 14 measured factors, other environmental variables such as soil nutrients and soil moisture are also important.     

南亚热带马尾松-红椎混交林及其纯林土壤细菌群落结构与功能

营建乡土阔叶树种人工纯林和针阔混交林是我国亚热带地区森林经营的发展趋势,但对人工纯林和针阔混交林土壤细菌群落结构及功能知之甚少。本研究以南亚热带乡土针叶树种马尾松、阔叶树种红椎人工纯林及二者的混交林为对象,运用细菌16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术和PICRUSt基因功能预测,分析了3种人工林不同土层(0～20、20～40和40～60 cm)土壤细菌群落的结构与功能。结果表明: 混交林和马尾松林土壤细菌群落结构相似,但与红椎林差异显著,红椎林土壤细菌群落多样性、生物通路代谢功能和氮循环功能低于马尾松林和混交林;土壤全氮、硝态氮和C/N是导致红椎林与马尾松林和混交林土壤细菌群落结构及功能差异的主要土壤理化因子。就土壤细菌群落结构与功能而言,在该地区营造红椎和马尾松针阔混交林要优于红椎纯林。     

华南典型尾叶桉纯林经营对土壤理化性质、微生物和线虫群落的影响

桉树是我国华南地区的重要速生营林树种,具备极高的经济价值,然而我国桉树人工林的发展还存在巨大争议,桉树营林的生态环境效应还有待进一步考究。针对我国华南地区典型尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)纯林经营的潜在生态问题,选取广东鹤山森林生态系统国家野外研究站的10树种混交林(10 species mixed forest plantation, 10S)、30树种混交林(30 species mixed forest plantation, 30S)和桉树纯林(Eucalyptus monoculture, E)三种林型,另外设置桉树砍伐(Eucalyptus cutting, EC)和桉树砍伐清除林下灌草(Eucalyptus cutting and understory removal, ECUr)这两种常见经营措施的处理,通过比较不同林型和管理措施下土壤理化性质和生物指标的差异,解析了桉树营林对土壤理化特性、土壤微生物以及线虫群落的影响。本结果表明：三种林型间的土壤理化特性没有显著差异,但桉树纯林的土壤真菌生物量、真菌细菌比、食细菌线虫多度显著高于10和30树种混交林...     

南亚热带尾巨桉人工林土壤种子库特征研究

为了解桉树人工林土壤种子库特征,对不同林龄尾巨桉(Eucalyptusurophylla×E.grandis)人工林种子库的储量、垂直分布特征及与林下植被的相似度进行了分析。结果表明,土壤活力种子储量最高的为1～2 a生桉林,显著高于其他林型;其次为3～4 a生桉林和马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林;最低的为杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)林,显著低于其他林型。随林龄增加,尾巨桉林土壤种子库储量快速下降。土壤种子库中植物种类最为丰富的是杂木林和马尾松林,显著大于其他林型。随林龄增加,尾巨桉林土壤种子库植物种类先增后降。所有林型中,0～5 cm土壤种子库的密度均显著高于5～10 cm土层。杂木林种子库和林下植被共存植物种类最多,其次是马尾松林,杉木林最少。尾巨桉人工林随林龄的增加,共存植物种数呈先升高后下降趋势,土壤种子库Jaccard (CJ)和Sorensens (CS)相似系数也呈先升后降的趋势。因此,在速生桉人工林经营中适当间种(保留)乡土树种,可增加森林生态系统的生物多样性和生态功能的稳定性。     

华南地区5种人工幼林的土壤呼吸及其季节性变化

为了解华南人工林的碳固存机制,对广东鹤山的尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)纯林、30种树种混交林、10种树种混交林、红椎(Castanopsis hystrix)纯林、厚荚相思(Acacia crassicarpa)纯林5种人工林(林龄2–5 a)的土壤总呼吸(Rs)和自养呼吸(Ra)的季节变化进行了研究。结果表明,从2007年到2012年,5种人工林的Rs为81.3~103.9 mg C m–2h–1,Ra为11.2~22.3 mg C m–2h–1,自养呼吸贡献率(RC)为12.4%~26.9%,且5种人工林间的Rs、Ra及RC差异不显著。5种人工林湿季的Rs均显著大于干季的,平均高出311.4%;Ra、RC的季节性差异不显著。湿季土壤温度与Rs具有显著相关性,土壤温度解释了90.2%的变异,而两者关系在干季不显著。人工林间的微环境和土壤条件差异不明显,可能是由于造林时间短,土壤还处于干扰的恢复过程中,导致人工林间土壤呼吸差异不显著。     

Carbon stocks in above‐ground biomass of monoculture plantations,mixed species plantations and environmental restoration plantings in north‐east Australia

Summary The emergence of carbon markets has provided a potential source of funding for reforestation projects. However, there is concern amongst ecologists that these markets will promote the establishment of monoculture plantations rather than more diverse restoration plantings, on the assumption that fast‐growing monocultures are likely to store more carbon than restoration plantings. We examined the validity of this assumption for three predominantly rainforest plantation types established in the moist tropical uplands of north‐east Australia: monoculture plantations of native rainforest conifers (n = 5, mean age 13 years); mixed species plantations of rainforest cabinet timber species, rainforest conifers and eucalypts (n = 5, mean age 13 years); and, environmental restoration plantings comprised mostly of a diverse range of rainforest trees (n = 10, mean age 14 years). We found that restoration plantings stored significantly more carbon in above‐ground biomass than monoculture plantations of native conifers (on average, 106 t vs 62 t carbon per ha); and tended to store more carbon than mixed species timber plantations which were intermediate in value (86 t carbon per ha). Carbon stocks were higher in restoration plantings than in monoculture and mixed species plantations for three reasons. First, and most importantly, restoration plantings were more densely stocked than monoculture and mixed species plantations. Second, there were more large diameter trees in restoration plantings than monoculture plantations. Third, the trees used in restoration plantings had a higher average wood density than the conifers used in monoculture plantations. While, on average, wood density was higher in mixed species plantations than restoration plantings, the much higher stocking rate of restoration plantings meant they stored more carbon than mixed species plantations. We conclude that restoration plantings in the moist tropics of north‐east Australia can accumulate relatively high amounts of carbon within two decades of establishment. Comparison with reference rainforest sites suggests that restoration plantings could maintain their high stocking rates (and therefore high biomass) as they develop in future decades. However, because restoration plantings are currently much more expensive to establish than monoculture plantations, restoration plantings are unlikely to be favoured by carbon markets. Novel reforestation techniques and designs are required if restoration plantings are to both provide habitat for rainforest biota and store carbon in biomass at a cost comparable to monoculture plantations.     

南亚热带格木、马尾松幼龄人工纯林及其混交林生态系统碳氮储量

研究比较了南亚热带6年生格木(Erythrophleum fordii)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)幼龄人工纯林及马尾松与格木混交林生态系统碳氮储量及其分配特征。结果表明,生态系统总碳储量依次为马尾松-格木混交林(137.75 t/hm2)格木纯林(134.07 t/hm2)马尾松纯林(131.10 t/hm2),总氮储量则为格木纯林(10.19 t/hm2)马尾松-格木混交林(8.68 t/hm2)马尾松纯林(7.01 t/hm2)。3种人工林生态系统碳氮库空间分布基本一致,绝大部分储存于0—100 cm土壤层,平均占生态系统总储量的81.49%和96.91%,其次为乔木层(分别占17.52%和2.69%),林下植被和凋落物层所占比例最小。林地土壤碳主要集中于表土层,其中0—30 cm土层平均碳储量为52.52 t/hm2,占土壤总碳储量(0—100 cm)的47.99%,土壤氮的分布则无明显规律。相比于纯林,与固氮树种混交的营林方式表现出更大的碳储存能力。3种幼龄人工林生态系统较低的地上与地下部分碳氮分配比,表明其仍具有较强的碳氮固持潜力。     

Conversion of Andean montane forests into plantations: Effects on soil characteristics,microorganisms, and microarthropods

Tropical montane forests in the Andes are subjected to deforestation and subsequent transformation into pastures. Abandoned pastures are frequently reforested by planting monoculture timber plantations, resulting in reduced aboveground diversity and changes in soil characteristics compared to primary forests. In this study, we evaluated differences in soil properties (litter layer thickness, pH, water content, and C-to-N ratio) between degraded primary montane forest and monoculture pine (Pinus patula) and alder (Alnus acuminata) plantations and their effects on density, diversity, and community structure of litter and soil-living mesofauna, with focus on oribatid mites (Acariformes). The study was performed in a montane region in the southern Ecuadorian Andes (2,000–2,600 m a.s.l.). C-to-N ratios in the litter and upper 5 cm soil layer were higher in pine plantations, while other soil characteristics were similar between vegetation types. Surprisingly, microbial biomass and density of soil mesofauna in the litter layer did not differ between vegetation types, while density and species richness of oribatid mites were higher in pine plantations. Community structure of oribatid mites differed between vegetation types with only a few species overlapping. The results indicate that quality and diversity of litter were not the major factors regulating the mesofauna community. Instead, soil animals benefited from increased habitat structure in thicker litter layers and potentially increased availability of root-derived resources. Overall, the results suggest that from a soil animal perspective, monoculture plantations are less detrimental than commonly assumed and enrichment of abandoned plantations with native tree species may help to restore tropical montane forests.     

Emergy and eco-exergy evaluation of four forest restoration modes in southeast China

Four different forest restoration modes (Acacia mangium plantation, mixed-native species plantation, conifer plantation and Eucalyptus plantation) were evaluated using Energy System Theory and the emergy synthesis method. In addition, the eco-exergies of the four forest restoration modes were calculated, and combined with emergy and empower density to explore the restoration and self-organization efficiencies of these modes. The results showed that the two plantations of exotic species, especially the Acacia mangium plantation, were best for biomass accumulation and soil improvement, whereas the two plantations of native species, especially the mixed-native plantation, were more efficient in capturing the available natural resources. Transformity is an important emergy index for the evaluation of system efficiency, because it takes both input and output into account. In subtropical plantations, trees mainly contribute to eco-exergy, whereas herbs and shrubs mainly contribute to specific eco-exergy. The c-value Paradox does exist in conifer species in this study, and it could affect the eco-exergy evaluation. The joint use of eco-exergy and emergy analysis is helpful in comparing both different and similar kinds of ecosystems.